CN1096529C - Method for drying of paper and dry end of paper machine - Google Patents
Method for drying of paper and dry end of paper machine Download PDFInfo
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- CN1096529C CN1096529C CN97180247A CN97180247A CN1096529C CN 1096529 C CN1096529 C CN 1096529C CN 97180247 A CN97180247 A CN 97180247A CN 97180247 A CN97180247 A CN 97180247A CN 1096529 C CN1096529 C CN 1096529C
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- paper web
- drying section
- drying
- paper
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F5/00—Dryer section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F5/02—Drying on cylinders
- D21F5/04—Drying on cylinders on two or more drying cylinders
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F9/00—Complete machines for making continuous webs of paper
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- Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
A method for drying of paper, in which method the paper web (W) to be dried is passed from the press section into a forward dryer section (D1), in which the web (W) is dried from the side of its bottom face in dryer groups (R1...RN) that apply a normal single-wire draw. The forward dryer section (D1) comprises exclusively single-wire groups (R1...RN) with normal single-wire draw. From the forward dryer section (D1) the paper web (W) is passed into a finishing section (D2). Here the paper web (W) is coated/surface-sized by means of a coating/surface-sizing equipment (20), dried in an after-dryer (30), in which the paper web (W) is dried in at least one dryer group (R21) that applies a normal single-wire draw. After this the paper web (W) is calendered and passed to a reeling station (50). In the method, the curling of the paper web (W) is controlled by means of elements (19; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; R32, R33; Dsyl, Dtela) and/or by means of assemblies and combinations formed out of said elements in the area of the forward dryer section (D1) and/or of the finishing section (D2). Further, a dry end of a paper machine is described, which comprises a forward dryer section (D1) and a finishing section (D2). The finishing section (D2) comprises a coating/surface-sizing equipment (20), and after-dryer (30), a calender (40), and a reeling station (50). The dry end comprises elements (19; 31; 32; 33; 34; 35; 36; R32, R33; Dsyl, Dtela) and/or assemblies and combinations formed out of said elements in view of controlling the curling of the paper web (W) in the area of the forward dryer section (D1) and/or of the finishing section (D2).
Description
The present invention relates to the furnace drying method of paper, this method may further comprise the steps:
A) paper web to be dried enters preceding drying section by press section, wherein paper web is dried from its bottom surface one side in each dry group, the single wire draw of these dry group employing standards, this preceding drying section only comprises the single copper mesh group that respectively has the single wire draw of standard;
B) paper web enters the portion of finishing by preceding drying section, wherein by coating/top sizing device to paper web coating/top sizing, and in the drying section of back, dry, wherein paper web is dried in the drying group of the single wire draw of at least one employing standard, with paper web press polish and deliver to and batch platform on calender, wherein paper web is rolled on the machine reel afterwards.
In addition, the invention still further relates to the drying section of paper machine, it comprises preceding drying section and finishes portion that its portion of finishing comprises coating/top sizing device, back drier, calender and batches platform.
Known by prior art, in the multi-cylinder drier of paper machine, adopt two wire draws and/or single wire draw.Each cylinder group comprises two copper mesh in two wire draws, they one from top another from below paper web being pressed onto on the cylinder surfaces of heating.Be generally between horizontal each drying cylinder row, paper web is subjected to freely and unsupported tractive force, and these tractive force admit of fluctuation, and this may cause the fracture of paper web, thereby also relatively more especially true during the humidity low-intensity at paper web.Here it is why, in recent years, the increasing reason that adopts described single wire draw, wherein each group of all drying cylinders includes only a dry copper mesh, at paper web under the support of this copper mesh by whole group so that dry copper mesh is being pressed on paper web on the cylinder surfaces of heating on all drying cylinders, and the surface that paper web keeps surface curvature on respectively reverse cylinder or the roller between all drying cylinders.Like this, under the situation of single wire draw, drying cylinder is arranged on the outside of copper mesh loop, and counter-rotating cylinder or roller are arranged on the inboard of this loop.
Learn that by experience if make the oven dry of paper single face, consequently page has curling tendency.If when by the standard group that respectively has single wire draw during from its bottom surface one side oven-dry paper and so asymmetric oven dry spread all over before the total length of drying section, then the bottom surface one side oven dry of paper web takes place at first to make in oven dry, and when oven dry continued, drying effect also extended to end face one side of paper web.In these cases, the paper of oven dry is curled usually and looks into concave downwards.
Known by prior art, aspect the shaping of paper web, especially the selection of friction speed and just influenced the curling tendency of paper by other operational factor between the shaping stage of page (for example, the applicant's Sym-Former[trade mark]) is by weir plate jet and copper mesh.Known by prior art, for example, under the situation of transfer sheet, the surface heterogeneity by oven dry in the drier of back is that page is regulated a suitable initial curly form so that make curling of paper be the best after single or double duplicates.Under the situation of transfer sheet, the reactivity of curling, promptly per unit humidity changes the influence that the curling degree that takes place is subjected to the sandwich construction of paper to a great extent, and its generation is relevant in the shaping of wet end with paper web.
Relate to up-to-date prior art processes of the present invention in high speed paper machine based on drying section, wherein the major part along drying section length has single wire draw, and in order to control curling tendency, also having adopted a counter-rotating group so that make oven dry is fully symmetrical in the z direction.Yet it demonstrates, considers the runnability of machine and the benefit of gross efficiency and paper machine investment, and a counter-rotating group produces significant disadvantages.Therefore, see by the runnability viewpoint of paper machine, supported fully along the drying section total length and based on all standard group with single wire draw the drying section of not counter-rotating group should be very rational solution.But those skilled in the art does not also have courage that this solution is introduced to implement, and sees that by the viewpoint of the curling tendency of paper this can cause uncontrollable and disadvantageous solution because think.A problem that is included in the prior art solution that comprises the dry group of counter-rotating is, just in case the queueing problem of web breaks waste paper, because all counter-rotating groups are not to lean on the automatic cleaning of gravitational effect.
Therefore, the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of drying section of paper machine, wherein do not need the counter-rotating group fully, yet but satisfy the every other requirement that proposes.
Thereby, the objective of the invention is to address these problems and be that these problems propose novel solution by new viewpoint, these solutions are opposite with traditional thoughtcast.
About relating to prior art of the present invention, Finnish patent NO.91 referring to the applicant, 900 (are equal to United States Patent (USP) NO.5,416,980), wherein be in particular the curling tendency that reduces paper and described a kind of method at the drying section of paper machine, paper web is dried by all drying cylinders in the method, dry copper mesh is pressed on paper web on the cylinder surfaces of heating, and has adopted each cylinder group in this drying section, wherein uses two wire draws and/or single wire draw.Being considered to novel in this method is the overall with feeding hot water vapour of crossing paper web in drying section basically, produce in the sheet fiber net in this way or the strain tending to produce by the formation district that enters this strain or basically just heat and the moisture in its back relaxed.
About relating to prior art of the present invention, also referring to the applicant's Finnish patent NO.93,876 (are equal to United States Patent (USP) NO.5,553,393) and the applicant's Finnish patent application NO.925942 (be equal to United States Patent (USP) NO.5,465,505), 935340,950434,951746, and referring to the so far still undocumented Finnish patent application NO.963024 of the applicant, 963734 and 963735.
At the applicant's Finnish patent NO.93, the drying section of paper machine has been described in 876, wherein have the drying group that is provided with single wire draw.What be considered to novelty in this drying section is, in order to optimize the drying capacity that drying section calculates along the machine direction per unit length, used the process of drying cylinder diameter and the different ratios of oven dry of counter-rotating roller diameter so as in first group of drying section top or each group, to adopt this ratio greater than the drying section mesozone in each group, and in the group of drying section terminal or each group, adopt natural scale greater than this ratio.
In the applicant's Finnish patent application NO.935340, the drying section of paper web furnace drying method and paper web has been described, wherein, in the press section back, paper web is through many continuous group oven dry with single wire draw, and dry along total length from its bottom surface one side by described contact drying cylinder according to an embodiment paper web, and paper web is dried from its end face one side under the paper web tractive force that breaks away from copper mesh or all tractive force effects, and/or paper web is by applying the oven dry air-flow from its end face one side oven dry by dry copper mesh to the end face of paper web.
In the applicant's Finnish patent application NO.925942, the drying group of the what is called counter-rotating with single wire draw of the multi-cylinder drier that is used for paper machine has been described, wherein being provided with the support copper mesh contacts with all counter-rotating cylinders in very big zone basically with the edge, this copper mesh is configured in deflector roll and other roller that needs guiding in the space between the cylinder of respectively reversing by it, and has described zone that paper web is pressed dry copper mesh by the tension force that supports copper mesh.
In the applicant's Finnish patent application NO.951746, the basic principle of drying section and the furnace drying method of paper/plate width of cloth have been described, wherein combine to be provided with and impact spraying device or coordinate, pass copper mesh by this medium that installs the heating of preferred air or steam and enter the paper web aspect so that produce two-sided drying effect and improve drying capacity with at least some drying cylinders.
In the applicant's Finnish patent application NO.963734, for oven dry surface treated paper web or coordinate in the back drier of paper machine described a kind of method and has been the drying section of the paper machine that uses this method, wherein, in order to compensate the curling tendency of paper web, paper web is utilizing a drying of standard list wire draw to organize/respectively dry in the group in the drier of back, and, with oven dry or after oven dry, paper web is handled so that compensate the curling tendency of paper web by a device/each device, and these devices are steam boxes for example, one air-blast device, one damping device and/or a soft press-polishing machine.
On the other hand, in the applicant's Finnish patent application NO.963735, described to a kind of method of surface treated paper web of oven dry or coordinate in the back drier of paper machine and be the back drier of the paper machine that uses this method, paper web is utilizing oven dry at least one dry group of single wire draw in this back drier, meanwhile paper web is by impacting the drying unit oven dry, and this impact drying unit combines with at least one cylinder or roller and is configured in the described dry group.
In the applicant's Finnish patent application NO.963024, for surface-treated paper is treated in oven dry in the back drier of paper machine, fine paper particularly, describe a kind of method and be the back drier of the paper machine of realizing this method, wherein, after top sizing or coating, paper web is dried by a counter-rotating group of opening wide up with single wire draw, and the curling tendency that forms in the paper web in preceding drying section can be eliminated and/or be compensated substantially in this respect.
The objective of the invention is to further develop above-mentioned previous solution so that can more effectively control curling of paper at the drying section of paper machine.
Another object of the present invention provides the drying section of a kind of like this paper machine with ornamenting device, and promptly wherein runnability can reach very high level.
In addition, of the present invention one additional purpose provides the drying section of a kind of like this paper machine with ornamenting device, and promptly wherein the surface characteristic of paper such as surface heterogeneity, roughness and gloss is controlled.
In order to achieve the above object and will open up those purposes of showing in the back, the principal character of method of the present invention is, in the method, curling of paper web controlled by all parts and/or by all assemblys of all devices and described all parts formation in finishing the portion zone at least.
On the other hand, the principal character of the drying section of paper machine of the present invention is that the drying section of paper machine comprises and being used at least at all parts that curl of finishing portion's zone inner control paper web and/or all devices and all assemblys that formed by described all parts.
In of the present invention the setting, the preceding drying section in the drying section of paper machine only to have all dry group of single wire draw, always undertaken by gravity in this case, thereby do not constitute problem by the eliminating of waste paper.Equally, under single wire draw of preceding drying section, paper web is supported by copper mesh all the time, thereby improves runnability and might improve the speed of service.
For the surface heterogeneity of controlling paper with particularly because of curling that the single face oven dry causes, in the preceding drying section of drying section of paper machine and/or back drier, disposed some and be the control curl shape that the parts so that obtain of tendency require of curling.For control curl for the purpose of, utilized various principles, for example the steam box, impact spraying device, have the drying group of two wire draws, independently lower support fabric and drying cylinder are configured in the regional of whole drying section to the ratio of counter-rotating cylinder etc. and by rights as different assemblys.Therefore, in the drying section of paper machine, realized the control of curling in many different modes in the present invention.
According to an exemplary of the present invention, preceding drying section and back drier are all only finished by all dry group with the single wire draw of standard.In preceding drying section, adopt and pass the jet curling of copper mesh to regulate; Top hot-air by variant cylinder spurts from impacting spraying device, and produces the evaporation and the influence oven dry of passing copper mesh, thereby influences curling of paper.On the other hand, in the drier of back, for example, spurt the humid air of taking from preceding drying section for controlling to curl to adopt the steam box and perhaps adopt.
Essential characteristic according to second exemplary of the present invention, wherein preceding drying section and back drier are all only finished by all dry group with the single wire draw of standard, and wherein, in applicable occasion, for raising ability and compensation are curled, added that the drying cylinder in impacting spraying device and all dryings being organized combines, and it is curling in order to control, also once support belt is added on the dry group, this band is guided by its own deflector roll against the lower surface circulation of counter-rotating roller, and this support belt is fluid-tight so that can stop steam to ooze out paper web from its lower surface, can control the tendency of curling whereby.
According to another exemplary of the present invention, before drying section only finish by all dry group with single wire draw, in applicable occasion, will impacting spraying device, to be added to these dry groups upward curling to regulate, and if necessary, also in order to improve its ability.Not only comprise all dry group but also comprise all dry group even back drier is finished it like this, curl and control by all dry group with two wire draws with two wire draws with single wire draw.According to a remodeling of this embodiment, impact spraying device and also can be added on all dry group that has single wire draw in the drier of back.
According to an exemplary of the present invention, wherein preceding drying section only is made of all dry group with single wire draw, in the drier of back also is like this, in the drier of back, curling in order to control, adopt drying cylinder diameter and counter-rotating roller diameter ratio rate to be higher than ratio in preceding drying section, obtained the more drying of homogeneous by end face and bottom surface in this case.And, if necessary, in the drying group of back drier and preceding drier, all might adopt the air-cushion type cover of the configuration that combines with all counter-rotating cylinders so that improve its ability and/or compensation is curled.
According to another exemplary of the present invention, wherein preceding drying section is made of all dry group with single wire draw, in the drier of back also is like this, in the drier of back, curling in order to control, disposed the steam box, the steam that will have certain energy in this way sprays to the paper web in counter-rotating cylinder zone.In order to strengthen condensation, one or several drying cylinder also can be to have the cylinder that can regulate temperature, i.e. cooling cylinder.Between a drying section and a calender, additional steam box also can be arranged in order to control to curl.Also might adopt humid air or any other equal medium without the steam box, for example one spurt take from before the device of warm air of drier, or for example, a water atomization box independently, water sprays to paper web by the air as little water droplet in this way, or an air-cushion type cover is set down below.In addition, in the drier of back, might the one side of paper web or two-sided on what is called " spreader bar " is set so that the curling of mechanical type control paper web.By this way, particularly influence paper web curling longitudinally.This spreader bar also can be the spreader roll pattern, can strengthen the effect to cupping transverse curl in this case.
Below, all figure in describe the present invention in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, yet, do not mean that strictness of the present invention is defined in described details at all.
Fig. 1 to 4 is the schematic diagram of the present invention in the different exemplary of drying section of paper machine, and drying section batches the drying section that platform illustrates paper machine up to machine in the past on each figure.
Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram as an exemplary of the present invention of the example of drier section behind the paper machine.
Fig. 6 A to 6C is the schematic diagram of exemplary of the present invention, and last drying group and machine batches platform in the drier of back shown in each figure.
Fig. 6 D to 6E is the schematic diagram of exemplary of the present invention, among each figure in the past drying section to machine batch the integral body that platform illustrates drying section of paper machine.
Shown in Fig. 1 to 4 and 6D to 6E, paper web W by press section to first group of R with single wire draw
0 Dry copper mesh 15 on and by drying section D1 before being brought into, paper web is attached on this drying copper mesh by the vacuum effect in the vacuum box 13.Should comprise 7 group R by preceding drying section with single wire draw
0R
6, and paper web W has definite tractive force along the group space between described each group.The direction of machine in each figure, promptly the direction of advance of paper web W is represented with arrow S.Among the drying section D1, all have the group R of single wire draw before of the present invention
0R
NAll be so-called standard group, wherein, for example, steam-heated shiny surface drying cylinder 10 horizontally is provided with top and counter-rotating vacuum reservoir 11 horizontally is provided with the bottom.Dry group R
0-NNumber be generally N=4 ... 12, the most suitably be N=6 ... 8.
Each standard group R
0R
NThe dry copper mesh 15 that all has himself by deflector roll 18 guiding.Dry copper mesh 15 will be to be dried paper web W on the smooth surface of the cylinder that is pressed on heating on the drying cylinder 10, and the surface that paper web W keeps surface curvature on the outer surface of copper mesh 15 on counter-rotating cylinder 11.Paper web W on the counter-rotating cylinder 11 by counter-rotating cylinder 11 grooved surface 12 or the vacuum effect that exists of the punching shell of an equal vacuum roller remain on copper mesh 15 reliably support on to prevent the influence of centrifugal force, also reduced the cross-direction shrinkage of paper web W whereby.As counter-rotating vacuum reservoir 11, employing is particularly advantageous by the vacuum reservoir that the applicant sells with trade mark " VAC-ROLL ", this vacuum reservoir does not have the inner vacuum box, and about the structural detail of this vacuum reservoir Finnish patent NO.83 with reference to the applicant, 680 (are equal to United States Patent (USP) NO.5,022,163 and NO.5,172,491).
In preceding drier D1 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, by at least move to from drying cylinder 10 counter-rotating cylinder 11 utilize spurt-vacuum box 17 also can fully keep paper web W to contact with support between the dry copper mesh 15 at drying cylinder 10 and straight line tractive force place between the counter-rotating cylinder 11, also can prevent the pressure that formation is caused by copper mesh 15 in the wedge shape convergence space at end between copper mesh 15 and cylinder 11 shells by these boxes.Spurt-vacuum box 17 can be regarded as its air and spurts vacuum woollen blanket vacuum box, and these boxes 17 are not communicated with vacuum source.About these by the structural detail of the applicant with spurting of selling of trade mark " UNO RUN BLOW BOX "-vacuum box 17, Finnish patent NO.59 referring to the applicant, 637, NO.65,460 and NO.80,491 (are equal to United States Patent (USP) NO.4,441,263, NO.4,516,330 and NO.4,905,380).The woollen blanket vacuum box solution of known other patterns is also included within the scope of whole basic principles of the present invention.
In preceding drying section D1, have all group of R of single wire draw
0R
NIn, woollen blanket vacuum box 16 has also been used in the space between each counter-rotating cylinder 11, is subjected to air conditioning and is upward impelled evaporation from paper web W by these box 16 described spaces.The surface of drying cylinder 10 is kept clean by scraper 14.
Be used for of the present invention before the other principal advantages of drying section D1 be, along drying section total length all group of R that extend, that have single wire draw
0R
NIn, can adopt by gravitational effect and get rid of waste paper, because single copper mesh group R
0R
NBe to open wide downwards, therefore can get rid of the paper web that becomes waste paper and need any isolated plant to be set being arranged on the waste paper conveyer (not shown) in paper machine pedestal space and moving forward on this conveyer of Paper pulp machine or all Paper pulp machines.
In order to prevent the cross-direction shrinkage of paper web W, particularly importantly, paper web should keep contacting reliably with dry copper mesh 15 all the time in its preceding drying section D1.The vacuum that this support effect exists in by shell 12 of slotting on this cylinder or coordinate on counter-rotating cylinder 11 produces, and the linear running section between the cylinder 11 is by by spurting-pressure size that vacuum box 17 is provided with and partly also producing along the tension force T of machine direction by paper web W at cylinder 10 and counter-rotating, and this tension force produces a constant pressure Pk=T/R (radius of R=cylinder 11) between paper web W and copper mesh 15.
As mentioned above, as the counter-rotating cylinder 11 among the preceding drier D1, it is favourable adopting the applicant's VAC roller.This vacuum effect reaches the shell 12 of fluting so that the wedge shape convergence space between counter-rotating cylinder 11 and the dry copper mesh also can be evacuated effectively by the boring on the counter-rotating cylinder 11, therefore can not cause pressure in these wedge shape spaces, this pressure can be attempted paper web W is separated with dry copper mesh when paper web W is in the outside.If the vacuum roller that will be provided with the inner vacuum box is as the counter-rotating cylinder 11 among the preceding drying section D1, for above-mentioned purpose, vacuum area is preferably along the zone wideer than the turn-around zone of dry copper mesh 15 and paper web and extends, so that flowing freely of vacuum effect and air can extend to described wedge shape space.
Except that drying section D1 before above-mentioned, the drying section of paper machine of the present invention also comprises the equipment of the finishing D2 that is arranged on preceding drier D1 back, and this is finished equipment and comprises that a machine batches platform 50, for example Pope type coiling machine.Take mark MR by batching platform 50 online machine rolls of carrying out
0Expression, and fully machine rolls is taken mark MR and is represented.Paper web W is brought into machine by back drier 30 through calender 40 and is batched platform 50, and back drier 30 is arranged on the back of the apparatus for coating of finishing among the D2 of portion 20.
As shown in all figure,, dried k in the back of preceding drying section D1
2The paper web W of the drying solid thing content of ≈ 96～99% walks around each paper deflector roll 25 and crosses and measure ray 26, and enters apparatus for coating 20; Measure the characteristic shape that ray 26 is arranged between each deflector roll 25 and measures paper, apparatus for coating 20 is a kind of apparatus for coating of for example being sold with brand name Sym-Siger by the applicant.Apparatus for coating 20 comprise applicator roll 21 that two mutual subtends are provided with 22 with the sizing material feedway 23 and 24 relevant with two described rollers so that with among the coating nip NS of paper web W between roller 21 and 22 from two sided coatings.Because the smears is moisture, paper web is partly got wet from the two sides at coating nip NS.So the paper web W of being dried from bottom surface one side of paper web W in preceding drier D1 just is processed into a kind of like this state so that its internal strain by partly lax or at least significantly reduced asymmetricly.
In exemplary shown in Figure 1, preceding drying section D1 is only by the drying group R with single wire draw
0R
6Constitute, wherein paper web W moves to a counter-rotating roller 11 circuitously from a drying cylinder 10 and reruns to drying cylinder 10 or the like.At all dry group R
0R
6In, combine with some drying cylinders 10 in this group and to have disposed some tops and impact spraying devices 19 so that regulate and curl, impact spraying devices 19 by these hot-air is sprayed to paper web W, thereby and produce the evaporation of passing copper mesh 15 and regulate and curl.Finish back drier 30 among the D2 of portion also only by drying group R with single wire draw
21, R
22And R
23Constitute, the impact spraying device 19A that combines with its each group is set to option and makes to replenish the usefulness of adjusting so that may need to curling.In other respects, in the drier 30 of back, curl and control by steam box 31.In order to reach uniform oven dry, with last group R
23In last drying cylinder 10 combine and be provided with infrared dryer 32.In addition, curling in order to regulate, face is provided with a steam box 31 before paper web W enters calender 40.
Pass spurting of copper mesh 15 by impacting spraying device 19, when spurting hot-air or steam, might influence curling adjusting whereby, pass copper mesh 15 thus and produce evaporation.For the needs of additional capabilities, for example in order to improve the speed of service and to dry by the fire in, drying section D1 before impacting oven dry and also can be used for for two-sided.Also influence curling adjusting by the blowing of impacting spraying device 19 and therefore be provided with ventilation unit, be evaporated to less single face in this case in web area.When adopting such device, copper mesh 15 must be an open type as far as possible, and when the paper web operation, when for example moving with the speed of 25 meter per seconds, cold air blast velocity is necessary for 25～150 meter per seconds, preferably is about 100 meter per seconds.Impact spraying device 19 nozzle to spurt angle in addition preferred according to the speed of service of the performance of used copper mesh, machine and other parameters.Blowing can be outdoor air or reach 400 ℃ the hot-air that adds that preferred temperature is 70～200 ℃.
In exemplary shown in Figure 2, its preceding drying section D1 is similar to shown in Figure 1, but back drier 30 also is provided with impact spraying device 19 here.With last drying group R in the drier 30 of back
23Combining is provided with support belt 33, by the bottom surface evaporation of the anti-sealing of this band from paper web W, curls thereby regulate.
Preceding drying section D1 in the exemplary shown in Figure 3 is similar to shown in Fig. 1 and 2, but last two dryings in the drier 30 of back are organized R in this exemplary
32, R
33Be formed drying group, thereby regulate curling by each group with two wire draws.Has the drying group R of two wire draws
32, R
33In, drying cylinder 10A, 10B are configured to two rows, and each row's drying cylinder have they self by the copper mesh loop 15A and the 15B of deflector roll 18A, 18B guiding, and paper web W has free unsupported tractive force between two rows.In this exemplary embodiment preceding drying section with on row's drying cylinder 10 combine also be provided with impact spraying device 19 in case regulate curl, raising ability and two-sided oven dry is provided.
Exemplary shown in Figure 4 is similar to shown in Fig. 3, but in this embodiment, and is curling in order to control, again with the back drier in the first dry group R
21Subsidiary being provided with that combine impacted spraying device 19.In this exemplary embodiment, the vapor (steam) temperature of drying cylinder 10 is quite low as a rule after adhesive applicator (Siger), impacts the additional capabilities that spraying device 19 also provides heating paper web W in this case.Combine with all embodiments described herein, the special advantage of impacting spraying device 19 is that their temperature can promptly be regulated, in this case, for example to be transformed to another kind of grade by a kind of paper product level be faster to machine, thus the output that can obtain to add.
As shown in Figure 5, adopted the ratio (Dsyl/Dtela among Fig. 5) of the drying cylinder diameter of comparing big with preceding drying section D1 and the roller diameter that reverses in the drier 30 of back, evaporation is provided at top/bottom surface uniformly in this case, thereby and can control curling.Finish back drier 30 among the D2 of portion by two drying group R with single wire draw
21, R
22Constitute.With the one group of R in back
22In counter-rotating roller 11 combine, also be provided with steam box 31 so that control is curled.Resembling exemplary shown in Figure 5 can combine with drier D1 before all described in above-mentioned each figure as back drier 30 it is set.
By such setting, the direction of evaporation is opposite, and paper web W has long operation passage on drying cylinder 10 in this respect, mainly produces evaporation here.All drying cylinders 10 preferably have adjustable steam pressure, and if necessary, might also use impact spraying device 19 to combine so that improve its ability with these drying cylinders 10.Aspect counter-rotating cylinder 11, if necessary, might provide additional moisture, for example,, provide by adopting water atomization plant, support belt or the above-mentioned and following equal device that will describe by the humid air of drying section D1 before taking from.
In the exemplary shown in Fig. 6 A, in the drier 30 of back, with last drying group R with single wire draw
23Combine, disposed steam box 31, steam is spurted on the paper web on the counter-rotating cylinder 11 and is regulated by this way and curled in this way.In addition, be provided with water injector 35, water also is directed onto paper web W upward so that regulate curling in this way.About 10, three cylinders of drying cylinder is that cylinder C has adjustable temperature so that can be with they cylinders as cooling or heating.
In the exemplary shown in Fig. 6 B, last drying group R in the drier of back
23The back be provided with infrared dryer 32, in this way paper web W by end face through consumingly the oven dry.
In Fig. 6 A to 6C, combine with paper web and also to have disposed so-called spreader bar 34, controlled by mechanical type by the longitudinal curl of this bar 34 paper web W.Spreader bar 34 is a format roll, for example is the spread roll pattern, in this case, in order to control longitudinal curl, utilizes this device also to be easy to by mechanical type control cupping transverse curl be worked.One spreader bar, the 34 configurable one or both sides of appointing at paper web.
In the exemplary shown in Fig. 6 C, with last drying group R in the back dry 30
23Combine, be provided with air-cushion type cover 36 in counter-rotating on the cylinder 11, to be sprayed to paper web W curling to control for Re warm air in this way.
Exemplary shown in Fig. 6 D comprises the preceding drying section D1 with single wire draw, and wherein possible impact spraying device 19A is set to option.In this exemplary embodiment, by with the back drier 30 in last drying group R
23The steam box 31 of configuration and the adjusting that water injector 35 realizations are curled combine.The option that impact spraying device 19A is also arranged in the drier of back.
In the exemplary shown in Fig. 6 E, this embodiment is substantially similar to shown in Fig. 6 D, and is curling in order to regulate, last two groups of R in the back drier 30
22, R
23Be provided with lower support band 33, this band prevents evaporation of water, and, combine with last drying group and to have disposed steam box 31 and water injector 35.
In the exemplary shown in Fig. 6 A to 6E, emphasis particularly before calender 40 face control curl and paper web W is cold.Combination by steam box 31 and adjustable temperature cylinder C reaches especially effectively combination because paper web W more vapours be difficult for condensation more, in this respect, when adopting the cylinder of cooling, obtain effective condensation of steam.In order to compensate the tendency of curling, make paper web W can before steam treatment, dry, make the steam can condensation and make that paper web W can heating also be important by the steam influence as far as possible, water remains on the one side of paper web W and eliminates and curls in this case.Aspect control curls, consider that paper web W tends to curl to the one side of last oven dry.As what show, can both influence curling in a different manner so that obtain best application in the different stages by each exemplary of the invention described above.
Current drier D1 and back drier 30 are only by the drying group R with single wire draw
0R
6And R
21R
23When finishing and when curl tendency mainly by after last drying group R in the drier 30
23When controlling, the exemplary shown in Fig. 6 A to 6E is best.When tendency is curled in compensation, have the steam of certain energy by 31 ejections of steam box, the degree of superheat of this steam preferably low so that can reach the condensation of maximal efficiency.Like this, the temperature of steam generally is higher than 2～10 ℃ of dew-point temperatures.Under these circumstances, obtained the combined effect of humidification and heat energy aspect curling in control.The overall with that steam box 31 crosses paper web is basically extended, and certainly with it as adjustable and dispose as the moulding product.
Can make the such humidification of paper web W, promptly on the surface of one or several drying cylinder of terminal humidification of drying section, for example, by the water atomization plant of the preferred configuration that combines with scraper 14, the water that is sprayed by this atomizer is evaporated and enters effectively with paper web under the pressure effect that is caused by copper mesh and contacts.Replace a cylinder, also some other certainly roller, the moisture film that imposes on roller surface in this case enters when copper mesh presses roller with paper web with paper web W and contacts.
Relate to Finnish patent 70,275 of the present invention and illustrated that the temperature of controlling dry copper mesh is so that can influence drying efficiency.Equally, might control the surface heterogeneity of oven dry by the temperature of dry copper mesh.According to the present invention, thereby in the drier of back, has the device that curls so as to the temperature influence that influences dry copper mesh or all dry copper mesh.The heating of copper mesh for example can be undertaken by a steam box.In order to cool off, might adopt known method and apparatus in for example described Finnish patent 70,275.
Curl also and can control by regulating the humidity and the temperature of spurting the air that box spurts by UNORUN.Equally, by from different aspects around the cover of paper web the humidity of air can influence paper web uneven surface evaporation and curl.Therefore, by regulating air state by venting box 16 ejections, perhaps with pass air that copper mesh spurts or with the air that is used for the UNORUN box, might work to curling effectively.
In the U.S. Pat 5,557,860 that the preface of present patent application is partly mentioned, a steam box is used in the front of calender, only is provided with single wire draw in the back of preceding drying section.If only adopt so a kind of setting, the surface characteristic that the very big danger of existence is final product no longer as curl controlled desired down.Scope of the present invention comprises by spurt the control of steam or humid air in the front of calender curls, together with the combination of all control device that are arranged on drying section.
More than only the present invention has been described with reference to some the preferred illustrative embodiments in same, yet, and do not mean that the strict by any way details that is defined in described embodiment with the present invention.Different characteristic described in the different exemplary of the present invention can be made up so that curl in the drying section control of paper machine in many different modes.In the scope of the inventive concept that limits by following claim, carry out many remodeling and change is possible.
Claims (29)
1. the furnace drying method of paper, this method may further comprise the steps:
A) paper web (W) to be dried enters preceding drying section (D1) by press section, wherein with paper web (W) each dry group (R at the single wire draw of employing standard
1R
N) in dried from its bottom surface one side, this preceding drying section (D1) only comprises the single copper mesh group (R that respectively has the single wire draw of standard
1R
N);
B) paper web (W) enters the portion of finishing (D2) by preceding drying section (D1), wherein by coating/top sizing device (20) to paper web (W) coating/top sizing, and oven dry in back drying section (30), wherein paper web (W) is at the drying group (R of the single wire draw of at least one employing standard
21) in dried, afterwards paper web (W) is gone up press polish and is delivered to and batch platform (50) at calender (40), wherein paper web (W) is rolled on the machine reel (MR);
It is characterized in that in the method, curling of paper web (W) controlled by at least one steam box (31) in the zone of the portion of finishing (D2) at least, the influence of this steam box was strengthened by make the paper web cooling in the past at this steam box; The zone in the portion of finishing (D2) of curling at least of paper web (W) is by impacting spraying device (19), infrared dryer (32), support belt (33), spreader bar (34), water atomization plant (35), cover (36) or the drying cylinder diameter ratio (D with the counter-rotating roller diameter
SylD
Tela) or their combination control.
2. the method for claim 1 is characterized in that, combines with the supply of described steam, in order to strengthen condensation, adopts one can regulate the cooling cylinder of temperature.
3. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that the temperature by air-humidification method reduction paper web (W).
4. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, in the method, the impact spraying device (19) on a drying cylinder (10)/all drying cylinders influences curling of paper web (W) in the preceding drying section (D1) by being arranged on, and preferably the humid air of heat is sprayed to paper web (W) by this device (19).
5. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, curling of paper web (W) controlled by steam box (31) in back drier (30), the steam that will have certain energy by this way sprays to paper web (W), and this paper web (W) is together with all group (R respectively having single wire draw of all counter-rotating cylinders (11) at back drier (30)
21, R
22) middle operation.
6. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, in the method, and by at least one the dry group (R that is configured in back drier (30)
21, R
22, R
23) in lower support copper mesh or band (33) control curling of paper web, prevent moisture evaporation below paper web (W) with this support copper mesh/band.
7. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, in the method, paper web (W) be crimped onto back drier (30) control these the two groups drying group (R that are arranged to adopt two wire draws in latter two dry group
23, R
33), paper web (W) is dried from its end face one side and one side two sides, bottom surface.
8. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, paper web (W) curls by having the drying group (R of standard list wire draw at least one of back drier (30) in back drier (30)
21, R
22, R
23) in be arranged on the top of a drying cylinder (10)/all drying cylinders (10) impact spraying device (19) control.
9. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that, in the method, control in all dry group that is crimped onto back drier (30) of paper web (W) so that paper web (W) through such drying cylinder (10) and counter-rotating roller (11) guiding, i.e. natural scale (the D of drying cylinder (10) and the roller (11) that reverses
Syl: D
Tela) drying so that can reach more uniformly greater than preceding drying section (D1).
10. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, in the method, influences curling of paper web by the water atomization plant (35) in back drier (30) to water spray aspect the paper web (W).
11. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, in the method, by enter at paper web (W) calender (40) before the infrared dryer of face (32) paper web (W) dried fully influence curling of paper web (W).
12. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, in the method, paper web (W) curl by with the back drier at least one dry group (R
21, R
22, R
23) cover (36) that is provided with of combining spurts humid air to paper web (W) and control, this air is preferably taken from preceding drying section (D1).
13. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that, in the method, curling of paper web (W) controlled by spreader bar (34), and paper web (W) is controlled by mechanical type by this way.
14. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, drying section is only by constituting to all standard group bottom-open, that have single wire draw before it is characterized in that, and/or it is characterized in that, in the method, paper web (W) is only organized (R by all dryings with the single wire draw of standard basically in back drier (30)
21, R
22, R
23) dry.
15. method as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that described drying section and servicing unit basis is curled and the online or off-line measurement of quality is controlled so that reach best limit gross mass.
16. the drying section of paper machine, it comprises preceding drying section (D1) and finishes portion (D2), this is finished portion (D2) and comprises coating/top sizing device (20), back drier (30), calender (40) and batch platform (50), the drying section that it is characterized in that paper machine comprises at least one steam box (31) so that curling at the Region control paper web (W) of the portion of finishing (D2), the influence of this steam box was strengthened by make the paper web cooling in the past at this steam box, and it is characterized in that drying section of paper machine also comprises at least the impact spraying device (19) in the zone of the portion of finishing (D1), infrared dryer (32), support belt (33), spreader bar (34), water atomization plant (35), ratio (the D of cover (36) or drying cylinder diameter and counter-rotating roller diameter
SylD
Tela) or their combination so that curling of control paper web (W).
17. the drying section as paper machine as described in the claim 16 is characterized in that, supplies with described steam to combine, and in order to strengthen condensation, adopts one can regulate the cooling cylinder of temperature.
18., it is characterized in that drying section comprises all parts that reduce the temperature of paper web (W) with air-humidification method as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine.
19., it is characterized in that drying section is included in preceding drying section (D1) and/or back drier (30) to combine with at least one dry group to be configured in impact spraying device (19) on a drying cylinder (10)/all drying cylinders (10) as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine.
20., it is characterized in that drying section is included in back drier (30) all group of (R with single wire draw with back drier (30) as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine
21, R
22, R
23) combine the configuration at least one steam box (31) so that spurt steam to paper web (W).
21., it is characterized in that drying section comprises a dry group (R who is configured in back drier (30) as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine
21, R
22, R
23) at least one support copper mesh or band (33) so that prevent moisture evaporation below paper web (W).
22., it is characterized in that last two dry groups are the drying group (R with two wire draws in the back drier (30) as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine
32, R
33).
23., it is characterized in that the ratio (D of drying cylinder diameter in the drier of back as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine
Syl: D
Tela) greater than this ratio in the preceding drying section.
24., it is characterized in that drying section comprises that a water atomization plant (35) that is used for to paper web (W) aspect water spray curls so that control as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine.
25. as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine, it is characterized in that the back drier comprises infrared dryer (32), it is arranged on paper web and enters calender (40) face before.
26., it is characterized in that drying section comprises the cover (36) of the configuration that combines with drying group at least one back drier (30), sprays to paper web so that will take from the humid air of preceding drying section (D1) as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine.
27., it is characterized in that a spreader bar (34) is disposed in the drier of back so that mechanical type is handled paper web and controlled curling of paper web as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine.
28., it is characterized in that back drier (30) only comprises all dry group (R with the single wire draw of standard as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine
21, R
22, R
23).
29., it is characterized in that described drying section and servicing unit basis is curled and the online or off-line measurement of quality is controlled so that reach best limit gross mass as claim 16 or 17 described drying section of paper machine.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FI964830 | 1996-12-03 | ||
| FI964830A FI105935B (en) | 1996-12-03 | 1996-12-03 | Method for drying paper and dry end of paper machine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN1239527A CN1239527A (en) | 1999-12-22 |
| CN1096529C true CN1096529C (en) | 2002-12-18 |
Family
ID=8547198
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN97180247A Expired - Fee Related CN1096529C (en) | 1996-12-03 | 1997-12-02 | Method for drying of paper and dry end of paper machine |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0943034B2 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP3650131B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100391045B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1096529C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE226660T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU5189798A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9713820A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2274228C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69716634T3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI105935B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1998027273A1 (en) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5983523A (en) * | 1997-03-27 | 1999-11-16 | Valmet Corporation | Method for controlling curl of paper in a dryer section of a paper machine and a paper or board machine |
| FI103999B (en) * | 1997-04-22 | 1999-10-29 | Valmet Corp | Drying unit and drying unit applying them |
| US6038789A (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 2000-03-21 | Valmet Corporation | Method for controlling the curl of paper and a paper or board machine line that applies the method |
| US5992040A (en) * | 1998-02-11 | 1999-11-30 | Beloit Technologies, Inc. | Drying section apparatus |
| AU5166799A (en) | 1998-08-04 | 2000-02-28 | Valmet Corporation | Method and arrangement for handling paper or cardboard webs |
| FI106269B (en) | 1999-05-10 | 2000-12-29 | Valmet Corp | Blow arrangement and method for compensating the curl tendency of paper or cardboard webs and a paper or cardboard machine |
| FI991096A (en) * | 1999-05-12 | 2000-11-13 | Valmet Corp | A process for producing paper, in particular fine paper, and a paper machine line, in particular for producing fine paper |
| FI121674B (en) * | 2003-01-09 | 2011-02-28 | Metso Paper Inc | Method and apparatus for wetting a moving paper or cardboard web |
| DE10325572A1 (en) * | 2003-06-05 | 2004-12-23 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | Process and assembly to make fibrous paper or carton has a final drying stage with short two-line drying unit with water spray jets |
| DE10347953A1 (en) * | 2003-10-15 | 2005-05-19 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | Process to prepare a moving web of tissue, paper or carton for a smoothing process by contact cooling and exposure to hot moist air |
| DE102004017807A1 (en) * | 2004-04-13 | 2005-10-27 | Voith Paper Patent Gmbh | dry arrangement |
| JP4651314B2 (en) * | 2004-06-15 | 2011-03-16 | レンゴー株式会社 | Surface smoothing equipment for paper and paperboard |
| DE102006049025A1 (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2008-04-17 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Apparatus and method for producing a fibrous web |
| DE102006049026A1 (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2008-04-17 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Apparatus and method for producing a fibrous web |
| DE102006049078A1 (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2008-04-17 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Apparatus and method for producing a fibrous web |
| DE102008000133A1 (en) * | 2008-01-23 | 2009-07-30 | Voith Patent Gmbh | drying section |
| DE202008005359U1 (en) * | 2008-04-17 | 2008-07-10 | Metso Paper, Inc. | Arrangement for adjusting the curvature of the paper / board web for a heat-sensitive product |
| KR101016727B1 (en) * | 2008-07-30 | 2011-02-25 | 솔거특수지(주) | Method manufacturing carrier paper for electronic materials producing use, apparatus for the same, and product thereof |
| FI125147B (en) * | 2011-08-31 | 2015-06-15 | Valmet Technologies Inc | System and process for making paper or cardboard |
| CN102888777A (en) * | 2012-10-23 | 2013-01-23 | 河南江河纸业股份有限公司 | High-speed paper machine drying part |
| EP2765237B1 (en) | 2013-02-06 | 2016-11-23 | Valmet Technologies, Inc. | Method for producing a fiber web and production line for producing a fiber web |
| FR3022564B1 (en) * | 2014-06-18 | 2017-06-30 | Allimand | METHOD FOR DRYING CIGARETTE PAPER STRIP AND CIGARETTE PAPER THUS OBTAINED |
| EP3601666B1 (en) * | 2017-03-21 | 2024-01-17 | Voith Patent GmbH | Web treatment |
| DE102018119383A1 (en) * | 2018-08-09 | 2020-02-13 | Voith Patent Gmbh | Machine and method for producing a corrugated base paper web |
| CN112127200A (en) * | 2020-09-30 | 2020-12-25 | 湖北中烟工业有限责任公司 | Humidification system of saturated steam humidification interior slip sheet |
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| US5416980A (en) * | 1990-12-17 | 1995-05-23 | Valmet Paper Machinery, Inc. | Method and apparatus for reduction of curling of paper in the drying section of a paper machine |
| EP0726353A2 (en) * | 1995-02-01 | 1996-08-14 | Valmet Corporation | Method for producing surface-treated paper and dry end of a paper machine |
| WO1996032534A1 (en) * | 1995-04-12 | 1996-10-17 | Valmet Corporation | Dryer-section concept and method in the drying of a paper/board web |
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| US3948721A (en) † | 1974-09-03 | 1976-04-06 | Winheim Karl H | Method and apparatus for wetting the web in paper making machines |
| JPS63500188A (en) † | 1985-11-06 | 1988-01-21 | スコツト ペ−パ− カンパニ− | Paper finishing method using base layer thermoforming |
| DE4112537C2 (en) † | 1991-04-17 | 1994-06-01 | Escher Wyss Gmbh | Smoothness generating device |
| FI95061C (en) † | 1993-03-08 | 1995-12-11 | Valmet Paper Machinery Inc | Method of calendering paper web and calender for application of the method |
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| FI93876C (en) * | 1994-03-25 | 1995-06-12 | Valmet Paper Machinery Inc | Drying section in paper machine, where there are cylinder groups with simple twisting |
| DE4415581C2 (en) * | 1994-05-04 | 1995-12-07 | Voith Gmbh J M | Paper coating device |
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- 1996-12-03 FI FI964830A patent/FI105935B/en active
-
1997
- 1997-12-02 KR KR10-1999-7003902A patent/KR100391045B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-02 CN CN97180247A patent/CN1096529C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-02 CA CA002274228A patent/CA2274228C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-02 WO PCT/FI1997/000745 patent/WO1998027273A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-12-02 AT AT97946772T patent/ATE226660T1/en active
- 1997-12-02 BR BR9713820-7A patent/BR9713820A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-12-02 EP EP97946772A patent/EP0943034B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-02 AU AU51897/98A patent/AU5189798A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-12-02 DE DE69716634T patent/DE69716634T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-02 JP JP52708098A patent/JP3650131B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5416980A (en) * | 1990-12-17 | 1995-05-23 | Valmet Paper Machinery, Inc. | Method and apparatus for reduction of curling of paper in the drying section of a paper machine |
| EP0726353A2 (en) * | 1995-02-01 | 1996-08-14 | Valmet Corporation | Method for producing surface-treated paper and dry end of a paper machine |
| WO1996032534A1 (en) * | 1995-04-12 | 1996-10-17 | Valmet Corporation | Dryer-section concept and method in the drying of a paper/board web |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3650131B2 (en) | 2005-05-18 |
| CA2274228C (en) | 2007-03-27 |
| KR20000053015A (en) | 2000-08-25 |
| DE69716634T3 (en) | 2009-07-16 |
| FI964830A (en) | 1998-06-04 |
| JP2001505630A (en) | 2001-04-24 |
| FI964830A0 (en) | 1996-12-03 |
| BR9713820A (en) | 2000-03-14 |
| FI105935B (en) | 2000-10-31 |
| CN1239527A (en) | 1999-12-22 |
| DE69716634T2 (en) | 2003-06-26 |
| KR100391045B1 (en) | 2003-07-12 |
| ATE226660T1 (en) | 2002-11-15 |
| EP0943034B2 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
| WO1998027273A1 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
| DE69716634D1 (en) | 2002-11-28 |
| CA2274228A1 (en) | 1998-06-25 |
| EP0943034B1 (en) | 2002-10-23 |
| AU5189798A (en) | 1998-07-15 |
| EP0943034A1 (en) | 1999-09-22 |
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