CN109580400B - Method for testing dynamic anisotropy characteristics of solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading - Google Patents
Method for testing dynamic anisotropy characteristics of solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for testing the dynamic anisotropy characteristics of a solid under the loading of high temperature and medium and low strain rates, which comprises the following steps: step 1: attaching a heating plate to the surface of a sample to directly heat the sample, and arranging a heating pipe in the heating plate which is in contact with the sample; step 2: designing a total of 6N undercuts in a rigid pressing plate of a rock sample in six directions, wherein N =2 or N =3 or N =4 or N =5 or N =6, and embedding 6N acoustic emission sensors into the rigid pressing plate, wherein the acoustic emission sensors have the functions of actively exciting and receiving ultrasonic waves; and step 3: and respectively monitoring and acquiring dynamic mechanical parameters of the rock sample in the initial state, the rock sample after the temperature coupling loading test and the rock sample in different loading states according to the test requirements. The invention effectively overcomes the difficulty of monitoring dynamic data of a true triaxial test device, and can realize quantitative measurement of dynamic mechanical parameters of the rock sample, such as wave velocity, damage evolution characteristics and the like, by arranging the acoustic emission sensor in the rigid pressing plate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of material mechanics, in particular to a test method for dynamic mechanical parameters of materials such as rock, concrete and the like under the condition of temperature-pressure coupling and medium-low strain rate loading.
Background
When the rock is in a strain rate level greater than 10-3s-1In time, the influence of the self inertia effect is not negligible, and the method belongs to the field of dynamics research. The most common test device for testing the dynamic mechanical property of the rock is a Hopkinson bar test system which can provide a medium-high strain rate range, namely 101s-1To 102s-1Strain rate loading within a range. In contrast, the medium and low strain rate range, i.e., the strain rate is 10-3s-1To 101s-1The range of test devices is relatively small, and the conventional hydraulic servo can only provide 10 at most-1s-1The drop weight tester can provide 100s-1To 101s-1Strain rate loading within a range.
The Hopkinson bar test device for the medium and high strain rates records the stress change characteristics of two ends of a test sample in the test process by adopting strain gauges adhered to an incident bar and a transmission bar to record incident wave, reflected wave and transmission wave data in the test process. The hydraulic servo test device adopted by the medium-low strain rate dynamically loads waveforms through servo control, and monitors the deformation and stress characteristics of the test sample in the test process through a strain gauge adhered to the surface of the rock test sample and a displacement sensor arranged at a loading pressure head. Meanwhile, students also analyze deformation and damage characteristics of the surface and the interior of the rock by using a high-speed camera, a digital speckle technology, a CT imaging technology and the like.
At present, the test of dynamic mechanical parameters of rocks still has certain shortcomings, and particularly for a dynamic true triaxial test system adopted by a medium-low strain rate, because six surfaces of a sample are in direct contact with a pressure head, a strain gauge can not be pasted on the surface of the sample to obtain the deformation characteristics of the sample in the test process. Meanwhile, high-speed cameras, speckle technologies and the like cannot capture deformation and damage characteristics of the rock surface in the test process. In addition, parameters related to rock dynamics, such as wave velocity, dynamic damage evolution inside the sample and the like, cannot be quantitatively determined.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for testing the dynamic anisotropy characteristics of a solid under the loading of high temperature and medium-low strain rate, which comprises the following steps:
step 1: attaching a heating plate to the surface of a sample to directly heat the sample, and arranging a heating pipe in the heating plate which is in contact with the sample;
step 2: designing 6N undercuts in total in a rigid pressing plate of a sample in six directions, wherein N is 2, N is 3, N is 4, N is 5 or N is 6, and embedding 6N acoustic emission sensors into the rigid pressing plate, wherein the acoustic emission sensors have the functions of actively exciting and receiving ultrasonic waves;
and step 3: respectively monitoring and acquiring dynamic mechanical parameters of the initial state sample, the tested sample and the sample under different loading states aiming at the test requirements, wherein the specific implementation process is as follows:
1. the six surfaces of the rock are numbered: x1, X2, Y1, Y2, Z1 and Z2, and numbering the acoustic emission sensors embedded on six faces in sequence, S1, S2, S3 … S6N;
2. adopting sound emitting transducer S1 to excite ultrasonic wave actively, recording waveform trigger time and waveform, recording and calculating ultrasonic waveform, waveform trigger time and corresponding wave velocity V received by the remaining 6N-1 transducers1_S2，V1_S3，V1_S4.....V1_6NSj(j＝6N)；
V1_Sj＝d1_Sj/t1_Sj
Wherein j is 2,3, 41_SjIndicates the distance from the sensor Sj to the sensor S1, t1_SjThe time required for the ultrasonic wave to propagate from the sensor No. S1 to the sensor No. Sj is shown;
3. repeating the second step in sequence, and actively exciting ultrasonic waves by using acoustic emission sensors from S2 to S6N respectively, and recording waveform trigger time, ultrasonic waveform received by the remaining 6N-1 acoustic emission sensors, waveform trigger time and wave velocity Vi_SjWhere i denotes an excitation waveform sensor number and j denotes a reception waveform sensor number;
4. the method comprises the following steps of receiving triggering time of ultrasonic waves by different acoustic emission sensors, and calculating three-dimensional stress wave velocity of different areas in the rock by a shape function interpolation method, wherein the method comprises the following specific steps:
1) the obtained wave velocity ViSjDecomposed into three coordinate directions V of X, Y and Zi_Sj-X，Vi_Sj-YAnd Vi_Sj-Z；
2) Determining a three-dimensional interpolation function:
in the formula NiAs an interpolation function for node i, i is 1,2,3, … … 6N; m, n and p respectively represent the row number minus 1 of each coordinate direction, namely the degree of Lagrange polynomial of each coordinate direction; i, J and K represent the row and column numbers of the node I in each coordinate direction;
and
can be determined by the following formula:
xi, eta and zeta in the formula are three coordinate directions in a local coordinate system and respectively correspond to three coordinate directions of X, Y and Z in a rectangular coordinate system; n is 6N and is the number of sensors; (xi, η, ζ) is the position of an arbitrary point inside the sample; (xi)j，ηj，ζj) Corresponding coordinate values in a local coordinate system to each sensor;
3) determining wave velocity of three-dimensional stress wave in sample
The wave velocity of the stress wave in the X, Y and Z directions at any point in the sample can be obtained by the following formula:
and determining the three-dimensional anisotropy and the heterogeneity of the sample according to the wave velocity, the ultrasonic amplitude and the frequency of the obtained three-dimensional stress wave in the rock.
As a further improvement of the invention, the 6N acoustic emission sensors are built into the rigid platen, with adequate contact of the sensors with the platen being ensured by a suitable couplant.
As a further improvement of the invention, the temperature of the sample is controlled by injecting hot oil or coolant into the heating tube.
As a further improvement of the invention, a temperature sensor is arranged in the heating plate, and the temperature of the heating plate is monitored in real time.
As a further improvement of the present invention, PID control is utilized to ensure that each heating plate reaches a target temperature, PID: proportional, integral, derivative.
As a further improvement of the invention, the undercut in the rigid pressing plate is cylindrical, and the diameter of the undercut is 2-4 cm.
As a further improvement of the invention, the heating temperature of the heating tube is in the range of 20 ℃ to 200 ℃.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention effectively overcomes the difficulty of monitoring dynamic data of a true triaxial test device, and realizes quantitative determination of dynamic mechanical parameters of the rock sample, such as wave velocity, damage evolution characteristics and the like, by arranging the acoustic emission sensor in the rigid pressing plate. The dynamic three-dimensional anisotropy and the heterogeneity of the rock under the high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading are determined. The research results can be applied to analyzing the stability of the rock mass structure in the deep ground environment under the action of dynamic load, the failure mechanism of the rock mass under the action of explosive load, efficient rock breaking of a deep-buried tunnel, dynamic fracturing of dry heat rock mining and other actual rock mass engineering problems.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a sample and heater plate configuration according to the present invention;
FIGS. 2-4 are schematic views of a sample, a heating plate and a rigid platen according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is an XY plan view of a dynamic-static integrated test system with a medium-low strain rate according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a XZ plan view of a dynamic and static integrated test system with a medium-low strain rate according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a component diagram of a dynamic loading device of a dynamic and static integrated test system with a medium-low strain rate according to the present invention.
The names of the components in the figure are as follows:
a sample 101, a heating plate 102, a rigid platen 103, an acoustic emission sensor 104;
the device comprises a static loading device 201, a dynamic loading device 202, a magnetostrictive displacement sensor 203, a sample loading mechanism 204 and a load sensor 205;
the system comprises a servo controller 301, an oil source controller 302, electro-hydraulic servo control software 303, time domain waveform reproduction software 304, a signal conditioning unit and sensor 305, a hydraulic linear vibration exciter 306, a hydraulic oil source and an oil separator 307.
Herein, abbreviated as PID: proportional, integral, derivative.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The dynamic and static integrated true triaxial test system based on medium and low strain rate can realize 10-3s-1To 101s-1Strain rate loading within the range.
The invention provides a method for testing dynamic anisotropy and heterogeneity of a solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading, which is based on a medium-low strain rate dynamic and static integrated true triaxial test system and aims at the phenomenon that test data is difficult to obtain, and particularly dynamic mechanical parameters in a sample cannot be monitored.
The inventive device comprises a heating plate 102, a rigid pressure plate 103 and an acoustic emission sensor 104.
The heating plate 102 is attached to the surface of the sample 101 to directly heat the sample, a heating pipe is arranged in the heating plate which is in contact with the sample, the sample is subjected to temperature control by injecting hot oil or cooling liquid into the heating pipe, the hot oil is used for heating, and if the temperature is higher than the set temperature, the cooling liquid needs to be added for regulation. If the test needs to be lower than the room temperature, the cooling liquid is directly added, so that the cooling effect is achieved. The temperature sensor is arranged in the heating plate, monitors the temperature of the heating plate in real time, and ensures that each heating plate reaches the target temperature by using PID (proportion integration differentiation) accurate control.
The specially designed rigid pressing plate aims at overcoming the defects that the acoustic emission sensor is poor in pressure resistance and cannot work under a high-pressure environment, 24 undercuts are designed in the rigid pressing plate in six directions of a rock sample, the undercuts in the rigid pressing plate are cylindrical, the grooving diameter is 2-4 cm, the acoustic emission sensor can be placed and fixed in the undercuts, and the specific size is determined according to the model of the acoustic emission sensor. 24 acoustic emission sensors were embedded into a rigid platen.
The acoustic emission sensor has the functions of actively exciting and receiving ultrasonic waves.
The 24 acoustic emission sensors are built into the rigid platen, with appropriate couplants to ensure adequate contact of the sensors with the platen. And respectively monitoring and acquiring dynamic mechanical parameters of the rock sample in the initial state, the rock sample after the test and the rock sample under different loading states according to the test requirements.
The specific implementation process is as follows:
1: the six surfaces of the rock are numbered: x1, X2, Y1, Y2, Z1 and Z2, and numbering acoustic emission sensors built on six faces in order, S1, S2, S3 … S22, S23 and S24.
2: an acoustic emission transducer, number S1, was used to actively excite the ultrasound and record the waveform trigger time. Respectively recording the ultrasonic wave waveforms, the wave form trigger time and the wave speed V received by the rest 23 sensors1_S2，V1_S3，V1_S4.....V1_S24。
3: repeating the second step in sequence, and actively exciting the ultrasound by respectively adopting acoustic emission sensors from S2 to S24Wave, recording wave trigger time and ultrasonic wave waveform, wave trigger time and wave speed V received by the rest 23 acoustic emission sensorsi_SjWhere i denotes an excitation waveform sensor number and j denotes a reception waveform sensor number.
4: the method comprises the following steps of receiving triggering time of ultrasonic waves by different acoustic emission sensors, and calculating three-dimensional stress wave velocity of different areas in the rock by a shape function interpolation method, wherein the method comprises the following specific steps:
1) the obtained wave velocity Vi_SjDecomposed into three coordinate directions V of X, Y and Zi_Sj-X，Vi_Sj-YAnd Vi_Sj-Z。
2) Determining a three-dimensional interpolation function:
in the formula NiAs an interpolation function for node i, i is 1,2,3, … … 24; m, n and p respectively represent the row number minus 1 of each coordinate direction, namely the degree of Lagrange polynomial of each coordinate direction; i, J, K represent the row and column number of the node I in each coordinate direction.
And
can be determined by the following formula:
xi, eta and zeta in the formula are three coordinate directions in a local coordinate system and respectively correspond to three coordinate directions of X, Y and Z in a rectangular coordinate system; n is 24, which is the number of sensors; (xi, η, ζ) is the position of an arbitrary point inside the sample; (xi)j，ηj，ζj) Coordinate values in the local coordinate system correspond to each sensor.
3) Determining wave velocity of three-dimensional stress wave in sample
The wave velocity of the stress wave in the X, Y and Z directions at any point in the sample can be obtained by the following formula:
and determining the three-dimensional anisotropy and the heterogeneity of the rock sample according to the wave velocity, the ultrasonic amplitude and the frequency of the obtained three-dimensional stress wave in the rock.
As shown in fig. 5 to 7, the test system according to the present invention includes X, Y, three Z-direction static force loading devices 201, and a single Z-direction dynamic force loading device 202, where two static force loading devices 201 are respectively arranged in the X, Y direction, one static force loading device 201 is arranged in the Z direction, the test sample 101 is placed in the sample loading mechanism 204, and the 5 static force loading devices 201 are respectively provided with a magnetostrictive displacement sensor 203 and a load sensor 205.
The static loading device 201 is a static hydraulic servo cylinder. The specific structure of the power loading device 202 is as follows: the system comprises a servo controller 301, an oil source controller 302, electro-hydraulic servo control software 303, time domain waveform reproduction software 304, a signal conditioning unit and sensor 305, a hydraulic linear vibration exciter 306, a hydraulic oil source and an oil separator 307; the servo controller 301 and the oil source controller 302 are connected with electro-hydraulic servo control software 303 and time domain waveform reproduction software 304 through Ethernet, the servo controller 301 is used for controlling a hydraulic linear vibration exciter 306 through data of a signal conditioning unit and a sensor 305, and the oil source controller 302 is used for controlling a hydraulic oil source and an oil separator 307 through control and measurement signals.
The foregoing is a more detailed description of the invention in connection with specific preferred embodiments and it is not intended that the invention be limited to these specific details. For those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, several simple deductions or substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and all shall be considered as belonging to the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A method for testing the dynamic anisotropy characteristics of a solid under the loading of high temperature and medium-low strain rate is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: attaching a heating plate to the surface of a sample to directly heat the sample, and arranging a heating pipe in the heating plate which is in contact with the sample;
step 2: designing 6N undercuts in total in a rigid pressing plate of a sample in six directions, wherein N is 2, N is 3, N is 4, N is 5 or N is 6, and embedding 6N acoustic emission sensors into the rigid pressing plate, wherein the acoustic emission sensors have the functions of actively exciting and receiving ultrasonic waves;
and step 3: respectively monitoring and acquiring dynamic mechanical parameters of the initial state sample, the tested sample and the sample under different loading states aiming at the test requirements, wherein the specific implementation process is as follows:
1. the six surfaces of the rock are numbered: x1, X2, Y1, Y2, Z1 and Z2, and numbering the acoustic emission sensors embedded on six faces in sequence, S1, S2, S3 … S6N;
2. adopting sound emitting transducer S1 to excite ultrasonic wave actively, recording waveform trigger time and waveform, recording and calculating ultrasonic waveform, waveform trigger time and corresponding wave velocity V received by the remaining 6N-1 transducers1_S2，V1_S3，V1_ S4.....V1_6NSj(j＝6N)；
V1_Sj＝d1_Sj/t1_Sj
Wherein j is 2,3, 41_SjIndicates the distance from the sensor Sj to the sensor S1, t1_SjThe time required for the ultrasonic wave to propagate from the sensor No. S1 to the sensor No. Sj is shown;
3. repeating the second step in sequence, and actively exciting ultrasonic waves by using acoustic emission sensors from S2 to S6N respectively, and recording waveform trigger time, ultrasonic waveform received by the remaining 6N-1 acoustic emission sensors, waveform trigger time and wave velocity Vi_SjWhere i denotes an excitation waveform sensor number and j denotes a reception waveform sensor number;
4. the method comprises the following steps of receiving triggering time of ultrasonic waves by different acoustic emission sensors, and calculating three-dimensional stress wave velocity of different areas in the rock by a shape function interpolation method, wherein the method comprises the following specific steps:
1) the obtained wave velocity ViSjDecomposed into three coordinate directions V of X, Y and Zi_Sj-X，Vi_Sj-YAnd Vi_Sj-Z；
2) Determining a three-dimensional interpolation function:
in the formula NiAs an interpolation function for node i, i is 1,2,3, … … 6N; m, n and p respectively represent the row number minus 1 of each coordinate direction, namely the degree of Lagrange polynomial of each coordinate direction; i, J and K represent the row and column numbers of the node I in each coordinate direction;
and
can be determined by the following formula:
xi, eta and zeta in the formula are three coordinate directions in a local coordinate system and respectively correspond to three coordinate directions of X, Y and Z in a rectangular coordinate system; n is 6N and is the number of sensors; (xi, η, ζ) is the position of an arbitrary point inside the sample; (xi)j，ηj，ζj) Corresponding coordinate values in a local coordinate system to each sensor;
3) determining wave velocity of three-dimensional stress wave in sample
The wave velocity of the stress wave in the X, Y and Z directions at any point in the sample can be obtained by the following formula:
and determining the three-dimensional anisotropy and the heterogeneity of the sample according to the wave velocity, the ultrasonic amplitude and the frequency of the obtained three-dimensional stress wave in the rock.
2. The method for testing the dynamic anisotropy properties of a solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading according to claim 1, wherein: the 6N acoustic emission sensors are arranged in the rigid pressing plate, and the sensors are ensured to be in full contact with the pressing plate through a proper couplant.
3. The method for testing the dynamic anisotropy properties of a solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature of the sample is controlled by injecting hot oil or coolant into the heating tube.
4. The method for testing the dynamic anisotropy properties of a solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading according to claim 1, wherein: the temperature sensor is arranged in the heating plate, and the temperature of the heating plate is monitored in real time.
5. The method for testing the dynamic anisotropy properties of a solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading according to claim 1, wherein: utilize PID control, guarantee that every hot plate reaches target temperature, PID: proportional, integral, derivative.
6. The method for testing the dynamic anisotropy properties of a solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading according to claim 1, wherein: the undercut in the rigid pressing plate is cylindrical, and the diameter of the undercut is 2-4 cm.
7. The method for testing the dynamic anisotropy properties of a solid under high-temperature and medium-low strain rate loading according to claim 1, wherein: the heating temperature of the heating pipe ranges from 20 ℃ to 200 ℃.
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| DE3507206A1 (en) * | 1985-03-01 | 1986-09-04 | Friedrich Karl Dipl.-Ing. Dipl.-Geol. 6100 Darmstadt Dannenberg | Method and configuration for determining the properties of rocks |
| US5178005A (en) * | 1990-07-02 | 1993-01-12 | Western Atlas International, Inc. | Sample sleeve with integral acoustic transducers |
| CN102353719A (en) * | 2011-06-21 | 2012-02-15 | 四川大学 | Method for testing mesoscopic anisotropism of rock |
| CN102539535B (en) * | 2011-12-19 | 2014-01-01 | 北京工业大学 | Method for non-contact wave velocity extraction of surface wave of anisotropic material |
| CN102706965B (en) * | 2012-06-12 | 2014-08-27 | 西安邮电大学 | Novel accurate measuring method of anisotropic parameter of rock |
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| CN104516016B (en) * | 2013-09-29 | 2017-05-10 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | Method and apparatus for determining azimuthal velocity of three-dimensional converted wave seismic data |
| CN104459084A (en) * | 2014-12-01 | 2015-03-25 | 中国石油大学(北京) | Rock anisotropy detection system |
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| CN204964453U (en) * | 2015-10-07 | 2016-01-13 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Rock core velocity of sound anisotropic automatic measure mechanism |
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