CN109631812B - Method for automatically measuring size of gear - Google Patents
Method for automatically measuring size of gear Download PDFInfo
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- CN109631812B CN109631812B CN201811637620.0A CN201811637620A CN109631812B CN 109631812 B CN109631812 B CN 109631812B CN 201811637620 A CN201811637620 A CN 201811637620A CN 109631812 B CN109631812 B CN 109631812B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/02—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness
- G01B21/04—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness by measuring coordinates of points
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/02—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness
- G01B21/08—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring length, width, or thickness for measuring thickness
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- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices With Unspecified Measuring Means (AREA)
- Gear Processing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a method for automatically measuring the size of a gear, which comprises the following steps: (1) placing a gear to be measured in front of a three-coordinate measuring machine; (2) the three-coordinate measuring machine calibrates the measuring head; (3) configuring the measuring head, wherein the measuring head comprises a single measuring head mode and a multi-measuring head mode; (4) setting theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured; (5) the three-coordinate measuring machine measures the gear to be measured and outputs an actual parameter value; (6) and the three-coordinate measuring machine compares the theoretical parameters with the actual parameters to obtain the error fraction of the measured gear. The invention overcomes the problem that a three-coordinate measuring machine can only measure small batches of single workpieces and a large number of test instruments must be purchased for measuring the size of the gear, namely the problem of detecting the size of the gear in large batches is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of automatic control, in particular to a method for automatically measuring the size of a gear.
Background
The gear transmission is one of the most main transmission forms in mechanical transmission, and is widely applied to modern machinery, and the precision of the size of the gear can greatly influence the service life of the gear, the running stability of the machine, the noise and the like in the gear transmission process. The main reasons affecting the gear transmission precision include machining precision, mounting precision and the like, and the detection of the gear size precision is always a concern.
At present, methods adopted for detecting the size of the gear comprise a single-tooth meshing instrument, a double-tooth meshing instrument, a gear ring jumping instrument, a digital image correlation method, a three-coordinate measuring machine, laser measurement and the like, but a large amount of measuring equipment needs to be purchased, and the measuring equipment is expensive. In particular, a single-tooth meshing instrument, a double-tooth meshing instrument and a gear ring runout instrument only measure a certain parameter of the gear, but cannot measure all parameters of the gear. There is also a limitation to gear sizing using digital image correlation techniques. Because only certain plane image information can be extracted when the digital image correlation method is used for measurement, and only a workpiece with a simpler or single workpiece space size can be measured, the method has certain limitation on the workpieces such as gears with complex space structures, for example, helical gears and the like.
Therefore, in response to the above deficiencies, it is desirable to provide a method for automatically measuring gear size.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for automatically measuring the size of the gear aiming at the defects in the prior art, so that the problems of automatic detection of the size of the gear in large batch, purchase of a large amount of expensive measuring instruments by enterprises and personnel cost reduction are solved.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a method for automatically measuring the size of a gear, which is improved by the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) placing a gear to be measured in front of a three-coordinate measuring machine;
(2) the three-coordinate measuring machine calibrates the measuring head;
(3) configuring the measuring head, wherein the measuring head comprises a single measuring head mode and a multi-measuring head mode;
(4) setting theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured;
(5) the three-coordinate measuring machine measures the gear to be measured and outputs an actual parameter value;
(6) and the three-coordinate measuring machine compares the theoretical parameters with the actual parameters to obtain the error fraction of the measured gear.
Wherein: when placing a gear to be measured, horizontally placing the gear to be measured on a machine tool of the three-coordinate measuring machine, and setting a connecting line from a first tooth of the gear to be measured to the center of the gear to be measured to be parallel to the axis right in front of the machine tool;
and if the gear to be measured is a gear shaft, setting the gear shaft to be measured to be vertical, namely the axial direction of the gear is consistent with the Z axis set by the three-coordinate measuring machine.
Wherein: when the measuring head is configured, the three-coordinate measuring machine is configured according to the type of the measured gear, and the method comprises the following steps:
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth, the single measuring head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree;
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth, the multi-gauge head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree; when the diameter of the tooth top of the internal gear is more than or equal to 2 times of the length of the measuring head, correcting the angle A to be 90 degrees and the angle B to be all angles between-180 degrees and +180 degrees; when the diameter of the tooth top of the internal gear is less than 2 times of the length of the measuring head, one measuring needle of the star-shaped measuring head is installed to form an L-shaped measuring needle, and then the correction angle A is 0 degree, and the angle B is all angles from-180 degrees to +180 degrees;
when the measured gear is an external tooth spur gear, the single measuring head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree;
when the gear to be measured is an external spur gear or an external helical gear, the multi-gauge head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree; and all angles of the correction angle a of 90 ° and the angle B of-180 ° to +180 °.
Wherein: the step (4) of setting the theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of sampling points on an axis or a central hole of a gear, the total tooth number of the gear, the normal modulus, the displacement coefficient, the pressure angle, the spiral angle, the number of points to be measured of an involute, the number of points measured in the tooth direction, the tooth width, the number of completely measured teeth and the number of sampling points on a reference plane along the Z-axis direction.
Wherein: the step (5) of measuring the gear to be measured by the three-coordinate measuring machine comprises the following steps:
1) measuring a point in the middle of a first tooth of the measured gear, judging by the three-coordinate measuring machine according to the type of the measured gear, and if the measured gear is the external tooth, moving the measuring head to the position outside the tooth which is on the + Y-axis coordinate and has the shortest distance to 0, and measuring a point in the middle of the corresponding tooth top; if the internal teeth are the internal teeth, the measuring head is moved to a tooth groove which is on the + Y-axis coordinate and has the shortest distance with 0, and a point is measured in the middle of the tooth groove; if the tooth is the helical tooth, moving the measuring head to the middle of the height of the measured tooth to enable the Z axis Z to be 0; measuring a point at the middle of the tooth top or the tooth slot according to the type of the gear to be measured;
2) measuring a point at the root circle of the left involute of the gear to be measured;
3) and measuring a point at the addendum circle of the left involute of the measured gear.
Wherein: when the gear to be measured is external teeth and is configured in a single measuring head mode, the thickness of the gear to be measured is required to be smaller than the effective working length of the measuring needle and is straight teeth;
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth and is configured in a single measuring head mode, the thickness of the gear to be measured needs to be smaller than the effective working length of the measuring needle and is straight teeth.
Wherein: and when theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured are set:
setting the right hand rotation of the helical angle as positive;
the number of points to be measured of the involute is set to be more than 4;
the number of points measured in the tooth direction is greater than 4.
Wherein: step 3) when measuring a point at the root circle of the left involute:
if the gear to be measured is external teeth, firstly measuring a tooth root circle and then measuring an addendum circle;
if the gear to be measured is the internal tooth, the addendum circle is measured first, and then the dedendum circle is measured.
The implementation of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention mainly utilizes a three-coordinate measuring machine and an autonomously developed gear measuring program to automatically collect large-batch gear size data and analyzes gear measuring parameters collected by the measuring machine to obtain gear comprehensive tooth profile error, pitch error, circular run-out, average tooth thickness error, maximum tooth thickness error and minimum tooth thickness error.
The invention can support a slow single-point mode, a high-speed scanning mode and a five-axis measuring head mode, thereby improving the efficiency.
The invention overcomes the problem that a three-coordinate measuring machine can only measure small batches of single workpieces and a large number of test instruments must be purchased for measuring the size of the gear, namely the problem of detecting the size of the gear in large batches is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of the involute combined error and the tooth direction combined error after parameters are given according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a chart of a weekly segment error and a weekly segment accumulated error after parameters are given according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a point at which a first tooth of the outer teeth is measured according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the positions of the measuring head when the angle a is 0 ° and the angle B is 0 ° according to the embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the positions of the measuring heads when the angle a is 90 ° and the angle B is 0 ° according to the embodiment of the present invention;
in the figure, FfTo synthesize tooth profile error, ffIs the tooth profile error, F is the composite tooth direction error, FβfFor tooth error, FpFor the cumulative error of the cycle, fpFor a section error, FrFor run out, AES is the average tooth thickness error, UES is the maximum tooth thickness error, and LES is the minimum tooth thickness error.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, but not all, embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be obtained by a person skilled in the art without any inventive step based on the embodiments of the present invention, are within the scope of the present invention.
The present embodiment provides a method for automatically measuring a gear size, a flowchart of which is shown in fig. 1, and the method specifically includes the following steps:
(1) placing a gear to be measured in front of a three-coordinate measuring machine; when the gear to be measured is placed, the gear to be measured is horizontally placed on a machine tool of the three-coordinate measuring machine, and a connecting line from a first tooth of the gear to be measured to the center of the gear is set and is parallel to the axis right in front of the machine tool; and if the gear to be measured is a gear shaft, setting the gear shaft to be measured to be vertical, namely the axial direction of the gear is consistent with the Z axis set by the three-coordinate measuring machine. The first tooth of this embodiment is set by the user himself and at will, and in order to match the measuring head angle, this embodiment is set such that the first tooth is the tooth with the shortest distance to the + Y axis.
(2) The three-coordinate measuring machine calibrates the measuring head;
(3) configuring the measuring head, wherein the measuring head comprises a single measuring head mode and a multi-measuring head mode; after the three-coordinate measuring machine determines the type of the gear to be measured, the following configuration is carried out:
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth, the single measuring head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle a is 0 ° and the angle B is 0 °, as shown in fig. 5;
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth, the multi-gauge head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle a is 0 ° and the angle B is 0 ° (vertically downward stylus); when the diameter of the tooth top of the internal gear is more than or equal to 2 times of the length of the measuring head, correcting the angle A to be 90 degrees and the angle B to be all angles between-180 degrees and +180 degrees; when the diameter of the tooth top of the internal gear is less than 2 times of the length of the measuring head, one measuring needle of the star-shaped measuring head is installed to form an L-shaped measuring needle, and then the correction angle A is 0 degree, and the angle B is all angles from-180 degrees to +180 degrees; when the correction angle A is 90 degrees, the angle B is all angles between-180 degrees and +180 degrees. If angle a is 90 ° and angle B is 0 °, the schematic diagram is shown in fig. 6.
When the measured gear is an external tooth spur gear, the single measuring head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree;
when the gear to be measured is an external tooth spur gear or an external tooth helical gear (including a gear hole and a gear shaft product), the multi-measuring-head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree; and all angles of the correction angle a of 90 ° and the angle B of-180 ° to +180 °.
It should be noted that, when the gear to be measured is an internal gear and is configured in the single-probe mode, the thickness of the gear to be measured needs to be smaller than the effective working length of the probe and is a straight tooth. When the gear to be measured is external teeth and is configured in a single measuring head mode, the thickness of the gear to be measured is required to be smaller than the effective working length of the measuring needle and is straight teeth.
(4) Setting theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured, including: the method comprises the steps of sampling points on an axis or a central hole of a gear, the total tooth number of the gear, the normal modulus, the displacement coefficient, the pressure angle, the spiral angle, the number of points to be measured of an involute, the number of points measured in the tooth direction, the tooth width, the number of completely measured teeth and the number of sampling points on a reference plane along the Z-axis direction. Specifically, in this embodiment, when setting the theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured:
setting the right hand rotation of the helical angle as positive;
the number of points to be measured of the involute is set to be more than 4;
the number of points measured in the tooth direction is greater than 4.
(5) The three-coordinate measuring machine measures the gear to be measured and outputs an actual parameter value; the step of taking the measurement comprises:
1) measuring a point in the middle of the first tooth of the gear to be measured, wherein the three-coordinate measuring machine judges according to the type of the gear to be measured, if the gear is the external tooth, the measuring head is moved to the position outside the tooth (defined as the first tooth) which is on the + Y-axis coordinate and has the shortest distance to 0, and the point is measured in the middle of the top of the tooth, as shown by a black point in FIG. 4; if the internal teeth are the internal teeth, the measuring head is moved to a tooth groove which is on the + Y-axis coordinate and has the shortest distance with 0, and a point is measured in the middle of the tooth groove; if the tooth is the helical tooth, moving the measuring head to the middle of the height of the measured tooth to enable the Z axis Z to be 0; measuring a point in the + Y direction at the middle of the tooth top or the tooth groove according to the type of the gear to be measured;
2) measuring a point at the root circle of the left involute of the gear to be measured;
3) measuring a point at the addendum circle of the left involute of the measured gear, wherein if the measured gear is external teeth, firstly measuring a dedendum circle and then measuring the addendum circle; if the gear to be measured is the internal tooth, the addendum circle is measured first, and then the dedendum circle is measured.
(6) And the three-coordinate measuring machine compares the theoretical parameters with the actual parameters to obtain the error fraction of the measured gear.
The present embodiment is described by taking the following parameters as examples. The parameters are set as follows: the modulus was 2.5, the tooth thickness was 3.927, the pitch was 7.854, the number of teeth was 30, the pitch diameter was 75.000, the tip diameter was 80.000, the base diameter was 70.000, the deflection coefficient was 0.000, the pressure angle was 2.500, the helix angle was 0.000, and the probe diameter was 1.957. After inputting the tolerance requirement (unit is mum) of the measured gear according to the drawing, under the same time, the involute error (involute comprehensive error graph) and the tooth direction error (tooth direction comprehensive error graph) of the left side and the right side of the 4 complete measurement teeth with the numbers of 1, 8, 16 and 23 are automatically measured by the method of the embodiment, and are shown in fig. 2. The involute error table mainly detects the processing precision of the involute (the internal tooth and the external tooth, and the straight tooth and the helical tooth both comprise). The tooth error table mainly detects straight line (straight teeth) or spiral line error (spiral teeth). By contrast, the output content in fig. 2 is similar to the output report of the professional gear detection center, and is comparable.
After the parameters are set to be the same and the tolerance requirement of the measured gear is given, the obtained gear tooth thickness error graph, radial run-out on the pitch circle, and the pitch error (also called pitch error) and the cumulative pitch error (also called pitch error) of the left side and the right side of the gear are shown in fig. 3. The test results are comparable to the definition of gear standards and the graphical report of industry specifications.
As can be seen from the schematic diagrams of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the gear size can be measured only by the three-coordinate measuring machine and the method of the present invention, the original expensive equipment which needs to be measured separately is replaced, the cost and the labor are saved under the same effect, and the time is saved.
In summary, the conventional three-coordinate measuring gear is generally provided with a turntable and is measured by a generating method, and the conventional three-coordinate measuring gear is used as a special three-coordinate gear measuring center, so that the conventional three-coordinate measuring gear is difficult to be used for measuring other parts; the method has the characteristics that the involute motion is controlled and measured without adding configuration, so that the method can be used for measuring common parts and gears.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A method for automatically measuring the size of a gear is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) placing a gear to be measured in front of a three-coordinate measuring machine;
(2) the three-coordinate measuring machine calibrates the measuring head;
(3) configuring the measuring head, wherein the measuring head comprises a single measuring head mode and a multi-measuring head mode;
(4) setting theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured;
(5) the three-coordinate measuring machine measures the gear to be measured and outputs an actual parameter value;
(6) the three-coordinate measuring machine compares the theoretical parameters with the actual parameters to obtain the error fraction of the measured gear;
when the measuring head is configured in the step (3), the three-coordinate measuring machine is configured according to the type of the gear to be measured, and the method comprises the following steps:
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth, the single measuring head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree;
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth, the multi-gauge head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree; when the diameter of the tooth top of the internal gear is more than or equal to 2 times of the length of the measuring head, correcting the angle A to be 90 degrees and the angle B to be all angles between-180 degrees and +180 degrees; when the diameter of the tooth top of the internal gear is less than 2 times of the length of the measuring head, one measuring needle of the star-shaped measuring head is installed to form an L-shaped measuring needle, and then the correction angle A is 0 degree, and the angle B is all angles from-180 degrees to +180 degrees;
when the measured gear is an external tooth spur gear, the single measuring head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree;
when the gear to be measured is an external spur gear or an external helical gear, the multi-gauge head mode is configured as follows: the correction angle A is equal to 0 degree, and the correction angle B is equal to 0 degree; and all angles of which the correction angle A is 90 degrees and the angle B is-180 degrees to +180 degrees;
the step (4) of setting the theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the steps of sampling points on an axis or a central hole of a gear, the total tooth number of the gear, the normal modulus, the displacement coefficient, the pressure angle, the spiral angle, the number of points to be measured of an involute, the number of points measured in the tooth direction, the tooth width, the number of completely measured teeth and the number of sampling points on a reference plane along the Z-axis direction.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: when placing a gear to be measured, horizontally placing the gear to be measured on a machine tool of the three-coordinate measuring machine, and setting a connecting line from a first tooth of the gear to be measured to the center of the gear to be measured to be parallel to the axis right in front of the machine tool;
and if the gear to be measured is a gear shaft, setting the gear shaft to be measured to be vertical, namely the axial direction of the gear is consistent with the Z axis set by the three-coordinate measuring machine.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: the step (5) of measuring the gear to be measured by the three-coordinate measuring machine comprises the following steps:
1) measuring a point in the middle of a first tooth of the measured gear, judging by the three-coordinate measuring machine according to the type of the measured gear, and if the measured gear is the external tooth, moving the measuring head to the position outside the tooth which is on the + Y-axis coordinate and has the shortest distance to 0, and measuring a point in the middle of the corresponding tooth top; if the internal teeth are the internal teeth, the measuring head is moved to a tooth groove which is on the + Y-axis coordinate and has the shortest distance with 0, and a point is measured in the middle of the tooth groove; if the tooth is the helical tooth, moving the measuring head to the middle of the height of the measured tooth to enable the Z axis Z to be 0; measuring a point at the middle of the tooth top or the tooth slot according to the type of the gear to be measured;
2) measuring a point at the root circle of the left involute of the gear to be measured;
3) and measuring a point at the addendum circle of the left involute of the measured gear.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: when the gear to be measured is external teeth and is configured in a single measuring head mode, the thickness of the gear to be measured is required to be smaller than the effective working length of the measuring needle and is straight teeth;
when the gear to be measured is internal teeth and is configured in a single measuring head mode, the thickness of the gear to be measured needs to be smaller than the effective working length of the measuring needle and is straight teeth.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein: and when theoretical parameters of the gear to be measured are set:
setting the right hand rotation of the helical angle as positive;
the number of points to be measured of the involute is set to be more than 4;
the number of points measured in the tooth direction is greater than 4.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein: step 3) when measuring a point at the root circle of the left involute:
if the gear to be measured is external teeth, firstly measuring a tooth root circle and then measuring an addendum circle;
if the gear to be measured is the internal tooth, the addendum circle is measured first, and then the dedendum circle is measured.
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| CN111693001A (en) * | 2020-05-20 | 2020-09-22 | 合肥京亿盛精密科技有限公司 | Three-coordinate detection tool |
| CN112923890B (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2023-06-06 | 浙江万向精工有限公司 | Spline tooth form error measurement and evaluation method |
| CN114719806B (en) * | 2022-04-28 | 2024-03-19 | 中国航发南方工业有限公司 | Digital measuring method for arc end teeth |
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