CN109622009B - With Pd @ CeO2-CNxMethod for catalyzing formaldehyde dehydrogenation by core-shell catalyst - Google Patents
With Pd @ CeO2-CNxMethod for catalyzing formaldehyde dehydrogenation by core-shell catalyst Download PDFInfo
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- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HSJPMRKMPBAUAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- LXBGSDVWAMZHDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-1h-imidazole Chemical compound CC1=NC=CN1 LXBGSDVWAMZHDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910003244 Na2PdCl4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003889 chemical engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008450 motivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000989 no adverse effect Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
-
- B01J35/397—
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
- B01J37/086—Decomposition of an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/22—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing Pd @ CeO2-CNx core-shell catalyst catalysis formaldehyde dehydrogenation method. The prepared catalyst is placed in a reactor, the reactor is placed in a water bath, then the mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide is added into the reactor for reaction, and the generated hydrogen is collected by adopting a drainage method. The Pd @ CeO2CNx core-shell catalyst synthesis the following: a) dissolving cerium nitrate and 2-methylimidazole in a methanol solution to form a uniform solution, stirring at normal temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF; b) dispersing (Ce) MOF in Na2PdCl4In the solution, after fully stirring, reducing by using a sodium borohydride solution to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF; c) transferring Pd @ MOF (Ce) to a tubular atmosphere furnace, and roasting under mixed gas to obtain Pd @ CeO2CNx core-shell catalysts. The Pd @ CeO with high activity, high selectivity and high stability for preparing hydrogen by formaldehyde dehydrogenation can be prepared by adjusting the molar ratio of metal Pd, Ce and CNx in the catalyst2CNx core-shell catalysts.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of chemistry and chemical engineering, and particularly relates to Pd @ CeO2-CNx core-shell catalyst catalysis formaldehyde dehydrogenation method.
Background
Energy is one of the main motivations for human development and social progress. The rapid development of society is largely restricted by the gradual exhaustion of traditional fossil energy and the serious environmental problems caused by the burning of the fossil energy. Therefore, the search for high-efficiency clean renewable energy is imperative and reluctant for the development of the future society.
The hydrogen energy has the advantages of wide source, high heat value, no pollution of products and the like, and is considered as one of ideal energy sources for human development in the future. Since hydrogen has very low volumetric and mass energy densities and is difficult to liquefy, large-scale application of hydrogen as an energy source is greatly limited, and the search for a safe and efficient hydrogen storage technology is expected to promote large-scale application of hydrogen as a clean energy source. Formaldehyde has a high mass energy density and is liquid at room temperature and can be safely stored and transported. More importantly, the products generated by the hydrolysis dehydrogenation reaction of formaldehyde are hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which have no adverse effect on the fuel cell and are particularly suitable to be used as hydrogen supply carriers of the hydrogen fuel cell.
The key of the current research is to synthesize a high-efficiency hydrolysis dehydrogenation catalyst, and the construction of a palladium-based catalyst with a composite structure is expected to well solve the problem that the catalytic effect of the existing catalyst is not ideal.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a catalyst prepared from Pd @ CeO2Method for catalyzing formaldehyde dehydrogenation by using-CNx core-shell type catalyst, Pd @ CeO2The CNx core-shell type catalyst realizes complete dehydrogenation of formaldehyde under a relatively mild condition, and has good catalytic activity, selectivity and stability.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problem is as follows.
Prepared Pd @ CeO2Placing a CNx core-shell catalyst in a reactor, placing the reactor in a water bath, heating to 5-30 ℃, and adding a mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with a molar ratio of 1 (0.5-1.6) into the reactor for reaction to obtain a product hydrogen;
the Pd @ CeO2the-CNx core-shell catalyst comprises Pd, Ce and CNx, wherein the Pd is derived from sodium chloropalladate, the Ce is derived from cerium nitrate, and the CNx is derived from 2-methylimidazole;
the mass ratio of the catalyst to the mixed solution is 1 (80-150);
the Pd @ CeO2-the CNx core-shell catalyst is prepared by the following steps:
dissolving cerium nitrate and 2-methylimidazole in a methanol solution according to a certain mass ratio to form a uniform mixed solution, stirring for a certain time at normal temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF;
step (2) dispersing (Ce) MOF in Na2PdCl4In the solution, after fully stirring, reducing the solution for a certain time by using a sodium borohydride solution with a certain concentration at a certain temperature to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF;
transferring Pd @ MOF (Ce) to a tubular atmosphere furnace, and roasting for a certain time under a mixed gas with a certain composition to obtain Pd @ CeO2-a C core-shell catalyst.
Further, the Pd @ CeO2-preparation of CNx core-shell catalyst in step (1): the mass ratio of the cerium nitrate to the 2-methylimidazole is 1 (5-8).
Further, the Pd @ CeO2-preparation of CNx core-shell catalyst in step (2): the mass ratio of the sodium chloropalladate to the cerium nitrate in the step (1) is 1 (4-6), the concentration of the sodium borohydride solution is 0.1-0.3 mol/L, the reduction temperature is-5 ℃, and the reduction time is 4-12 h.
Further, the Pd @ CeO2-preparation of CNx core-shell catalyst in step (3): roasting in a tubular atmosphere furnace at 240-320 deg.c for 2-4 hr in mixed gas atmosphere of O2/N2In which O is2The volume composition of (A) is 1-5%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
dissolving cerium nitrate and 2-methylimidazole in a methanol solution according to a certain mass ratio to form a uniform solution by adopting a dipping reduction roasting method, stirring for a certain time at room temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF; dispersing (Ce) MOF in Na2PdCl4In the solution, after fully stirring, using sodium borohydride solution to reduce to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF, transferring a certain amount of Pd @ (Ce) MOF to a tubular atmosphere furnace, and roasting for a certain time under a mixed gas with a certain composition to obtain Pd @ CeO2A CNx core-shell catalyst, which has high activity, selectivity and stability. The catalyst is used for carrying out the formaldehyde dehydrogenation reaction, the dehydrogenation conversion rate and the selectivity are both 100 percent, and the TOF value of the reaction is more than 280h-1The reaction time is 2h after recycling, and the TOF value of the reaction is still larger than 270h-1。
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention will be described in further detail by way of examples. The examples are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Example 1
Process for preparing catalyst
Dissolving 0.6g of cerium nitrate and 3.0g of 2-methylimidazole in 200mL of methanol solution to form a uniform solution, stirring for a certain time at room temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF; the centrifuged (Ce) MOF and 0.1g Na were added2PdCl4Dispersing in 100mL deionized water, dropwise adding 0.1mol/L sodium borohydride solution into the solution, reducing for 4h at 5 ℃, and centrifugally drying to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF; the resulting Pd @ (Ce) MOF was transferred to a tubular atmosphere furnace at 5% O2/N2Roasting at 320 ℃ for 4h under the atmosphere to obtain Pd @6 (CeO)2-5CNx) core-shell catalyst, sealed storage.
Dehydrogenation process
50mg of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor, the tubular reactor is placed in a water bath, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 5 ℃, 4g of mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with the molar ratio of 1:0.5 is dripped into the tubular reactor, reaction gas is collected, the selectivity of hydrogen after reaction is 100 percent, the conversion rate of formaldehyde is 100 percent, and the TOF value of the reaction is 286h-1The reaction time is 2 hours after the reaction is carried out, and the TOF value of the reaction is still more than 280 hours-1。
Example 2
Process for preparing catalyst
Dissolving 0.4g of cerium nitrate and 3.2g of 2-methylimidazole in 200mL of methanol solution to form a uniform solution, stirring for a certain time at room temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF; the centrifuged (Ce) MOF and 0.1g Na were added2PdCl4Dispersing in 100mL deionized water, dropwise adding 0.3mol/L sodium borohydride solution into the solution, reducing for 12h at-5 ℃, and centrifugally drying to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF; the resulting Pd @ (Ce) MOF was transferred to a tubular atmosphere furnace at 1% O2/N2Roasting at 240 deg.c for 2 hr in atmosphere to obtain Pd @4 (CeO)2-8CNx) core-shell catalyst, sealed storage.
Dehydrogenation process
50mg of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor, the tubular reactor is placed in a water bath, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 30 ℃, 7.5g of mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with the molar ratio of 1:1.6 is dripped into the tubular reactor, reaction gas is collected, the selectivity of hydrogen after reaction is 100 percent, the conversion rate of formaldehyde is 100 percent, and the TOF value of the reaction is 320h-1The reaction time is 2h after being recycled, and the TOF value of the reaction is still more than 310h-1。
Example 3
Process for preparing catalyst
Dissolving 0.5g of cerium nitrate and 3.5g of 2-methylimidazole in 200mL of methanol solution to form a uniform solution, stirring for a certain time at room temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF; the centrifuged (Ce) MOF and 0.1g Na were added2PdCl4Dispersing in 100mL deionized water, dropwise adding 0.1mol/L sodium borohydride solution into the solution, reducing for 8h at-2 ℃, and centrifugally drying to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF; the resulting Pd @ (Ce) MOF was transferred to a tubular atmosphere furnace at 3% O2/N2Roasting at 280 ℃ for 3h under the atmosphere to obtain Pd @5 (CeO)2-7CNx) core-shell catalyst, sealed storage.
Dehydrogenation process
50mg of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor, the tubular reactor is placed in a water bath, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 25 ℃, 5g of mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with the molar ratio of 1:0.8 is dripped into the tubular reactor, reaction gas is collected, the selectivity of hydrogen after reaction is 100 percent, the conversion rate of formaldehyde is 100 percent, and the TOF value of the reaction is 480h-1The reaction time of TOF is still larger than 470h after the reaction is recycled for 2h-1。
Example 4
Process for preparing catalyst
Dissolving 0.5g of cerium nitrate and 2.5g of 2-methylimidazole in 200mL of methanol solution to form a uniform solution, stirring for a certain time at room temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF; the centrifuged (Ce) MOF and 0.1g Na were added2PdCl4Dispersing in 100mL deionized water, dropwise adding 0.15mol/L sodium borohydride solution into the solution, reducing for 9h at-1 ℃, and centrifugally drying to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF; will obtainTransferring Pd @ (Ce) MOF of (A) into a tubular atmosphere furnace at 2% O2/N2Roasting at 260 ℃ for 2.5h under the atmosphere to obtain Pd @5 (CeO)2-5CNx) core-shell catalyst, sealed storage.
Dehydrogenation process
50mg of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor, the tubular reactor is placed in a water bath, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 15 ℃, 6g of mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with the molar ratio of 1:0.7 is dripped into the tubular reactor, reaction gas is collected, the selectivity of hydrogen after reaction is 100 percent, the conversion rate of formaldehyde is 100 percent, and the TOF value of the reaction is 360h-1The reaction time is 2 hours after the reaction is carried out, and the TOF value of the reaction is still more than 350 hours-1。
Example 5
Process for preparing catalyst
Dissolving 0.6g of cerium nitrate and 4.2g of 2-methylimidazole in 200mL of methanol solution to form a uniform solution, stirring for a certain time at room temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF; the centrifuged (Ce) MOF and 0.1g Na were added2PdCl4Dispersing in 100mL deionized water, dropwise adding 0.25mol/L sodium borohydride solution into the solution, reducing for 6h at 2 ℃, and centrifugally drying to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF; the resulting Pd @ (Ce) MOF was transferred to a tubular atmosphere furnace at 4% O2/N2Roasting at 310 ℃ for 2h in the atmosphere to obtain Pd @6 (CeO)2-7CNx) core-shell catalyst, sealed storage.
Dehydrogenation process
50mg of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor, the tubular reactor is placed in a water bath, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 10 ℃, 7g of mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with the molar ratio of 1:1.5 is dripped into the tubular reactor, reaction gas is collected, the selectivity of hydrogen after reaction is 100 percent, the conversion rate of formaldehyde is 100 percent, and the TOF value of the reaction is 320h-1The reaction time is 2h after being recycled, and the TOF value of the reaction is still larger than 314h-1。
Example 6
Process for preparing catalyst
Dissolving 0.4g of cerous nitrate and 2.4g of 2-methylimidazole in 200mL of methanol solution to form a uniform solution, stirring for a certain time at room temperature, and centrifuging to obtain the cerium nitrate-containing nano-particlesTo (Ce) MOF; the centrifuged (Ce) MOF and 0.1g Na were added2PdCl4Dispersing in 100mL of deionized water, dropwise adding 0.3mol/L sodium borohydride solution into the solution, reducing for 5h at 3 ℃, and centrifugally drying to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF; the resulting Pd @ (Ce) MOF was transferred to a tubular atmosphere furnace at 2% O2/N2Roasting at 270 ℃ for 2.3h under the atmosphere to obtain Pd @4 (CeO)2-6CNx) core-shell catalyst, sealed storage.
Dehydrogenation process
50mg of the catalyst is loaded into a tubular reactor, the tubular reactor is placed in a water bath, the reaction temperature is controlled to be 20 ℃, 5.5g of mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with the molar ratio of 1:1.2 is dripped into the tubular reactor, reaction gas is collected, the selectivity of hydrogen after reaction is 100 percent, the conversion rate of formaldehyde is 100 percent, and the TOF value of the reaction is 290h-1The reaction time of 2h is recycled, and the TOF value of the reaction is still more than 284h-1。
While the invention has been described in further detail with reference to specific preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (1)
1. With Pd @ CeO2The method for catalyzing formaldehyde dehydrogenation by using the-CNx core-shell catalyst is characterized in that the prepared Pd @ CeO2Placing a CNx core-shell catalyst in a reactor, placing the reactor in a water bath, heating to 5-30 ℃, adding a mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide with the molar ratio of 1 (0.5-1.6) into the reactor for reaction to obtain a product hydrogen;
the mass ratio of the catalyst to the mixed solution of formaldehyde and sodium hydroxide is 1 (80-150);
the Pd @ CeO2-the CNx core-shell catalyst is prepared by the following steps:
dissolving cerium nitrate and 2-methylimidazole in a methanol solution according to a certain mass ratio to form a uniform mixed solution, stirring for a certain time at normal temperature, and centrifuging to obtain (Ce) MOF;
step (2) dispersing (Ce) MOF in Na2PdCl4In the solution, after fully stirring, reducing the solution for a certain time by using a sodium borohydride solution with a certain concentration at a certain temperature to obtain Pd @ (Ce) MOF;
transferring Pd @ MOF (Ce) to a tubular atmosphere furnace, and roasting for a certain time under a mixed gas with a certain composition to obtain Pd @ CeO2-CNx core-shell catalyst;
the Pd @ CeO2-preparation of CNx core-shell catalyst in step (1): the mass ratio of the cerium nitrate to the 2-methylimidazole is 1 (5-8);
the Pd @ CeO2-preparation of CNx core-shell catalyst in step (2): the mass ratio of the sodium chloropalladate to the cerium nitrate in the step (1) is 1 (4-6), the concentration of a sodium borohydride solution is 0.1-0.3 mol/L, the reduction temperature is-5 ℃, and the reduction time is 4-12 h;
the Pd @ CeO2-preparation of CNx core-shell catalyst in step (3): roasting in a tubular atmosphere furnace at 240-320 deg.c for 2-4 hr in mixed gas atmosphere of O2/N2In which O is2The volume composition of (A) is 1-5%.
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