g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Composite photocatalyst, preparation method and application thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of high polymer semiconductor materials, and in particular relates to a g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 (graphite-like Nitrogen Compound g-C) 3 N 4 And g-C 4 N 3 ) A carbon composite photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof.
Background
In recent years, with the intensive research on organic semiconductor materials, a high molecular polymer semiconductor material, graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) And has attracted a great deal of attention. With classical inorganic oxide semiconductor photocatalyst TiO 2 g-C compared with ZnO 3 N 4 Has the advantages of better visible light response (the band gap is narrower Eg=2.70 eV), stable chemical property, low price, easy manufacture and the like, and more importantly, the proper energy band structure, especially the higher conduction band position and the unique two-dimensional lamellar structure thereof, so that the device has higher photocatalytic degradation pollutant, photocatalytic water decomposition and photocatalytic CO in theory at the same time 2 Reduction activity. In addition, g-C 3 N 4 The method also has the characteristics of easy regulation and control of the chemical composition and energy band structure of the polymer semiconductor, and the like, so that the method becomes one of the novel semiconductor photocatalysts with the most research potential. However, g-C 3 N 4 As with conventional high molecular polymer, the crystallinity is relatively poor, and the exciton binding energy is relatively high, which is unfavorable for the rapid migration of the photon-generated carriers to the surface of the catalyst, so that the separation efficiency of the photon-generated carriers is relatively low, and g-C is severely inhibited 3 N 4 The photocatalytic activity of the catalyst affects the large-scale popularization and application of the catalyst. To further improve g-C 3 N 4 Is formed into g-C in recent years by morphology regulation, element doping and compounding with different semiconductor materials 3 N 4 Research hotspots on materials. Patent CN103170358A discloses a porous g-C 3 N 4 The photocatalyst and the preparation method thereof, the method comprises the steps of grinding and mixing dicyandiamide and thiourea, and calcining the mixture in air atmosphere to obtain porous g-C 3 N 4 . However, single-phase materials cannot realize effective separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and the photocatalytic activity is limited. Patent CN 105858730a discloses a carbon nitride/tungsten oxide composite hollow microsphere material and a preparation method thereof, wherein glucose is used for heating to form carbon spheres, tungsten oxide and carbon nitride are synchronously loaded, and then a template is removed by high-temperature calcination to synchronously form carbon nitride, so that hollow microspheres with shells constructed by tungsten oxide and carbon nitride are prepared. But two materials constituting the heterojunctionThe photogenerated carriers have limited transport and separation capacity for physical bonding.
Recently, g-C 4 N 3 As a novel semi-metallic material, attention has been paid, and its application to photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen has been reported. g-C 4 N 3 Has the same structure as g-C 3 N 4 And the precursors of the two have functional groups cyano capable of undergoing copolymerization. Will g-C 4 N 3 With g-C 3 N 4 Through covalent bond combination, excellent interface performance is favorable for rapid electron transport, so that photo-generated electrons and holes can be effectively separated and transferred, further the photoelectric performance of the material can be remarkably improved, and the composite material can degrade photocatalytic pollutants, decompose water to produce hydrogen, oxygen and CO 2 The method has great application potential in the fields of reduction conversion and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 (graphite-like Nitrogen Compound g-C) 3 N 4 And g-C 4 N 3 ) The composite photocatalyst and the preparation method and application thereof have the advantages that the preparation process of the material is simple and controllable, the material has higher specific surface area and good visible light responsiveness, and particularly the material has excellent photo-generated electron-hole separation capability, so that the material can degrade pollutants, water and CO in photocatalysis 2 The application field has great potential.
The technical solution for realizing the purpose of the invention is as follows: g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Composite photocatalyst g-C 3 N 4 And g-C 4 N 3 Is formed by covalent bond coupling and has a two-dimensional plane structure, wherein g-C 4 N 3 The content of (C) is 3-25wt%. The material is prepared from tricyanomethanoimidazole ionic liquid and g-C 3 N 4 The precursor of (C) is prepared by high-temperature copolymerization. The invention uses high molecular semi-metal g-C 4 N 3 With macromolecular semiconductor g-C 3 N 4 Coupling by covalent bond, semimetallic nature, g-C 4 N 3 With g-C 3 N 4 Similar structure and tightly continuous phaseThe interface provides conditions for photon-generated carrier migration, effective separation and efficient utilization thereof.
g-C as described above 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 The preparation method of the composite photocatalyst comprises the following specific steps:
step a), tricyanomethanoimidazole ionic liquid and g-C 3 N 4 Dispersing the precursor of (2) as raw material in water, ultrasonic treating for 0.5-1 h, evaporating off water phase to obtain uniform mixture;
step b), heating the uniform mixture obtained in the step a) to 400-420 ℃ in a tube furnace at a certain heating rate, maintaining for 1-2 h, then heating to 500-550 ℃ for 2-5 h, naturally cooling to room temperature, washing with deionized water, and vacuum drying to obtain g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 A composite photocatalyst.
The tricyanomethanoimidazole ionic liquid in the step a) is one of tricyanomethanoimidazole 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole, tricyanomethanoimidazole 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole and tricyanomethanoimidazole 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole.
g-C as described in step a) 3 N 4 The precursor of the carbon nitride is one of dicyandiamide and cyanamide.
Tricyanomethanoimidazole ionic liquid with g-C in step a) 3 N 4 The mol ratio of the precursors is 1:10-1:30.
Said g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Composite photocatalyst for photocatalytic pollutant degradation, water decomposition and CO 2 Use in reduction reactions.
Photocatalytic pollutant degradation, water decomposition and CO 2 Use in reduction reactions.
The invention has the beneficial effects that the composite photocatalyst is of a two-dimensional nano-sheet structure, has higher specific surface area and is semi-metal g-C 4 N 3 Through covalent bond with g-C 3 N 4 The coupling and the compact interface have high-efficiency carrier transmission and photo-generated electron-hole separation efficiency, and can be applied to photocatalytic pollutant degradation, water decomposition and CO 2 Reduction field。
(1) Unlike common physically-bound heterojunctions, the present invention prepares g-C by high temperature copolymerization 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 The composite photocatalyst has a 2D plane structure, and g-C in the composite photocatalyst can be regulated by changing the proportion of precursors 3 N 4 With g-C 4 N 3 The content of (3) is simple in preparation process.
(2)g-C 3 N 4 With g-C 4 N 3 The structure is similar, the compatibility and the binding force are excellent, the interface performance is outstanding, the transmission resistance of charges between two materials can be effectively reduced, and the separation capability of photo-generated electrons and holes is improved. The internal electrons of the two-dimensional material can reach the surface of the material to participate in the reaction more quickly, and the photon utilization rate is high.
(3) Semi-metallic material g-C 4 N 3 The conductivity is higher, the electron density is high, the improvement of the adsorption capacity of the material is facilitated, and more catalytic reaction active sites are provided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 And (3) preparing a flow chart of the composite photocatalyst.
FIG. 2 is the g-C obtained in example 2 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 SEM photograph of the composite photocatalyst.
FIG. 3 shows the g-C obtained in example 2 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 TEM photographs of composite photocatalysts.
FIG. 4 shows the g-C obtained in example 2 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 AFM photographs of composite photocatalyst.
FIG. 5 shows the g-C obtained in example 2 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 UV-vis spectra of the composite photocatalyst and its components.
FIG. 6 shows the g-C obtained in example 2 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 TG curve of composite photocatalyst and its components.
FIG. 7 shows the g-C obtained in example 2 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Composite photo-catalystPhotocatalytic CO of a catalyst 2 And reducing application efficiency.
FIG. 8 shows the g-C obtained in example 3 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Of composite photocatalysts 13 C solid nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum.
Detailed Description
The present invention is described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The present invention will be more fully understood by those skilled in the art from the following examples.
Example 1
0.402g (2.0 mmol) of tricyanomethanated 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole and 3.363g (40 mmol) of dicyan diamine were added to 50ml of deionized water, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes with ultrasonic stirring. Evaporating the mixed solution to remove water phase, heating the mixture in a tube furnace at 2 ℃/min to 400 ℃, calcining for 1 hour, then heating to 550 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, naturally cooling, washing with water, and vacuum drying to obtain g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 A composite photocatalyst.
Example 2
0.458g (2.0 mmol) of tricyanomethanated 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole and 3.363g (40 mmol) of dicyan diamine were added to 50ml of deionized water, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes with ultrasonic stirring. Evaporating the mixed solution to remove water phase, heating the mixture in a tube furnace at 2 ℃/min to 400 ℃, calcining for 1 hour, then heating to 550 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, naturally cooling, washing with water, and vacuum drying to obtain g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 A composite photocatalyst.
FIG. 2 is g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 SEM photograph of composite photocatalyst, g-C can be seen 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 The composite photocatalyst has a 2D planar structure, and the surface is flat and smooth.
FIG. 3 is g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 TEM photograph of the composite photocatalyst shows that the composite photocatalyst is ultrathin nano-sheet and has complete and uniform structure.
FIG. 4a is g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Composite photocatalystFIG. 4b is an AFM photograph of selected regions g-C of FIG. 4a 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 The thickness distribution diagram of the composite photocatalyst nano-sheet has the nano-sheet thickness of about 4nm and uniform size.
FIG. 5 g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 The composite photocatalyst and the ultraviolet-visible absorption diffuse reflection spectrum of the components thereof have good visible light absorption capacity, compared with the pure g-C 3 N 4 The absorption band is obviously red shifted and is similar to g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Is consistent with the brown appearance of (c).
FIG. 6 is g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 The thermal weight curve of the composite photocatalyst and the components thereof can be calculated to obtain the g-C in the composite material 4 N 3 The mass percentage of (2) is 13%.
FIG. 7 is g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Photocatalytic CO of composite photocatalyst 2 Reduction performance characterization, experiments used a 300W xenon lamp as the light source. As can be seen from the figure, g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Has excellent catalytic activity, and CO yield reaches 99.03 mu mol g after 6 hours illumination -1 Average yield of 16.5. Mu. Mol g -1 h -1 。
Test shows that g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Composite photocatalyst for photocatalytic pollutant degradation, water decomposition and CO 2 The application effect of the reduction reaction is good, in particular to the application of the reduction reaction.
Example 3
0.458g (2.0 mmol) of tricyanomethanated 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole and 0.841g (10 mmol) of dicyan diamine were added to 50ml of deionized water, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes with ultrasonic treatment. Evaporating the mixed solution to remove water phase, heating the mixture in a tube furnace at 2 ℃/min to 400 ℃, calcining for 1 hour, then heating to 550 ℃, preserving heat for 4 hours, naturally cooling, washing with water, and vacuum drying to obtain g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 A composite photocatalyst.
FIG. 8 is g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 Solid nuclear magnetic carbon spectrum, g-C of composite photocatalyst 3 N 4 Signals of carbon atoms on heptazine rings and g-C 4 N 3 The signal of the carbon atom on the triazine ring forms an absorption peak of 156ppm chemical shift, and the absorption peak at 86ppm chemical shift corresponds to g-C 4 N 3 To a carbon atom of the triazine ring.
Example 4
0.514g (2.0 mmol) tricyanomethanate 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole and 3.363g (40 mmol) dicyan diamine were added to 50ml deionized water, and the mixture was stirred for 30min and mixed uniformly. Evaporating the mixed solution to remove water phase, heating the mixture in a tube furnace at 2 ℃/min to 420 ℃, calcining for 1 hour, then heating to 550 ℃, preserving heat for 3 hours, naturally cooling, washing with water, and vacuum drying to obtain g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 A composite photocatalyst.
Example 5
0.458g (2.0 mmol) of tricyanomethanated 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole and 2.522g (60 mmol) of cyanamide are added to 50ml of deionized water, sonicated and stirred for 30min for uniform mixing. Evaporating the mixed solution to remove water phase, heating the mixture in a tube furnace at 2 ℃/min to 420 ℃, calcining for 2 hours, then heating to 550 ℃, preserving heat for 5 hours, naturally cooling, washing with water, and vacuum drying to obtain g-C 3 N 4 @g-C 4 N 3 A composite photocatalyst.