CN109601050A - Level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology - Google Patents

Level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109601050A
CN109601050A CN201910045322.0A CN201910045322A CN109601050A CN 109601050 A CN109601050 A CN 109601050A CN 201910045322 A CN201910045322 A CN 201910045322A CN 109601050 A CN109601050 A CN 109601050A
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soil
level
film
turns over
colter
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CN109601050B (en
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陈文娟
李明思
李东伟
谢中意
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Shihezi University
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Shihezi University
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01BSOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
    • A01B79/00Methods for working soil
    • A01B79/02Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to agricultural soil alkaline land improving technical fields, a kind of level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it specifically includes that (1) before soil overlay film, plough tool is turned over using level treat the soil carry out level of overlay film turn over operation, by the soil of bare area position between two films of not overlay film, level is turned over to overlay film position, then by the neighbouring soil to overlay film position, level is turned over to the bare area position between two films of not overlay film;(2) after the completion of level turns over operation, soil overlay film is carried out, then crop planting is carried out using submembrane drip irrigation technology, so that the high salinity soil turned over to film, makes in its salt leaching to film below arable layer under trickle irrigation effect.Operation of the present invention is simple, economical and practical, under the conditions of covering membrane and drop irrigation, is improved to soil salt using local soil moved in improve the original and is combined with two methods of water conservancy leaching, can effectively reduce the poly- phenomenon of bare area soil salt table between two films.

Description

Level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology
Technical field
It is especially a kind of poly- existing for administering soil salt table the present invention relates to agricultural soil alkaline land improving technical field The level of elephant turns over technology.
Background technique
The salinization of soil be an important factor for restricting Agriculture Production be primarily referred to as in soil the increase of salt ion or Constantly assemble to earth's surface after soluble salt separation, to change the physicochemical character of soil, and has centainly to the growth of plant The soil evolutionary process of damaging effect.Physics, chemistry, biology, water conservancy and combination are generally used for the improvement of the salinization of soil Etc. technologies improved.
Xinjiang region is widely used covering membrane and drop irrigation technology and carries out field irrigation.Drip irrigation technique uses so that soil salt in film Divide content very low, and the salt content of (bare area between two films) upper soll layer is very high between film, but its lower soil salt content is simultaneously It is not high, it needs for this part surface layer salinity (referred to as table polysalt point) to be effectively reduced at this time.However, the existing farmland technology of turning over is Soil is vertically turned over, earth's surface salinity can only vertically be turned over to plough sole.In film under the conditions of covering membrane and drop irrigation soil by Leaching of pouring water inhibits salinity in arable layer hereinafter, changing if vertically being turned over to it to soil salt situation Good effect is little.Soil cannot get irrigation leaching between film, but will receive evaporation, can only also make after vertically being turned over to it The table polysalt of soil point translates into plough sole, but soil pours water side under the influence of blend surface evaporation in film, the salt branch of plough sole Earth's surface is risen to again.So vertically turning over operation to soil progress film merely it is difficult to that its salt accumulation in surface soil phenomenon is effectively reduced. This is a problem urgently to be resolved for covering membrane and drop irrigation technology.Occur effectively controlling not yet about this problem at present Reason means.
Summary of the invention
It, can be to soil under the conditions of covering membrane and drop irrigation the purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of easy to operate, economical and practical Salinity is improved using local soil moved in improve the original and is combined with two methods of water conservancy leaching, can effectively reduce the bare area soil between two films The level of salt accumulation in surface soil phenomenon turns over technology.
A kind of level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, is used for crops under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern In, it is characterised in that it mainly includes following method and step: (1) before soil overlay film, turning over plough tool using level and treat overlay film Soil carry out level turn over operation, by the soil of bare area position between two films of not overlay film, level is turned over to overlay film Position, then by the neighbouring soil to overlay film position, level are turned over to the bare area position between two films of not overlay film, so successively Soil carry out level is turned over so that not between two films of overlay film bare area position soil, with to overlay film position soil progress Horizontal shift;(2) after the completion of turning over operation to the level of soil, soil is carried out according to existing under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern and is covered Film, then crop planting is carried out using submembrane drip irrigation technology, so that the high salinity soil turned over to film, under trickle irrigation effect Make in its salt leaching to film below arable layer.
Preferably, material used in the under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern, mainly includes the ground for retaining and conserveing soil moisture Film, the drip irrigation zone being laid under film, the width of bare area soil is 60cm between film, and the drip irrigation zone is arranged close to crop-planting row.
Preferably, the width of turning over is 60cm~80cm, ploughed depth 20cm~50cm.
That a kind of level turns over colter preferably, the level turns over plough tool, structure include dial native plate, plow standard, Colter piece, described group of native plate include mounting portion I, dial native panel, and the mounting portion I is equipped with location hole III, the described group of native panel Shape, is the arc-shaped curved surface upwardly extended, arc-shaped curved surface upper end, that is, dials native plate and meet on rear side of native face upper end, upwards and to Preceding overturning is formed by bending pinch plane shape, and the top torsional angle is maximum;
The plow standard is curved plate body, includes top, bending part, mounting portion II, wherein bending part is in bending-like, and top is set There is mounting hole, mounting portion II is equipped with location hole II;
The colter piece includes blade body, blade front, blade rear portion, and the blade body is equipped with location hole I, described Blade front is tip-angled shape, the blade front and blade body lower end, is equipped with blade;
The mounting portion I of described group of native plate lower end, lateral surface are detachably connected by location hole III with the location hole I of colter piece, Its medial surface is detachably connected by location hole III with the location hole II of plow standard.
Preferably, blade front is towards locomotive direction of advance, institute when the level turns over the colter piece installation of colter It states blade body in the horizontal direction, compared with tractor direction of advance, deviates an angle to the right, and in vertical direction On, blade body top tilts to the right.
Preferably, the blade body in the horizontal direction, and is dragged when the level turns over the colter piece installation of colter Machine drawing direction of advance is compared, and the angle deviateed to the right is acute angle.
Preferably, the dial native location hole III of plate, the location hole I of colter piece, plow standard that the level turns over colter are determined Position hole II, size is adapted with position.
Preferably, the material of the horizontal colter piece for turning over colter is structural carbon steel.
The present invention can turn over colter when level is turned over according to the difference of trickle irrigation cropping pattern by adjusting level Horizontal wide cut or multiple groups level are turned over colter and are combined side by side, to design the width of soil level displacement in advance;It is common at present Under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern in, it will usually a film plant two rows, a film plant four rows, wider mulch have a film plantation Six rows, the mulch width are mostly 80cm, 120cm or 150cm, and the width of bare area soil is 60cm between film;The drip irrigation zone is leaned on Nearly crop-planting row arrangement.
Working principle of the present invention:
Field-crop could normal growth only in the lower situation of soil salt content.The measure in improvement salt-soda soil mainly divides Four classes: water conservancy improvement, biological modification, chemical modifying, soil moved in improve the original improvement.Soil, which is poured water, under the conditions of plastic-film-covered cultivation, in film makes at salinity Under elution state, water conservancy improved effect can reach.The outer soil of film is neither poured water nor long-term cropping, but also is steamed by earth's surface Breaking-out is used, so the outer soil salt of film will accumulate in earth's surface.Therefore, the salinity of the outer soil of film need to be controlled using soil moved in improve the original improved means Reason.Level turns over measure and the high salty soil in surface layer between film is translated into position in film, and film endosexine hyposaline soil is translated into Position outside film;This can not only be such that the outer soil salt content of film reduces, its short texture, water storage after Soil tillage can also be used in film Ability improves, is conducive to that salinity is driven to elute and effectively limit soil moisture carrying salinity water to outside film in film vertically downward The features such as flat movement, realizes local soil moved in improve the original improvement.
The present invention is a kind of salinity administration way combined with water conservancy with local soil moved in improve the original improvement, including is turned over using level Plough turns over the soil level of bare area between film to film, and soil is turned over by level to bare area between film in film, is sequentially overlapped progress; Crop-planting is carried out using submembrane drip irrigation technology after overlay film, so that the high salinity soil turned over to film makes under trickle irrigation effect Arable layer in its salt leaching to film hereinafter, effectively slow down the salt accumulation in surface soil phenomenon of bare area between film as a result,.
The level technology of turning over that the present invention uses is will to be gathered in film after last round of plantation before next round film-covering planting Between the high salinity soil level of upper soll layer turn over to position in film, will be in salt leaching to film under water function after overlay film Deep soil;Meanwhile in the film after last round of plantation low salt soil turned over by level make film to position between film between soil salt Point content integrally reduces, salinity of the method combined in this way using water conservancy improvement and local soil moved in improve the original improvement to covering membrane and drop irrigation soil The poly- problem of table is administered.
The present invention used level when realization level turns over operation turns over colter, structurally reasonable, economical and practical, horizontal It is good to turn over effect, low salt soil in high salt soil outside film and film can be subjected to soil moved in improve the original exchange.It is turned over when using this level When ploughing colter plowed soils, colter piece and the direction of travel for dialling native plate pinch plane meeting edge plough generate extruding force to soil;Due to by dial The barrier effect of native plate longitudinal edge, soil realize that the level of soil is turned over by horizontal throwing to side.Therefore, use is this Colter can be by position in the high salt soil level throwing to film of film extexine when being turned over;And low salt soil in film is thrown It throws to film external position, realizes soil moved in improve the original improvement.Ploughed depth is adjusted in installation hole by controlling plow standard top;It is dragged by control Machine drawing speed of travel adjustable horizontal throwing width.Soil salt in caudacoria of pouring water can be eluted with the movement of moisture to bottom in film Layer, so that the outer salt accumulation in surface soil phenomenon of film that covering membrane and drop irrigation technology generates effectively is administered, meanwhile, this can also to salinization of soil improvement To play certain reference function.
The present invention has done experimental verification in laboratory, in same soil condition, trickle irrigation water, ploughed depth, this The salt tolerance effects of invention are fine.As shown in the table, data are that laboratory's data result turns over so overlay film width is 30cm in table Tilling width degree is 20cm, ploughed depth 15cm.
Trickle irrigation water be 11 liters, ploughed depth 15cm under conditions of, the present invention turn over for the first time can reduce by 77.59% table Layer soil salt increases with number is turned over, and surface layer salinity aggregate amount gradually decreases, and turning over the outer soil of caudacoria three times can reach Desalting effect.
Referring to attached drawing 3~6, testing soil used is sandy soil, and soil salt background values is 17.122g/kg.To test soil Using carried out respectively after under-film drip irrigation it is three-dimensional turn over and no-tillage processing, distinguish in analyzing film after sampling and between film soil in difference The distribution situation of the lower salinity of tillage control measure processing.
Such as Fig. 3~4, soil (locating below water dropper and away from water dropper 10cm) is under different tillage method processing all in presentation in film Layer Soil Desalting and lower soil salification phenomenon, and no-tillage place is less than using Soil Desalting depth in the three-dimensional film for turning over technology Reason, but the salification value of subsoil is greater than no-tillage processing in its film;Soil takes off under technology in three-dimensional turn over below water dropper Salt depth is 48.5cm, and subsoil salt content is 51.42g/kg, and the Soil Desalting depth of no-tillage processing is used to reach 56cm, subsoil salt content are 27.58g/kg;Similar features are shown as away from soil in the film at water dropper 10cm.
Such as Fig. 5~6, away from soil outside the film at water dropper 25cm, the salt distribution rule difference under different tillage method processing Property it is little, but away from soil outside the film at water dropper 40cm different tillage method processing under salt distribution feature present notable difference, Soil remains at salification state under no-tillage processing within the scope of entire soil depth, and topsoil salification phenomenon is most bright Aobvious, salt content reaches 64.3g/kg, and turns over turning over for technology through three-dimensional and handle its topsoil salification rate and obviously dropped It is low, and upper layer of soil desalination, lower soil salification phenomenon is presented.
This show using it is three-dimensional turn over technology after the higher soil level of film extexine salt content can be made to turn over to film Position is eluted under water function after covering membrane and drop irrigation to bottom in film again, and the lower film of salt content is replaced by outside film Interior soil, with this reach water conservancy under the conditions of under-film drip irrigation combine with local soil moved in improve the original improvement administer film between the poly- effect of soil salt table Fruit.
In conclusion the present invention can be applicable to covering membrane and drop irrigation technology territory of use, phase is improved using water conservancy and local soil moved in improve the original In conjunction with technology, the high salt soil level for being gathered in bare area between film is turned over to film, salinity passes through in Crop growing stage The leaching of trickle irrigation moisture migrate to arable layer in film hereinafter, and bare area is replaced by the lower soil of salt content between film, To slow down the salt accumulation in surface soil phenomenon of bare area between film, and agricultural land soil salt content is effectively reduced.
Compared with prior art, operation of the present invention method is simple, and desalting effect is significant, by by high salt soil outside film with Low salt soil carries out soil moved in improve the original exchange in film, can effectively administer the outer salt accumulation in surface soil phenomenon of film of covering membrane and drop irrigation technology generation, be one Kind is economical and practical, the level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table of popularization is suitable for turn over technology.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is that level of the present invention turns over work pattern schematic diagram.
Fig. 2 is crop growing mode schematic diagram of the present invention.
As shown in the figure: 1 is soil under film, 2 between film bare area soil, 3 be crops, and 4 be mulch, and 5 be drip irrigation zone.
Fig. 3 is that soil is under different tillage method processing below water dropper in film, upper layer of soil desalination and lower soil salification Phenomenon effect diagram.
Fig. 4 is that the soil away from water dropper 10cm is under different tillage method processing in film, upper layer of soil desalination and lower soil Salification phenomenon effect diagram.
The soil that Fig. 5 is film external distance water dropper 25cm is under different tillage method processing, salt distribution feature schematic diagram.
The soil that Fig. 6 is film external distance water dropper 40cm is under different tillage method processing, salt distribution feature schematic diagram.
Fig. 7 is the horizontal structural schematic diagram for turning over colter in the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 8 is the structural schematic diagram faced in Fig. 7.
Fig. 9 is the structural schematic diagram overlooked in Fig. 7.
Figure 10 is the structural schematic diagram of right view in Fig. 7.
Figure 11 is the structural schematic diagram of backsight in Fig. 7.
Figure 12 is the structural schematic diagram of plow standard in Fig. 7.
Figure 13 is the structural schematic diagram that native plate is dialled in Fig. 7.
Figure 14 is the structural schematic diagram of colter piece in Fig. 7.
Figure 15 is in embodiment that compared with locomotive direction of advance, level used in the present invention turns over the installation of colter Position relationship structural diagram.
As shown in the figure: 6 be mounting hole, and 7 be plow standard, and 8 is on rear side of upper ends, and 9 is dial native backboard soil face, and 10 be location hole I, 11 For colter piece, 12 is dial native plate, and 13 meet native face to dial native plate, and 14 is on front side of upper ends, and 15 be mounting portion II, and 16 be mounting portion I, and 17 It is bending part for top, 18,19 be location hole II, and 20 be location hole III, and 21 be blade front, and 22 be blade body, and 23 be knife Piece rear portion, 24 be the angle with locomotive direction of advance, and 25 be locomotive direction of advance.
Specific embodiment
Embodiment 1:
A kind of level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, in crops under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern, It is characterized in that it mainly includes following method and step: (1) before soil overlay film, turning over the soil that plough tool treats overlay film using level Earth carry out level turns over operation, and by the soil of bare area position between two films of not overlay film, level is turned over to overlay film position, Again by the neighbouring soil to overlay film position, level is turned over to the bare area position between two films of not overlay film, so successively to soil Earth carry out level is turned over so that not between two films of overlay film bare area position soil, carried out with the soil to overlay film position horizontal Displacement;(2) after the completion of turning over operation to the level of soil, soil overlay film is carried out according to existing under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern, then Crop planting is carried out using submembrane drip irrigation technology, so that the high salinity soil turned over to film, makes it under trickle irrigation effect In salt leaching to film below arable layer.
Material used in the under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern mainly includes the mulch for retaining and conserveing soil moisture, under film The drip irrigation zone of laying, the width of bare area soil is 60cm between film, and the drip irrigation zone is arranged close to crop-planting row.
It is 60cm, vertical ploughed depth 20cm that the level, which turns over width,.
Referring to attached under-film drip irrigation crop planting model schematic diagram shown in FIG. 1, including soil 1, film under film-covering planting area film Between bare area soil 2;Film divides into the drip irrigation zone 5 that promising crop is poured water, and is laid with two drip irrigation zones under film altogether, and 4 be mulch.Such as Fig. 2 It is shown, technology is turned over using level, agricultural land soil is carried out before long-term cropping to turn over operation, it will be native under film-covering planting area film The low salt soil level of earth 1 is turned over to bare area between film, and the high salt soil of bare area soil 2 is turned over by level to adjacent between film The film-covering planting area of position is sequentially overlapped progress, and turning over width is 60cm, ploughed depth 20cm;Film is used after turning over Lower trickle irrigation planting technology carries out crop-planting.The laying plastic 4 in film-covering planting area;The lower drip irrigation zone 5 that is laid with of mulch 4 carries out trickle irrigation, High salt soil in film is turned over by bare area between film, migration is to bottom in film under trickle irrigation moisture leaching, thus effectively The salt content of bare area between reduction film, the improvement soil salt table for achieving the effect that water conservancy is combined with local soil moved in improve the original improvement are poly-.
Referring to Fig. 7-Figure 15, colter is turned over for the used level in the embodiment of the present invention, structure includes dialling native plate 12, plow standard 7, colter piece 11, described group of native plate 12 include mounting portion I 16, dial native panel, and the mounting portion I 16 is equipped with location hole III 20, the shape of described group of native panel, is the arc-shaped curved surface upwardly extended, arc-shaped curved surface upper end dials native plate and meets soil 8 on rear side of 13 upper end of face, overturns upwards and forward and be formed by bending pinch plane shape, the top torsional angle is maximum;
The plow standard 7 is curved plate body, includes top 17, bending part 18, mounting portion II 15, wherein bending part 18 is in bending Shape, top are equipped with mounting hole 6, and mounting portion II 15 is equipped with location hole II 19;
The colter piece 11, includes blade body 22, blade front 21, blade rear portion 23, and the blade body 22 is equipped with fixed Position hole I 10, the blade front 21 are tip-angled shape, and 22 lower end of the blade front 21 and blade body is equipped with blade;
The mounting portion I 16 of described group of 12 lower end of native plate, lateral surface is by location hole III 20, the location hole I 10 with colter piece 11 It is detachably connected, medial surface is detachably connected by location hole III 20 with the location hole II 19 of plow standard.
When the colter piece 11 is installed, when the level turns over the colter piece installation of colter, blade front is towards before locomotive Into direction, the blade body 22 in the horizontal direction, compared with tractor direction of advance, deviates an angle to the right, This angle is the angle 24 with locomotive direction of advance, and in vertical direction, blade body 22 tilts to the right.
The colter piece 11 to meet native face sharply sharp, rear end is concordant with native 12 rear end of plate is dialled;Plow standard 7, which is located at, dials native plate 12 Inside, the back soil face for dialling native plate 12 are abutted with plow standard 7, rear end with it is also concordant with native 12 rear end of plate is dialled, lower part pass through locking member and Native plate 12 is dialled to be detachably connected.
Embodiment 2:
Compared with Example 1, different places are: it is 80cm, vertical ploughed depth 30cm that the level, which turns over width,.
The level turn over colter colter piece 11 install when, the blade body 22 in the horizontal direction, with tractor Direction of travel is compared, and the angle deviateed to the right is acute angle.
Embodiment 3:
Compared with Example 2, different places are: it is 70cm, vertical ploughed depth 50cm that the level, which turns over width,.
The dial native location hole III 20 of plate 12, the location hole I 10 of colter piece 11, the plow standard 7 that the level turns over colter are determined Position hole II 19, size is adapted with position.
Embodiment 4:
Compared with Example 3, different places are: the material that the level turns over the colter piece 11 of colter is carbon structure Steel.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it to be used for crops under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern In, it is characterised in that it mainly includes following method and step: (1) before soil overlay film, turning over plough tool using level and treat overlay film Soil carry out level turn over operation, by the soil of bare area position between two films of not overlay film, level is turned over to overlay film Position, then by the neighbouring soil to overlay film position, level are turned over to the bare area position between two films of not overlay film, so successively Soil carry out level is turned over so that not between two films of overlay film bare area position soil, with to overlay film position soil progress Horizontal shift;(2) after the completion of turning over operation to the level of soil, soil is carried out according to existing under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern and is covered Film, then crop planting is carried out using submembrane drip irrigation technology, so that the high salinity soil turned over to film, under trickle irrigation effect Make in its salt leaching to film below arable layer.
2. the level as described in claim 1 for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it is characterised in that described Under-film drip irrigation cropping pattern used in material, mainly include the mulch for retaining and conserveing soil moisture, the drip irrigation zone being laid under film, The width of bare area soil is 60cm between film, and the drip irrigation zone is arranged close to crop-planting row.
3. the level as claimed in claim 1 or 2 for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it is characterised in that institute It is 60~80cm, vertical ploughed depth 20cm~50cm that the level stated, which turns over width,.
4. the level as described in claim 1 for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it is characterised in that described Level turn over plough tool, be that a kind of level turns over colter, structure includes dialling native plate, plow standard, colter piece, and described group of native plate includes Mounting portion I dials native panel, and the mounting portion I is equipped with location hole III, and the shape of described group of native panel, is one upwardly extended Arc-shaped curved surface, arc-shaped curved surface upper end are dialled native plate and are met on rear side of native face upper end, overturn upwards and forward and be formed by bending pinch plane shape Shape, the top torsional angle are maximum;
The plow standard is curved plate body, includes top, bending part, mounting portion II, wherein bending part is in bending-like, and top is set There is mounting hole, mounting portion II is equipped with location hole II;
The colter piece includes blade body, blade front, blade rear portion, and the blade body is equipped with location hole I, described Blade front is tip-angled shape, the blade front and blade body lower end, is equipped with blade;
The mounting portion I of described group of native plate lower end, lateral surface are detachably connected by location hole III with the location hole I of colter piece, Its medial surface is detachably connected by location hole III with the location hole II of plow standard.
5. the level as claimed in claim 4 for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it is characterised in that described When level turns over the colter piece installation of colter, blade front is towards locomotive direction of advance, and the blade body is in the horizontal direction On, compared with tractor direction of advance, deviate an angle to the right, and in vertical direction, blade body top is to the right Inclination.
6. the level as claimed in claim 5 for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it is characterised in that described Level turn over colter colter piece installation when, the blade body in the horizontal direction, compared with tractor direction of advance, to the right Lateral deviation from angle be acute angle.
7. the level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table as described in claim 4,5 or 6 turns over technology, it is characterised in that The level turns over the location hole II for dialling the native location hole III of plate, the location hole I of colter piece, plow standard of colter, size and position It sets and is adapted.
8. the level for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table as described in claim 4,5 or 6 turns over technology, it is characterised in that The material that level turns over the colter piece of colter is structural carbon steel.
9. the level as claimed in claim 7 for administering the poly- phenomenon of soil salt table turns over technology, it is characterised in that horizontal The material for turning over the colter piece of colter is structural carbon steel.
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