CN109473659A - A kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4Particulate composite and preparation method - Google Patents
A kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4Particulate composite and preparation method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4Particulate composite and preparation method.The method of the present invention includes polypyrrole nanotube is prepared, Co is prepared3O4Particle powder and by Co3O4Particle powder and polypyrrole nanotube are uniformly mixed in dehydrated alcohol obtains polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4The step of composite material of particle.Composite material of the invention has many advantages, such as to accommodate volume change of the sulphur in charge and discharge process as lithium sulfur battery anode material, improves its sulphur positive conductive and improve lithium-sulfur cell cyclical stability.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to electrode material manufacturing technology fields, multiple more particularly to a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4 particle
Condensation material and its preparation method and application.
Background technique
Conducting polymer especially has conjugated double bond since excellent physical and chemical performance is widely paid close attention to by people
Organic polymer, combine the characteristic of metal and polymer.These organic polymers have higher electric conductivity, therefore also known as
" synthesis metal ".And polypyrrole (PPy) is one of the object being wherein widely studied, and because it possesses electric conductivity height, biology
The advantages such as compatibility is good, environment and good heat stability, synthetic method are simple, make it in lithium ion battery, supercapacitor, lithium
There is extensive reference in the fields such as sulphur battery, chemical sensor.Tatsumi I et al. is received with the polypyrrole from drop template method preparation
Mitron, for (JE.Hyun, PC.Lee, and I.Tatsumi, Preparation and in lithium sulfur battery anode material
electrochemical properties of sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes for
Electric vehicle applications, Electrochimica Acta, 2015 (176): pp.887-892.),
Under 100mA/g, first discharge specific capacity reaches 1036mAh/g, and specific capacity is maintained at 500mAh/g after 30 circles.
As the positive electrode of lithium-sulfur cell, the electrochemical performance of single polypyrrole is not highly desirable.Wherein, main former
Because being that polypyrrole is limited to the chemical adsorption capacity of polysulfide, it not can effectively prevent the loss of active material, limit more vulcanizations
The problem of dissolution of object, to limit it in the development of energy storage field.For these problems, people have done a large amount of improvement work
Make, wherein one of relatively effective method is exactly containing transition metal oxide in polypyrrole, transition metal oxide is polarity
There is stronger polar-polar chemical action between material, with polysulfide, is accordingly regarded as born effective inhibitor.Wherein,
Co3O4It is one of the transition metal oxide being widely studied, it can be by converting polythionate, realization pair for polysulfide
The suction-operated of polysulfide, so as to increase the cyclical stability of battery, so adulterating Co in polypyrrole3O4It is to improve electricity
Pond cyclical stability, to improve one of the effective way of whole chemical property.
Summary of the invention
Regarding the issue above, the present invention provides a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4The system of particulate composite
Preparation Method.The composite material can accommodate sulphur in charge and discharge process as lithium sulfur battery anode material, using polypyrrole nanotube
In volume change, and the effect of its sulphur positive conductive can be improved.Meanwhile Co3O4 particle can play the more sulphur of absorption
Compound inhibits the effect of shuttle effect, to provide a kind of resolving ideas in terms of to improve lithium-sulfur cell cyclical stability.
To achieve the above object, the present invention takes following technical scheme:
A kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4The preparation method of particulate composite, includes the following steps:
(1) by methyl orange, Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) in deionized water by the dispersion of certain mol proportion example,
When there is floccule generation, the pyrrole monomer of certain mol proportion example is added, 12-30h is stirred at room temperature, obtains suspension, filtered,
Washing, drying, obtain polypyrrole nanotube powder；
(2) in the polypyrrole nanotube ultrasonic disperse dehydrated alcohol for obtaining step (1), cetyl trimethyl bromine is added
Change ammonium surfactant, 2-5h is stirred at room temperature, is centrifuged later, isolated drying precipitate is modified
Polypyrrole nanotube；
(3) four acetate hydrate cobalt (Co (CH are taken3COO)2·4H2O it) is dissolved in ethylene glycol, stirs evenly, then is molten by what is obtained
Liquid is transferred in the polytetrafluoroethyllining lining of autoclave, and 8-16h is reacted at 160-200 DEG C, is finally centrifuged, is washed, is dry
It is dry, obtain precursor powder；
(4) precursor powder of step (3) is placed in tube furnace, calcines 2-6h, calcining temperature under inert gas protection
Then degree crushes at 400-600 DEG C, obtains Co3O4Particle powder；
(5) Co for obtaining step (4)3O4The polypyrrole nanotube that particle powder and step (2) obtain is in dehydrated alcohol
Ultrasonic disperse is uniform, and magnetic agitation 1-2h is then separated by filtration, then by obtained product dry, obtain polypyrrole nanotube/
Co3O4The composite material of particle.
Further, in above-mentioned preparation method, step (1) methyl orange, FeCl3·6H2O, the molar ratio of pyrroles is 1:(5-
20): (5-20), wherein pyrroles and FeCl3·6H2The molar ratio of O is 1:1.
Further, in above-mentioned preparation method, step (1) deionized water and ethyl alcohol are alternately washed.
Further, in above-mentioned preparation method, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide concentration described in step (2) is 0.5-
2mmol/l。
Further, in above-mentioned preparation method, the diameter for the polypyrrole nanotube that step (2) is prepared is 100-
300nm, length are 1-5 μm.
Further, in above-mentioned preparation method, four acetate hydrate cobalt concentrations described in step (3) are 50-100mmol/l.
Further, in above-mentioned preparation method, the heating rate of calcining described in step (4) is 3-5 DEG C/min.
Further, in above-mentioned preparation method, Co that step (4) is prepared3O4Particle diameter is 20-80nm.
The present invention also provides polypyrrole nanotube/Co that the above method is prepared3O4Particulate composite.
The present invention further provides above-mentioned polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4Particulate composite is in lithium sulfur battery anode material
Application.
The present invention has following technical characterstic: polypyrrole nanotube and Co prepared by the present invention3O4Particulate composite is used as
Lithium sulfur battery anode material can effectively alleviate the volume expansion of sulphur in lithium-sulfur cell charge and discharge process, while polypyrrole nanometer
Pipe effectively improves the electric conductivity of sulphur positive electrode.Co3O4Particle can effectively inhibit the dissolution of polysulfide, improve
The cyclical stability of lithium-sulfur cell.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the polypyrrole nanotube/Co prepared in embodiment 13O4The SEM of particle composites schemes.
Fig. 2 is that S@Co is made in embodiment 13O4/ PPy is that the lithium-sulfur cell of positive electrode is followed with 1C charge and discharge 2000 times
Ring performance map.
Specific embodiment
Following specific embodiments are the further explanations to method provided by the invention and technical solution, but are not construed as
Limitation of the present invention.
Polypyrrole nanotube/Co of the invention3O4Particulate composite is applied in lithium-sulfur cell, and specific test process is such as
Under: in the glove box of argon gas protection, the S@Co of preparation3O4/ PPy is anode, and Celgard 2500 is used as diaphragm, metal lithium sheet
As cathode, the LiNO of LiTFSI (DOL/DME=1:1) the addition 0.1mol/l of 1.0mol/l3As electrolyte assembled battery.
In charging-discharge tester system, charge-discharge test voltage is 1.5-3.0V.
Embodiment 1
The methyl orange of 0.5mmol is dissolved in the deionized water of 80ml, the Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate of 5mmol is dissolved in 20ml's
In deionized water, then Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate solution is added in methyl orange solution, red floccule is immediately generated, in room temperature
Then the pyrrole monomer of 347 μ l is slowly added dropwise in lower magnetic agitation 10min, then magnetic agitation reaction for 24 hours, later will at room temperature
For obtained solution with separation is filtered, alternately being rinsed with dehydrated alcohol and deionized water to filtrate is colourless, isolated precipitating
Object is dried in vacuo 12h at 60 DEG C.Obtain dry polypyrrole nanotube powder.
Polypyrrole nanotube after taking the drying of 30mg is distributed in 100ml deionized water, takes the cetyl of 1mmol/L
Trimethylammonium bromide uses deionized water centrifuge washing after stirring 3h as surfactant, and dry 12h, is changed at 60 DEG C
Polypyrrole nanotube after property.
The four acetate hydrate cobalts of 0.015mol are dissolved in 30ml ethylene glycol, magnetic agitation forms homogeneous solution at room temperature,
It is put into the polytetrafluoroethyllining lining of autoclave, reacts 12h at 180 DEG C, acquired solution dehydrated alcohol is rinsed three
Time, centrifuge separation, isolated sediment dry 12h at 70 DEG C.Presoma after drying is moved into sintering furnace, heating
3 DEG C of rate, 500 DEG C of sintering temperature, 2h is calcined, then calcined powder is fully ground with agate mortar, obtained short grained
Co3O4Particle.
The nanotube polypyrrole ultrasonic disperse for taking 30mg modified adds the Co of 60mg in dehydrated alcohol3O4Particle surpasses
Sound disperses 10min, and 1h is stirred at room temperature, is centrifugated later, and dry 3h, obtains Co at 60 DEG C3O4/ PPy composite material.
The sublimed sulfur of 49mg is dissolved in CS2In solution, 21mg Co is added3O4The powder of/PPy is stirred at room temperature to drying.
Mixture is moved into the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stainless steel cauldron under argon atmosphere protection again, 155 DEG C of heat preservation 12h obtain S@Co3O4/
PPy compound.
By S@Co3O4/ PPy composite material, Ketjen black, PVDF are uniformly mixed according to mass ratio 7:2:1, N- crassitude
Ketone adjusts concentration, and stirring 3h makes slurry.The slurry made knife coating is applied on a current collector, lower 60 DEG C of vacuum environment
Dry 12h.It is cut into the round pole piece that diameter is 16mm and assembled battery test.
Fig. 1 is the S@Co prepared in the present embodiment3O4The SEM of/PPy schemes, it can be seen that the diameter of polypyrrole nanotube is about
100-200nm, Co3O4Particle is 20-80nm.Fig. 2 is that S@Co is made to obtain in the present embodiment3O4/ PPy is the lithium sulphur of positive electrode
Battery is with 1C charge and discharge 2000 times charging and discharging capacities and coulombic efficiency curve.Electrochemical property test is the result shows that this example
The S@Co of middle preparation3O4/ PPy composite material first discharge specific capacity under 1C multiplying power reaches 852.4mAh/g, after recycling 2000 times
Still possess 238.4mAh/g, effectively raise cyclical stability and battery life.
Comparative example 1
The methyl orange of 0.5mmol is dissolved in the deionized water of 80ml, the Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate of 5mmol is dissolved in 20ml's
In deionized water, then Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate solution is added in methyl orange solution, red floccule is immediately generated, in room temperature
Then the pyrrole monomer of 347 μ l is slowly added dropwise in lower magnetic agitation 10min, then magnetic agitation reaction for 24 hours, later will at room temperature
For obtained solution with separation is filtered, alternately being rinsed with dehydrated alcohol and deionized water to filtrate is colourless, isolated precipitating
Object is dried in vacuo 12h at 60 DEG C, obtains polypyrrole nanotube powder.
The sublimed sulfur of 49mg is dissolved in CS2In solution, the powder of 21mg PPy is added, is stirred at room temperature to drying.Again will
Mixture moves into the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stainless steel cauldron under argon atmosphere protection, and it is compound to obtain S@PPy by 155 DEG C of heat preservation 12h
Object.
S@PPy composite material, Ketjen black, PVDF are uniformly mixed according to mass ratio 7:2:1, N-Methyl pyrrolidone is adjusted
Concentration, stirring 3h make slurry.The slurry made knife coating is applied on a current collector, the lower 60 DEG C of drying of vacuum environment
12h.It is cut into the round pole piece that diameter is 16mm and assembled battery test.
Electrochemical property test ratio the result shows that the S@PPy composite material prepared in this example discharges for the first time under 1C multiplying power
Capacity reaches 749.6mAh/g, still possesses 63.7mAh/g after circulation 2000 times, the stability of battery is integrally weaker than embodiment 1.
Comparative example 2
The methyl orange of 0.25mmol is dissolved in the deionized water of 80ml, the Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate of 5mmol is dissolved in 20ml
Deionized water in, then Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate solution is added in methyl orange solution, red floccule is immediately generated, in room
The lower magnetic agitation 10min of temperature, is then slowly added dropwise the pyrrole monomer of 347 μ l, then magnetic agitation reacts 12h at room temperature, later
By obtained solution with separation is filtered, it is colourless for alternately being rinsed with dehydrated alcohol and deionized water to filtrate, and isolated is heavy
Starch is dried in vacuo 12h at 50 DEG C.Obtain dry polypyrrole nanotube powder.
Polypyrrole nanotube after taking the drying of 30mg is distributed in 100ml deionized water, takes the hexadecane of 0.5mmol/l
Base trimethylammonium bromide uses deionized water centrifuge washing after stirring 5h as surfactant, and dry 12h, obtains at 50 DEG C
Modified polypyrrole nanotube.
The four acetate hydrate cobalts of 0.015mol are dissolved in 30ml ethylene glycol, magnetic agitation forms homogeneous solution at room temperature,
It is put into the polytetrafluoroethyllining lining of autoclave, reacts 16h at 160 DEG C, acquired solution dehydrated alcohol is rinsed three
Time, centrifuge separation, isolated sediment dry 12h at 60 DEG C.Presoma after drying is moved into sintering furnace, heating
3 DEG C of rate, 400 DEG C of sintering temperature, 6h is calcined, then calcined powder is fully ground with agate mortar, obtained short grained
Co3O4Particle.
The nanotube polypyrrole ultrasonic disperse for taking 30mg modified adds the Co of 60mg in dehydrated alcohol3O4Particle surpasses
Sound disperses 10min, and 1h is stirred at room temperature, is centrifugated later, and dry 3h, obtains Co at 60 DEG C3O4/ PPy composite material.
The sublimed sulfur of 49mg is dissolved in CS2In solution, 21mg Co is added3O4The powder of/PPy is stirred at room temperature to drying.
Mixture is moved into the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stainless steel cauldron under argon atmosphere protection again, 155 DEG C of heat preservation 16h obtain S@Co3O4/
PPy compound.
By S@Co3O4/ PPy composite material, Ketjen black, PVDF are uniformly mixed according to mass ratio 7:2:1, N- crassitude
Ketone adjusts concentration, and stirring 3h makes slurry.The slurry made knife coating is applied on a current collector, lower 60 DEG C of vacuum environment
Dry 12h.It is cut into the round pole piece that diameter is 16mm and assembled battery test.
Electrochemical property test is the result shows that the S@Co prepared in this example3O4Composite material discharges for the first time under 1C multiplying power
Specific capacity reaches 803mAh/g, still possesses 154.4mAh/g after circulation 2000 times, the performance of battery is slightly less than embodiment 1.
Comparative example 3
The methyl orange of 1mmol is dissolved in the deionized water of 80ml, the Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate of 2.5mmol is dissolved in 20ml's
In deionized water, then Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate solution is added in methyl orange solution, red floccule is immediately generated, in room temperature
Then the pyrrole monomer of 347 μ l is slowly added dropwise in lower magnetic agitation 10min, then magnetic agitation reacts 30h at room temperature, later will
For obtained solution with separation is filtered, alternately being rinsed with dehydrated alcohol and deionized water to filtrate is colourless, isolated precipitating
Object is dried in vacuo 6h at 80 DEG C, obtains dry polypyrrole nanotube powder.
Polypyrrole nanotube after taking the drying of 30mg is distributed in 100ml deionized water, takes the cetyl of 2mmol/l
Trimethylammonium bromide uses deionized water centrifuge washing after stirring 2h as surfactant, and dry 6h, is modified at 80 DEG C
Polypyrrole nanotube afterwards.
The four acetate hydrate cobalts of 0.03mol are dissolved in 30ml ethylene glycol, magnetic agitation forms homogeneous solution at room temperature, puts
Enter in the polytetrafluoroethyllining lining of autoclave, react 8h at 200 DEG C, acquired solution dehydrated alcohol is rinsed three times,
Centrifuge separation, isolated sediment dry 6h at 100 DEG C.Presoma after drying is moved into sintering furnace, heating speed
3 DEG C of rate, 600 DEG C of sintering temperature, 2h is calcined, then calcined powder is fully ground with agate mortar, obtained short grained
Co3O4Particle.
The nanotube polypyrrole ultrasonic disperse for taking 30mg modified adds the Co of 60mg in dehydrated alcohol3O4Particle surpasses
Sound disperses 10min, and 2h is stirred at room temperature, is centrifugated later, and dry 3h, obtains Co at 60 DEG C3O4/ PPy composite material.
The sublimed sulfur of 49mg is dissolved in CS2In solution, 21mgCo is added3O4The powder of/PPy is stirred at room temperature to drying.
Mixture is moved into the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stainless steel cauldron under argon atmosphere protection again, 12h is kept the temperature at 155 DEG C, obtains S@
Co3O4/ PPy compound.By S@Co3O4/ PPy composite material, Ketjen black, PVDF are uniformly mixed according to mass ratio 7:2:1, N- first
Base pyrrolidones adjusts concentration, and stirring 3h makes slurry.The slurry made knife coating is applied on a current collector, vacuum ring
The lower 60 DEG C of drying 12h in border.It is cut into the round pole piece that diameter is 16mm and assembled battery test.
Electrochemical property test is the result shows that the S@Co prepared in this example3O4/ PPy composite material under 1C multiplying power for the first time
Specific discharge capacity reaches 783.9mAh/g, and 166.8mAh/g is still possessed after circulation 2000 times, and the performance of battery, which is slightly less than, to be implemented
Example 1.
Comparative example 4
The methyl orange of 0.7mmol is dissolved in the deionized water of 80ml, the Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate of 5mmol is dissolved in 20ml's
In deionized water, then Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate solution is added in methyl orange solution, red floccule is immediately generated, in room temperature
Then the pyrrole monomer of 347 μ l is slowly added dropwise in lower magnetic agitation 10min, then magnetic agitation reacts 20h at room temperature, later will
For obtained solution with separation is filtered, alternately being rinsed with dehydrated alcohol and deionized water to filtrate is colourless, isolated precipitating
Object is dried in vacuo 12h at 70 DEG C.Obtain dry polypyrrole nanotube powder.
Polypyrrole nanotube after taking the drying of 30mg is distributed in 100ml deionized water, takes the cetyl of 1mmol/L
Trimethylammonium bromide uses deionized water centrifuge washing after stirring 4h as surfactant, and dry 12h, is changed at 70 DEG C
Polypyrrole nanotube after property.
The four acetate hydrate cobalts of 0.015mol are dissolved in 30ml ethylene glycol, magnetic agitation forms homogeneous solution at room temperature,
It is put into the polytetrafluoroethyllining lining of autoclave, reacts 12h at 180 DEG C, acquired solution dehydrated alcohol is rinsed three
Time, centrifuge separation, isolated sediment dry 12h at 70 DEG C.Presoma after drying is moved into sintering furnace, heating
3 DEG C of rate, 500 DEG C of sintering temperature, 3h is calcined, then calcined powder is fully ground with agate mortar, obtained short grained
Co3O4Particle.
The nanotube polypyrrole ultrasonic disperse for taking 30mg modified adds the Co of 60mg in dehydrated alcohol3O4Particle surpasses
Sound disperses 10min, and 1h is stirred at room temperature, is centrifugated later, and dry 3h, obtains Co at 60 DEG C3O4/ PPy composite material.
The sublimed sulfur of 49mg is dissolved in CS2In solution, 21mg Co is added3O4The powder of/PPy is stirred at room temperature to drying.
Mixture is moved into the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stainless steel cauldron under argon atmosphere protection again, 155 DEG C of heat preservation 16h obtain S@Co3O4/
PPy compound.
By S@Co3O4/ PPy composite material, Ketjen black, PVDF are uniformly mixed according to mass ratio 7:2:1, N- crassitude
Ketone adjusts concentration, and stirring 3h makes slurry.The slurry made knife coating is applied on a current collector, lower 60 DEG C of vacuum environment
Dry 12h.It is cut into the round pole piece that diameter is 16mm and assembled battery test.
Electrochemical property test is the result shows that the S@Co prepared in this example3O4/ PPy composite material under 1C multiplying power for the first time
Specific discharge capacity reaches 811.9mAh/g, and 171.3mAh/g is still possessed after circulation 2000 times, and the performance of battery, which is slightly less than, to be implemented
Example 1.
The method of the present invention that the above embodiments are only used to help understand and its core concept.It should be pointed out that for
For those skilled in the art, without departing from the principle of the present invention, if can also be carried out to the present invention
Dry improvement and modification, these improvement and modification are also fallen into the claims in the present invention protection scope.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4The preparation method of particulate composite, which comprises the steps of:
(1) by methyl orange, Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) in deionized water by the dispersion of certain mol proportion example, when having
When floccule generates, the pyrrole monomer of certain mol proportion example is added, 12-30h is stirred at room temperature, obtains suspension, filtered, washed
It washs, dry, obtain polypyrrole nanotube powder；
(2) in the polypyrrole nanotube ultrasonic disperse dehydrated alcohol for obtaining step (1), cetyl trimethylammonium bromide is added
Surfactant is stirred at room temperature 2-5h, is centrifuged later, by isolated drying precipitate, obtains modified gather
Pyrroles's nanotube；
(3) four acetate hydrate cobalt (Co (CH are taken3COO)2·4H2O it) is dissolved in ethylene glycol, stirs evenly, then obtained solution is turned
It moves in the polytetrafluoroethyllining lining of autoclave, 8-16h is reacted at 160-200 DEG C, be finally centrifuged, wash, is dry, obtaining
To precursor powder；
(4) precursor powder of step (3) is placed in tube furnace, calcines 2-6h under inert gas protection, calcination temperature exists
It 400-600 DEG C, then crushes, obtains Co3O4Particle powder；
(5) Co for obtaining step (4)3O4The polypyrrole nanotube that particle powder and step (2) obtain is ultrasonic in dehydrated alcohol
It is uniformly dispersed, magnetic agitation 1-2h is then separated by filtration, then obtained product is dried, and obtains polypyrrole nanotube/Co3O4?
The composite material of grain.
2. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4The preparation method of particulate composite, feature exist
In methyl orange, FeCl in step (1)3·6H2O, the molar ratio of pyrroles is 1:(5-20): (5-20), wherein pyrroles and FeCl3·
6H2The molar ratio of O is 1:1.
3. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4The preparation method of particulate composite, feature exist
In step (1) deionized water and ethyl alcohol alternately wash.
4. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4The preparation method of particulate composite, feature exist
In cetyl trimethylammonium bromide concentration described in step (2) is 0.5-2mmol/l.
5. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4The preparation method of particulate composite, feature exist
In the diameter for the polypyrrole nanotube that step (2) is prepared is 100-300nm, and length is 1-5 μm.
6. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4The preparation method of particulate composite, feature exist
In four acetate hydrate cobalt concentrations described in step (3) are 50-100mmol/l.
7. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4The preparation method of particulate composite, feature exist
In the heating rate of calcining described in step (4) is 3-5 DEG C/min.
8. a kind of polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4The preparation method of particulate composite, feature exist
In the Co that step (4) is prepared3O4Particle diameter is 20-80nm.
9. polypyrrole nanotube/Co that preparation method according to claim 1-8 is prepared3O4Particles dispersed
Material.
10. -9 described in any item polypyrrole nanotube/Co according to claim 13O4Particulate composite is in lithium-sulphur cell positive electrode
Application in material.
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