CN109618863B - Bamboo retaining forest method for improving yield of bamboo shoots in traditional hemp bamboo forest - Google Patents
Bamboo retaining forest method for improving yield of bamboo shoots in traditional hemp bamboo forest Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for reserving bamboos for forest culture and improvement of the yield of bamboo shoots in the traditional Ma Zhu forest, wherein the first 12 months to the second 1 months combine with soil loosening to remove weeds and shrubs in the forest land, and the weeds and the shrubs are accumulated, burned and then scattered in the bamboo groves; cutting off all bamboos with the length of more than 2a from 12 months to 3 months in the second year, reserving 3-6 bamboos with the length of 1-2a per clump by a geometric bamboo-reserving method, applying fertilizer for 3 times every year, applying base fertilizer for the first time in the middle and late ten days of 3 months, and applying additional fertilizer for two times in the early stage of emergence of the bamboo shoots and 6-8 months of the full period; harvesting when the bamboo shoots come out of the soil by 20-45 cm; harvesting and cutting the bamboo shoots after the bamboo shoots are unearthed and 1 green period is exposed; selecting two stubbles of bamboo shoots, reserving the bamboo shoots by a geometric figure method, reserving the reserved bamboo shoots, and carrying out bagging cultivation; and (3) cutting off the redundant bamboos above the growth of 2a from 12 months to 3 months every year. The method for retaining bamboo for forest culture is scientific, reasonable, simple and feasible, the yield of the bamboo shoots in the 2 nd year is increased by more than or equal to 35 percent each year, the yield in the 3 rd year tends to be stable, the yield of the bamboo shoots per mu is increased by 2000-2300kg, and the economic benefit, the social benefit and the ecological benefit are better.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and relates to a method for reserving bamboo for forest cultivation, which can improve the yield of bamboo shoots in a traditional mangosteen forest.
Background
Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) which is also called "sweet bamboo", "big-leaf black bamboo" or "Badu bamboo shoot" has sympodial rhizomes which belong to the family Gramineae of sympodial bamboos and the genus Musa. The bamboo species has wide adaptability, easy cultivation, fast growth, early growth, good bank protection, wind prevention, soil protection, greening and beautifying functions, etc. The bamboo shoots are delicious, fragrant and sweet in taste and rich in nutrition. The method has the advantages of low investment, quick effect, high yield, and remarkable economic, ecological and social benefits.
At present, the phenomena of dense bamboo stalks and concentrated bamboo root overlapping often occur in the operation process of a hemp bamboo forest, which has obvious limiting effect on the efficiency of receiving and utilizing sunlight by bamboo plants and the absorption of nutrient substances, and the like, and the annual raising of bamboo stands can also cause soil and fertilizer loss, the bamboo stumps and bamboo roots are exposed, the bamboo stands are easy to decay, the bamboo yield is reduced, and the quality of finished bamboos is influenced. The method can obviously improve the acre yield of the dendrocalamus latiflorus in unit area and realize long-term continuous operation for many years.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a forest culture and management method for remarkably improving the yield of dendrocalamus latiflorus per unit area by taking a dendrocalamus latiflorus forest which is traditionally managed as an object aiming at the defects of the prior art, and the yield efficiency and the economic benefit of the dendrocalamus latiflorus forest are improved to the maximum extent.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
a bamboo-reserving forest-cultivating method for improving the yield of bamboo shoots in a traditional hemp bamboo forest comprises management procedures of forest land cleaning, bamboo forest structure adjustment, fertilization, scientific bamboo shoot harvesting, mother bamboo reserving, old bamboo cutting, weeding, soil loosening, pest control and the like, and comprises the following operation steps:
1. clearing the forest land: combining with soil loosening, removing weeds and shrubs in the forest land from 12 months to 1 month in the next year, stacking and burning, and then spreading in the bamboo groves.
2. Adjusting the structure of the bamboo forest: cutting off all bamboos with the length of more than 2a from 12 months in the first year to 3 months in the second year, and reserving 3-6 plants of 1-2a raw bamboos in each cluster by a geometric bamboo reserving method, wherein the space of the vertical bamboos is required to be reasonable; and removing the old bamboo stump higher than the ground by the chain saw.
3. Fertilizing: applying fertilizer for 3 times every year, wherein the first base fertilizer is applied in the middle and late 3 months to promote the germination of bamboo shoots and increase the yield of bamboo shoots of bamboo stands for 3 times, wherein each stand is generally applied with 25-50 kg of decomposed human excrement, pigsty fertilizer or cow dung or 7-10 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, or applied with 200kg of pond sludge or compost, the fertilizer is applied around the bamboo stands which are already raked, and the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied. And applying additional fertilizer for the second time and the third time, wherein the additional fertilizer is applied at the early stage of emergence of the bamboo shoots and 6-8 months of the full season, so that the growth of the bamboo shoots is promoted, and the yield of the bamboo shoots is increased. The top dressing mainly uses quick-acting fertilizer, 1-1.5 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mixed fertilizer or 0.5-1 kg of urea, ammonium sulfate and other fertilizers can be applied in each group at a ratio of 5:1: 2.
4. Scientifically picking bamboo shoots:
a. the bamboo shoot picking time is as follows: the fresh bamboo shoots are harvested in the morning and harvested when the bamboo shoots come out 20-45 cm. The harvesting time for processed bamboo shoots is generally 1 green season after the bamboo shoots emerge.
b. The acquisition method comprises the following steps: digging soil around the bamboo shoots to expose bamboo shoot bodies, horizontally inserting the bamboo shoot bodies at a position of 0-1cm above the 1 st bamboo shoot section of the flat soil surface by using a cutting edge at the front end, then rotating the bamboo shoots leftwards, cutting off the bamboo shoot bodies, and keeping full bamboo shoot meshes on bamboo shoot roots.
5. Keeping mother bamboos in the nursery: harvesting first bamboo shoots at the beginning of 8 months every year, selecting strong second-crop bamboo shoots to be reserved as mother bamboos, reserving bamboo in a reserving mode according to bamboo mat density by adopting a geometric figure method, reserving distance between bamboo plants to the maximum extent, and performing bagging cultivation after reserving; the remaining bamboo in the geometric figure method is triangular, square, pentagonal or hexagonal.
6. Cutting off bamboo: and (3) cutting off the redundant bamboos above the growth of 2a from 12 months to 3 months every year.
7. Soil loosening and weeding: loosening soil for 1 time every 2 years in forest stand, deeply turning over forest soil about 20cm, and deeply turning over the periphery of mother bamboo 30-40cm without damaging bamboo stump and bamboo root; carrying out forest land weeding operation in 6-7 months every year, paying attention to not damage new shoots, conveying weeds to the outside of a bamboo forest, uniformly cleaning and burning the weeds, and then spreading the weeds in bamboo groves.
8. Pest control
1) Ecological prevention and control: the control promotes ventilation and light transmission in the forest, timely eliminates disease insect bamboo shoots, bamboo plants, bamboo branches and leaves and the like, reduces disease insect sources, deeply ploughs in winter to weed and reduces overwintering disease insect sources;
2) biological control: natural enemies are protected and utilized, insects are controlled by expanded insects, and insects are controlled by bacteria;
3) physical and mechanical control: when the density of the insect population is low, the insect population is captured by manpower and simple machinery, and is trapped and killed by using a black light lamp or bait;
4) chemical control: the preparation with low toxicity, low residue, high efficiency and low lethality to natural enemy is selected for reasonable use, does not pollute the environment as much as possible, and reduces the dosage and times of the preparation.
Further, the method for adjusting the bamboo forest structure in the step 2 comprises the following steps: when the density of the bamboo forest is more than 30 clusters/mu, 3-4 dendrocalamus latiflorus plants are reserved in each cluster, and the reserved bamboo plants are distributed in a triangular or square shape; when the density of the bamboo forest is less than 30 clusters/mu, 5-6 bamboo plants are reserved, and the reserved bamboo plants are distributed in a pentagon or hexagon shape.
Further, 3-6 plants of 1-2a raw bamboos in each cluster reserved in the step 2 are cut off lateral branches of the reserved mother bamboos which are 2m away from the ground; if the bamboo stump of the mother bamboo is higher than the ground, the bamboo stump should be covered with earth for 2-3 cm.
Further, during fertilizing in the step 3, adopting a fertilizing method for each plant, namely digging ridges at 40cm around each bamboo plant, wherein the depth of each ditch is 14-16cm, applying fertilizer into the ditches, applying more fertilizer to high-level ditches, applying less fertilizer to low-level ditches, and covering soil; in the forest land with a large slope, parallel ditches are dug outside 30cm of the periphery of each bamboo plant in the ditching direction, the length of each ditch is 20-30cm, each ditch is uniformly fertilized, and soil is covered.
Further, the scientific bamboo shoot picking method in the step 4 comprises the following steps: when fresh bamboo shoots are sold and collected, the diameter of the bamboo shoot is less than 6cm, and the collection height is less than 20 cm; the ground diameter is less than 6-8cm, and the collection height is less than 20-30 cm; the ground diameter of the bamboo shoots is more than 8cm, and the collection height is 30-45 cm; when the processed bamboo shoots are collected, the height of the collected bamboo shoots is more than 50 cm.
Further, bagging when the bamboo shoots are grown out of the soil by 20cm in the scientific bamboo shoot picking step 4; the sleeve bag is made of a nylon bag or a plastic bag with air permeability, the breast diameter of the bag is 20-25cm, the height of the bag is 20cm, and the bag can be recycled.
Further, the old bamboo is timely conveyed to the outside of the bamboo forest by felling the old bamboo in the step 6, and the interior of the forest is kept clean.
Further, the method for loosening the soil and weeding in step 7 is as follows: digging the rhizosphere soil of the bamboo clumps, removing the black and dead bamboo roots wound on the bamboo shoot meshes, exposing the bamboo shoot meshes for 15-20 days, taking off the soil, drying the bamboo shoots meshes, fertilizing in combination with spring, and covering the bamboo shoots meshes again; if the bamboo stump is higher than the ground, properly earthing up, the thickness is 8-10cm, and the shape is turtle back shape.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and beneficial effects as follows:
(1) the bamboo forest reserving method gives up the traditional bamboo forest management mode, provides the management method of the geometric figure bamboo forest reserving method, ensures that sufficient moisture and nutrients are available during bamboo shoot germination, enables the bamboo shoots to obtain larger germination space, and improves the yield of the bamboo shoots to the maximum extent.
(2) The method for reserving the bamboo for forest culture improves the fertilization technology, adopts a mode of combining organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, and effectively ensures the continuity of the fertilizer.
(3) The method for cultivating the remained bamboos gives up the traditional ditching and fertilizing method, adopts the fertilizing method of each bamboo plant, ditches and applies fertilizer around each bamboo plant, and ensures that the mother bamboos in the forest land can uniformly obtain the fertilizer.
(4) The method for reserving bamboo forest improves the pest control technology, selects an ecological and environment-friendly treatment method, does not pollute the environment as much as possible, reduces the dosage and times of medicaments, and protects the ecological environment of the bamboo forest.
(5) The method for reserving the bamboo for forest culture and management selects a bagging method, reserved mother bamboos are managed, and the healthy growth of the mother bamboos is guaranteed.
(6) The method for reserving bamboo for forest culture stipulates some specific technical measures of weeding, fertilizing, earthing and cutting impurities, and ensures the reasonable and healthy ecological environment of the bamboo forest.
(7) The method for reserving bamboo for forest culture is scientific, reasonable, simple and feasible, the yield of the bamboo shoots is increased by more than or equal to 35% every year in the 2 nd year, the yield tends to be stable by 3 rd year, 2000-2300kg of bamboo shoots are produced per mu, and the economic benefit, the social benefit and the ecological benefit are better.
Drawings
FIG. 1: schematic diagram of a forest culture and management method for three plants in a cluster.
FIG. 2: schematic diagram of a forest culture method for four plants in a cluster.
FIG. 3: schematic diagram of a method for retaining five bamboo plants in a cluster for forest culture and management.
FIG. 4: schematic diagram of a method for retaining bamboo for forest culture and management by using six plants in a cluster.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples, but it should not be construed that the scope of the above subject matter is limited to the following examples. All the technologies realized based on the above contents of the present invention belong to the scope of the present invention, and the following embodiments are all completed by adopting the conventional prior art except for the specific description.
Example 1: one-cluster three-plant bamboo-reserving forest culture and management method
Soil-digging and eyes-drying device
Selecting 2 mu of low-yield forest of the dendrocalamus latiflorus, wherein the density is more than 50 clusters/mu. Combining with soil loosening, removing weeds, shrubs and the like in the forest land from the first 12 months to the second 1 month, stacking and burning, and then spreading in bamboo bushes. Before clearing, digging out the rhizosphere soil of bamboo clusters, removing the black dead bamboo stumps of fibrous roots and root systems wound on bamboo shoots, and exposing the bamboo shoots for 15-20 days.
After soil is taken off and eyes are dried, the soil is fertilized in combination with spring fertilizer, and then the bamboo shoots are covered again. Gathering the surrounding soil to the center of bamboo cluster, and covering with soil to form tortoise back shape, preferably 8-10cm higher than original bamboo stump. The fertilization mainly uses nitrogen fertilizer, and balanced and coordinated fertilization is carried out according to the growth conditions of soil and bamboo plants; organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers are required to be matched for use, more decomposed farmyard manure and commercial organic fertilizers are advocated to be applied, the soil fertility is improved, and the soil environment is improved. The spring fertilizer (base fertilizer) is called for the first time, and the fertilizer is carried out in the middle and last ten days of 3 months, so that the germination of the bamboo shoots is promoted, and the yield of the bamboo shoots in the bamboo groves is increased. Generally, 25-50 kg of human excrement, pigsty manure or cow dung or 7-10 kg of decomposed cake manure is applied to each cluster, or 150 kg of pond sludge or compost and 200kg of pond sludge or compost are applied to the periphery of the bamboo cluster with the soil already ripped, and the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied. The second and third fertilization (top dressing) should be carried out at the early stage and full period (6-8 months) of bamboo shoot unearthing to promote the growth of bamboo shoots and increase the yield of bamboo shoots. The top dressing mainly uses quick-acting fertilizer, 1-1.5 kg of mixed fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (5:1:2) or 0.5-1 kg of fertilizer such as urea and ammonium sulfate can be applied in each group.
When picking bamboo shoots, the fresh bamboo shoots are preferably picked in the morning, and the bamboo shoots are picked and cut when the soil is 20-45 cm. As the harvesting time for processing bamboo shoots, the bamboo shoots are generally harvested after emergence of the soil and 1 green segment is exposed. Digging soil around the bamboo shoots to expose bamboo shoot bodies, horizontally inserting the bamboo shoot bodies at a position of 0-1cm above the 1 st bamboo shoot section of the flat soil surface by using a cutting edge at the front end, then rotating the bamboo shoots leftwards, cutting off the bamboo shoot bodies, and keeping full bamboo shoot meshes on bamboo shoot roots.
Cutting off the first bamboo shoots at the beginning of 8 months every year, selecting robust second-crop bamboo shoots for remaining cultivation, reserving bamboo in a remaining cultivation mode according to bamboo mat density by adopting a triangular geometric figure method, reserving the distance between bamboo plants to the maximum extent, and bagging after the remaining cultivation. Cutting all 3-year old bamboos and part of 2-year old bamboos in the forest in winter or early spring, reserving 3 bamboos in each cluster, and reserving the bamboos by adopting a 'collective graph method' to ensure the maximum space for bamboo shoot generation.
Weeding is carried out by combining cultivation measures such as raking, drying, fertilizing and the like, and meanwhile, slender small bamboo shoots sprouting from the bases of old bamboo roots or partial bamboo roots are cleaned; and (4) when the bamboos are harvested, loosening soil for 20cm in the whole forest. The method is used for managing the bamboo forest for 1-3 years, the yield of the bamboo shoots is improved by 46% every year, the yield tends to be stable by 4 years, and the yield of the bamboo shoots per mu is 2000 kg.
Example 2: one-cluster four-plant bamboo-reserving forest culture and management method
2 mu of low-yield forest of the dendrocalamus latiflorus is selected, and the density is about 40 clusters/mu. Combining with soil loosening, removing weeds, shrubs and the like in the forest land from the first 12 months to the second 1 month, stacking and burning, and then spreading in bamboo bushes. Before clearing, digging out rhizosphere soil of bamboo clusters, removing black and dead bamboo roots wound on bamboo shoots and exposing the bamboo shoots for 15-20 days.
After soil is taken off and eyes are dried, the soil is fertilized in combination with spring fertilizer, and then the bamboo shoots are covered again. Gathering the surrounding soil to the center of bamboo cluster, and covering with soil to form tortoise back shape, preferably 8-10cm higher than original bamboo stump. The fertilization mainly uses nitrogen fertilizer, and balanced and coordinated fertilization is carried out according to the growth conditions of soil and bamboo plants; organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers are required to be matched for use, more decomposed farmyard manure and commercial organic fertilizers are advocated to be applied, the soil fertility is improved, and the soil environment is improved. The spring fertilizer (base fertilizer) is called for the first time, and the fertilizer is carried out in the middle and last ten days of 3 months, so that the germination of the bamboo shoots is promoted, and the yield of the bamboo shoots in the bamboo groves is increased. Generally, 25-50 kg of human excrement, pigsty manure or cow dung or 7-10 kg of decomposed cake manure is applied to each cluster, or 150 kg of pond sludge or compost and 200kg of pond sludge or compost are applied to the periphery of the bamboo cluster with the soil already ripped, and the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied. The second and third fertilization (top dressing) should be carried out at the early stage and full period (6-8 months) of bamboo shoot unearthing to promote the growth of bamboo shoots and increase the yield of bamboo shoots. The top dressing mainly uses quick-acting fertilizer, 1-1.5 kg of mixed fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (5:1:2) or 0.5-1 kg of fertilizer such as urea and ammonium sulfate can be applied in each group.
At the end of 6 months, when picking bamboo shoots, the edible fresh bamboo shoots are preferably picked in the morning, and when the bamboo shoots come out of the soil by 20-45cm, the bamboo shoots are picked and cut. As the harvesting time for processing bamboo shoots, the bamboo shoots are generally harvested after emergence of the soil and 1 green segment is exposed. Digging soil around the bamboo shoots to expose bamboo shoot bodies, horizontally inserting the bamboo shoot bodies at a position of 0-1cm above the 1 st bamboo shoot section of the flat soil surface by using a cutting edge at the front end, then rotating the bamboo shoots leftwards, cutting off the bamboo shoot bodies, and keeping full bamboo shoot meshes on bamboo shoot roots.
Cutting off the first bamboo shoots at the beginning of 8 months every year, selecting robust second-crop bamboo shoots for remaining cultivation, reserving bamboo in a remaining cultivation mode according to bamboo mat density by adopting a four-side geometric figure method, reserving the distance between bamboo plants to the maximum extent, and bagging after the remaining cultivation. Cutting all 3-year old bamboos and part 2-year old bamboos in the forest in winter or early spring, reserving 4 bamboos in each cluster, and reserving the bamboos by adopting a 'collective graph method' to ensure the maximum space for bamboo shoot generation.
Weeding is carried out by combining cultivation measures such as raking, drying, fertilizing and the like, and meanwhile, slender small bamboo shoots sprouting from the bases of old bamboo roots or partial bamboo roots are cleaned; and (4) when the bamboos are harvested, loosening soil for 20cm in the whole forest. The method is used for managing the bamboo forest for 1-3 years, the yield of the bamboo shoots is improved by 40% every year, the yield tends to be stable by 4 years, and 2200kg of the bamboo shoots are produced per mu year.
Example 3: one-cluster five-plant bamboo-reserving forest culture and management method
2 mu of low-yield forest of the dendrocalamus latiflorus is selected, and the density is about 30 clusters/mu. Combining with soil loosening, removing weeds, shrubs and the like in the forest land from the first 12 months to the second 1 month, stacking and burning, and then spreading in bamboo bushes. Before clearing, digging out the rhizosphere soil of bamboo clusters, removing the black dead bamboo stumps of fibrous roots and root systems wound on bamboo shoots, and exposing the bamboo shoots for 15-20 days.
After soil is taken off and eyes are dried, the soil is fertilized in combination with spring fertilizer, and then the bamboo shoots are covered again. Gathering the surrounding soil to the center of bamboo cluster, and covering with soil to form tortoise back shape, preferably 8-10cm higher than original bamboo stump. The fertilization mainly uses nitrogen fertilizer, and balanced and coordinated fertilization is carried out according to the growth conditions of soil and bamboo plants; organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers are required to be matched for use, more decomposed farmyard manure and commercial organic fertilizers are advocated to be applied, the soil fertility is improved, and the soil environment is improved. The spring fertilizer (base fertilizer) is called for the first time, and the fertilizer is carried out in the middle and last ten days of 3 months, so that the germination of the bamboo shoots is promoted, and the yield of the bamboo shoots in the bamboo groves is increased. Generally, 25-50 kg of human excrement, pigsty manure or cow dung or 7-10 kg of decomposed cake manure is applied to each cluster, or 150 kg of pond sludge or compost and 200kg of pond sludge or compost are applied to the periphery of the bamboo cluster with the soil already ripped, and the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied. The second and third fertilization (top dressing) should be carried out at the early stage and full period (6-8 months) of bamboo shoot unearthing to promote the growth of bamboo shoots and increase the yield of bamboo shoots. The top dressing mainly uses quick-acting fertilizer, 1-1.5 kg of mixed fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (5:1:2) or 0.5-1 kg of fertilizer such as urea and ammonium sulfate can be applied in each group.
At the end of 6 months, when picking bamboo shoots, the edible fresh bamboo shoots are preferably picked in the morning, and when the bamboo shoots come out of the soil by 20-45cm, the bamboo shoots are picked and cut. As the harvesting time for processing bamboo shoots, the bamboo shoots are generally harvested after emergence of the soil and 1 green segment is exposed. Digging soil around the bamboo shoots to expose bamboo shoot bodies, horizontally inserting the bamboo shoot bodies at a position of 0-1cm above the 1 st bamboo shoot section of the flat soil surface by using a cutting edge at the front end, then rotating the bamboo shoots leftwards, cutting off the bamboo shoot bodies, and keeping full bamboo shoot meshes on bamboo shoot roots.
Cutting off the first bamboo shoots at the beginning of 8 months every year, selecting robust second-crop bamboo shoots for remaining cultivation, adopting a five-edge geometric figure method to retain the bamboos according to the density of bamboo clusters in a remaining cultivation mode, furthest retaining the distance between bamboo plants, and bagging after the remaining cultivation. Cutting all 3-year old bamboos and part of 2-year old bamboos in the forest in winter or early spring, reserving 5 bamboos in each cluster, and reserving the bamboos by adopting a 'collective graph method' to ensure the maximum space for bamboo shoot generation.
Weeding is carried out by combining cultivation measures such as raking, drying, fertilizing and the like, and meanwhile, slender small bamboo shoots sprouting from the bases of old bamboo roots or partial bamboo roots are cleaned; and (4) when the bamboos are harvested, loosening soil for 20cm in the whole forest. The method is used for managing the bamboo forest for 2 years, the yield of the bamboo shoots is increased by 35 percent every year, and the yield tends to be stable by 3 years, and the yield of the bamboo shoots per mu is 2000kg per year.
Example 4: one-cluster six-plant bamboo-reserving forest culture and management method
2 mu of low-yield forest of the dendrocalamus latiflorus is selected, and the density is about 27 clusters/mu. Combining with soil loosening, removing weeds, shrubs and the like in the forest land from the first 12 months to the second 1 month, stacking and burning, and then spreading in bamboo bushes. Before clearing, digging out the rhizosphere soil of bamboo clusters, removing the black dead bamboo stumps of fibrous roots and root systems wound on bamboo shoots, and exposing the bamboo shoots for 15-20 days.
After soil is taken off and eyes are dried, the soil is fertilized in combination with spring fertilizer, and then the bamboo shoots are covered again. Gathering the surrounding soil to the center of bamboo cluster, and covering with soil to form tortoise back shape, preferably 8-10cm higher than original bamboo stump. The fertilization mainly uses nitrogen fertilizer, and balanced and coordinated fertilization is carried out according to the growth conditions of soil and bamboo plants; organic fertilizers and inorganic fertilizers are required to be matched for use, more decomposed farmyard manure and commercial organic fertilizers are advocated to be applied, the soil fertility is improved, and the soil environment is improved. The spring fertilizer (base fertilizer) is called for the first time, and the fertilizer is carried out in the middle and last ten days of 3 months, so that the germination of the bamboo shoots is promoted, and the yield of the bamboo shoots in the bamboo groves is increased. Generally, 25-50 kg of human excrement, pigsty manure or cow dung or 7-10 kg of decomposed cake manure is applied to each cluster, or 150 kg of pond sludge or compost and 200kg of pond sludge or compost are applied to the periphery of the bamboo cluster with the soil already ripped, and the soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied. The second and third fertilization (top dressing) should be carried out at the early stage and full period (6-8 months) of bamboo shoot unearthing to promote the growth of bamboo shoots and increase the yield of bamboo shoots. The top dressing mainly uses quick-acting fertilizer, 1-1.5 kg of mixed fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (5:1:2) or 0.5-1 kg of fertilizer such as urea and ammonium sulfate can be applied in each group.
At the end of 6 months, when picking bamboo shoots, the edible fresh bamboo shoots are preferably picked in the morning, and when the bamboo shoots come out of the soil by 20-45cm, the bamboo shoots are picked and cut. As the harvesting time for processing bamboo shoots, the bamboo shoots are generally harvested after emergence of the soil and 1 green segment is exposed. Digging soil around the bamboo shoots to expose bamboo shoot bodies, horizontally inserting the bamboo shoot bodies at a position of 0-1cm above the 1 st bamboo shoot section of the flat soil surface by using a cutting edge at the front end, then rotating the bamboo shoots leftwards, cutting off the bamboo shoot bodies, and keeping full bamboo shoot meshes on bamboo shoot roots.
Cutting off the first bamboo shoots at the beginning of 8 months every year, selecting robust second-crop bamboo shoots for remaining cultivation, adopting a hexagonal geometric figure method to retain the bamboos according to the density of bamboo clusters in a remaining cultivation mode, furthest retaining the distance between bamboo plants, and bagging after the remaining cultivation. Cutting all 3-year old bamboos and part 2-year old bamboos in the forest in winter or early spring, reserving 6 bamboos in each cluster, and reserving the bamboos by adopting a 'collective graph method' to ensure the maximum space for bamboo shoot generation.
Weeding is carried out by combining cultivation measures such as raking, drying, fertilizing and the like, and meanwhile, slender small bamboo shoots sprouting from the bases of old bamboo roots or partial bamboo roots are cleaned; and (4) when the bamboos are harvested, loosening soil for 20cm in the whole forest. The method is used for managing the bamboo forest for 2 years, the yield of the bamboo shoots is increased by 35 percent every year, the yield tends to be stable by 3 years, and 2300kg of the bamboo shoots are produced per mu year.
Claims (3)
1. A bamboo retaining forest method for improving the yield of bamboo shoots in a traditional hemp bamboo forest is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of forest land cleaning, bamboo forest structure adjustment, fertilization, scientific bamboo shoot picking, mother bamboo stocking, old bamboo cutting, weeding and soil loosening, and pest control management, and comprises the following operation steps:
(1) clearing the forest land: removing weeds and shrubs in the forest land by loosening the soil from the first 12 months to the second 1 month, stacking and burning the weeds and the shrubs, and then spreading the shrubs in the bamboo groves;
(2) adjusting the structure of the bamboo forest: cutting off all bamboos with the length of more than 2a from 12 months to 3 months in the second year, and reserving 3-6 plants of 1-2a raw bamboos in each cluster by a geometric bamboo reserving method, wherein the space of the vertical bamboos is required to be reasonable; removing old bamboo stumps higher than the ground by a chain saw;
(3) fertilizing: fertilizing 3 times every year, wherein the first basal fertilizer is applied in the middle and last ten days of 3 months to promote the germination of bamboo shoots and increase the yield of bamboo shoots in bamboo stands, wherein each stand is applied with 25-50 kg of decomposed human excrement, pigsty fertilizer or cow dung, or 7-10 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer, or applied with 200kg of pond sludge or compost, the fertilizer is applied to the periphery of the bamboo stands which are already raked open, and soil is covered after the fertilizer is applied; applying additional fertilizer for the second time and the third time, wherein the additional fertilizer is applied at the early stage of emergence of the bamboo shoots and 6-8 months of the full season, so that the growth of the bamboo shoots is promoted, and the yield of the bamboo shoots is increased; the top dressing mainly comprises quick-acting fertilizers, 1-1.5 kg of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium mixed fertilizer or 0.5-1 kg of urea and ammonium sulfate in total is applied to each group at a ratio of 5:1: 2;
(4) scientifically picking bamboo shoots: a. the bamboo shoot picking time is as follows: harvesting fresh edible bamboo shoots in the morning, and harvesting the bamboo shoots when the bamboo shoots are 20-45cm out of the earth; as the harvesting time for processing bamboo shoots, harvesting and cutting 1 green segment after the bamboo shoots come out of the soil; b. the acquisition method comprises the following steps: digging soil around the bamboo shoots to expose bamboo shoot bodies, horizontally inserting the bamboo shoots at a position of 0-1cm above the 1 st bamboo shoot section of the flat soil surface by using a front-end blade, then rotating the bamboo shoots leftwards, cutting off the bamboo shoot bodies, and keeping full bamboo shoot meshes on bamboo shoot roots;
(5) keeping mother bamboos in the nursery: harvesting first bamboo shoots at the beginning of 8 months every year, selecting strong second-crop bamboo shoots to be reserved as mother bamboos, reserving bamboo distance between bamboo plants to the maximum extent by adopting a geometric figure bamboo reserving method according to bamboo mat density in a reserving mode, and bagging and cultivating after reserving;
(6) cutting off bamboo: cutting off redundant bamboos above 2a growth from 12 months to 3 months in the next year each year;
(7) soil loosening and weeding: loosening soil for 1 time every 2 years in forest stand, deeply turning over forest soil about 20cm, and deeply turning over the periphery of mother bamboo 30-40cm without damaging bamboo stump and bamboo root; carrying out forest land weeding operation in 6-7 months every year, paying attention to not damage new bamboo shoots, conveying weeds to the outside of a bamboo forest, uniformly cleaning and burning, and then spreading the weeds in bamboo stands;
(8) and (3) pest control:
ecological prevention and control: the control should promote the ventilation and light transmission in the forest, timely remove the pest bamboo shoots, bamboo plants and bamboo branches and leaves, reduce the pest source, deeply turn over and weed in winter and reduce the pest source of overwintering diseases;
② biological prevention and control: natural enemies are protected and utilized, insects are controlled by expanded insects, and insects are controlled by bacteria;
physical and mechanical prevention and control: when the density of the insect population is low, the insect population is captured by manpower and simple machinery, and is trapped and killed by using a black light lamp or bait;
chemical prevention and control: the preparation with low toxicity, low residue, high efficiency and low lethality to natural enemies is selected for reasonable use, does not pollute the environment as much as possible, and reduces the dosage and times of the preparation;
the geometric figure bamboo reserving method is triangular, square, pentagonal or hexagonal bamboo reserving;
the method for adjusting the structure of the bamboo forest in the step (2) comprises the following steps: when the density of the bamboo forest is more than 30 clusters/mu, 3-4 dendrocalamus latiflorus plants are reserved in each cluster, and the reserved bamboo plants are distributed in a triangular or square shape; when the density of the bamboo forest is less than 30 clusters/mu, 5-6 dendrocalamus latiflorus plants are reserved, and the reserved bamboo plants are distributed in a pentagon or hexagon shape;
3-6 plants of 1-2a raw bamboos in each cluster are reserved, and lateral branches of the mother bamboos within 2m from the ground are cut off; if the bamboo stump of the mother bamboo is higher than the ground, the bamboo stump is covered by earthing up for 2-3 cm;
during fertilization in the step (3), digging ridges at 40cm around each bamboo plant with the depth of 14-16cm, applying fertilizers into the furrows, applying more fertilizers to high furrows and less fertilizers to low furrows, and covering soil; in the forest land with a large gradient, parallel ditches are dug outside 30cm of the periphery of each bamboo in the ditching direction, the length of each ditch is 20-30cm, each ditch is uniformly fertilized, and soil is covered;
the scientific bamboo shoot picking method in the step (4) comprises the following steps: when fresh bamboo shoots are sold and collected, the diameter of the bamboo shoot is less than 6cm, and the collection height is less than 20 cm; the ground diameter is 6-8cm, and the acquisition height is 20-30 cm; the ground diameter of the bamboo shoots is more than 8cm, and the collection height is 30-45 cm; when the processed bamboo shoots are collected, the height of the collected bamboo shoots is more than 50 cm;
the soil loosening and weeding method in the step (7) comprises the following steps: digging the rhizosphere soil of the bamboo clumps, removing the black and dead bamboo roots wound on the bamboo shoot meshes, exposing the bamboo shoot meshes for 15-20 days, taking off soil, drying the bamboo shoots, fertilizing in combination with spring fertilizer, and covering the bamboo shoot meshes again; if the bamboo stump is higher than the ground, properly earthing up, the thickness is 8-10cm, and the shape is turtle-back shape.
2. The method for reserving bamboo for forest culture and improvement of the yield of bamboo shoots in traditional hemp bamboo forest according to claim 1, characterized in that: bagging when the bamboo shoots are grown out for 20 cm; the sleeve bag is made of a nylon bag or a plastic bag with air permeability, the breast diameter of the bag is 20-25cm, the height of the bag is 20cm, and the bag can be recycled.
3. The method for reserving bamboo for forest culture and improvement of the yield of bamboo shoots in traditional hemp bamboo forest according to claim 1, characterized in that: and (6) felling the old bamboo comprises the step of timely conveying the old bamboo stalks and branches to the outside of the bamboo forest, and keeping the interior of the forest clean.
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