CN109431661A - 肩关节假体 - Google Patents

肩关节假体 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109431661A
CN109431661A CN201811614809.8A CN201811614809A CN109431661A CN 109431661 A CN109431661 A CN 109431661A CN 201811614809 A CN201811614809 A CN 201811614809A CN 109431661 A CN109431661 A CN 109431661A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
main body
outer cup
convex wall
limit convex
inner cavity
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CN201811614809.8A
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English (en)
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CN109431661B (zh
Inventor
王彩梅
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Beijing AK Medical Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Beijing AK Medical Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Beijing AK Medical Co Ltd filed Critical Beijing AK Medical Co Ltd
Priority to CN201811614809.8A priority Critical patent/CN109431661B/zh
Priority to PCT/CN2019/072100 priority patent/WO2020133607A1/zh
Priority to US16/960,562 priority patent/US20210361440A1/en
Priority to EP19863968.4A priority patent/EP3698760A4/en
Publication of CN109431661A publication Critical patent/CN109431661A/zh
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN109431661B publication Critical patent/CN109431661B/zh
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Classifications

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Abstract

本发明提供了一种肩关节假体，包括外杯、内衬、球头以及肱骨柄，外杯、内衬及球头依次嵌套，其中，外杯包括外杯主体及设置在外杯主体的开口处的第一限位凸壁，外杯主体具有第一球面形内腔，第一限位凸壁凸出于第一球面形内腔的中心面，外杯主体的端面低于第一球面形内腔的中心面；内衬，内衬包括半球壳主体及设置在半球壳主体的开口处的第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁，半球壳主体具有用于容纳球头的第二球面形内腔，第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁限制球头脱离第二球面形内腔，半球壳主体上设置有用于避让肱骨柄的凹槽。本申请的技术方案有效解决了现有技术中由于肿瘤、严重创伤引起的骨结构以及肩袖缺失时非限制型人工肩关节活动稳定性差的问题。

Description

肩关节假体
技术领域
本发明涉及骨科医疗器械技术领域，具体而言，涉及一种肩关节假体。
背景技术
肩关节，由肩胛骨的关节盂和肱骨头组成。相连两骨关节面大小相差较大，具体地，关节窝仅能容纳关节头的1/4～1/3。关节窝周缘有关节唇加深关节盂。关节囊薄弱且松弛，附着在关节盂周缘和肱骨解剖颈之间，关节囊壁内还有由滑膜包裹的肱二头肌长头腱，通过此腱具有加固肩关节的作用。
肩关节为全身最灵活的球窝关节，可作屈，伸、收、展、旋转及环转运动。加以关节头与关节窝的面积差度大，关节囊薄而松弛等结构特征，反映了它具有灵活性的运动机能。肩关节周围有大量肌肉通过。这些肌肉对维护肩关节的稳固性有重要意义，但关节的前下方肌肉较少，关节囊又最松弛，所以肩关节是关节稳固性最差的薄弱点。当上肢处于外展、外旋位向后跌倒时，手掌或肘部着地，易发生肩关节的前脱位。
全肩关节置换术适用于骨性关节炎病症。骨性关节炎包括原发及继发性、类风湿关节炎、创伤性关节炎、肩袖损伤性关节病，以及人工肩关节翻修，骨坏死、肿瘤、肩关节发育不良、陈旧性感染等。
人工肩关节置换术是指采用金属、高分子聚乙烯、陶瓷等材料，根据人体关节的形态、构造及功能制成人工关节假体，通过外科技术植入人体内，代替患病关节功能，达到缓解关节疼痛，恢复肩关节功能的目的。
人工肩关节是替代受损肩关节的人工器官。尽管人工肩关节置换术与人工髋、膝关节置换术在临床上几乎同时开始应用，但无论在实施数量及长期效果方面均不能与人工髋、膝关节置换术相媲美。人工肩关节置换术其主要原因是肩关节活动范围大、患者对生活质量的要求高，而关节重建后的功能康复水平很大程度取决于周围软组织的条件。
人工肩关节的出现，是由于肱骨近端骨折的需要而产生的，有许多学者提出各种型式的人工肩，其中主要的有Neer在1953年开发出的NeerI型，后来根据临床的试验，发展成NeerII型、NeerIII型。
在此基础上，以后人工肩关节根据不同需要和不断的改进，新型的人工肩关节不断出现。一般讲人工肩可分为：人工半肩关节和人工全肩关节。
人工肱骨头主要应用于肩袖正常、肩胛盂关节面破坏较轻，而肱肋骨头、肱肪骨近端粉碎性骨折、坏死等严重病损的病例，进行人工半肩关节置换术。目前应用数量最大的是人工肱骨头假体。
对于肩胛盂关节面有破坏在置换人工肱骨头时，使用圆筒形、碟盘形的聚乙烯假体置换肩胛盂的表面，即称为人工全肩关节置换术。人工全肩关节可用于各种的关节病如骨关节病、风湿关节炎、骨肿瘤等。肱骨上端骨肿瘤会使骨结构遭严重破坏，难以修复，必要时需要切除肱骨近端，实施人工骨肩关节置换。
对于肩关节肿瘤，特别是肱骨上端骨肿瘤，肱骨近端肿瘤切除会使骨结构甚至于肩袖遭严重破坏，难以修复，常规的人工肩关节为非限制型关节，非限制型关节是通过人体自身的肌肉及软组织进行牵拉，无法提供人工肩关节活动的稳定性，严重时会导致脱位。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种肩关节假体，以解决现有技术中非限制型人工肩关节活动稳定性差的问题。
为了实现上述目的，根据本发明的一种肩关节假体，包括外杯、内衬、球头以及肱骨柄，外杯、内衬及球头依次嵌套，其中，外杯包括外杯主体及设置在外杯主体的开口处的第一限位凸壁，外杯主体具有第一球面形内腔，第一限位凸壁凸出于第一球面形内腔的中心面，第一球面形内腔的中心面为经过第一球面形内腔的球心且垂直于外杯的轴线的平面，外杯主体的端面低于第一球面形内腔的中心面；内衬，内衬包括半球壳主体及设置在半球壳主体的开口处的第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁，第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁均凸出于半球壳主体的中心面，半球壳主体的中心面为经过半球壳主体的球心且垂直于内衬的轴线的平面，半球壳主体具有用于容纳球头的第二球面形内腔，第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁限制球头脱离第二球面形内腔，半球壳主体上设置有用于避让肱骨柄的凹槽，凹槽低于半球壳主体的中心面，内衬通过旋入方式安装在第一球面形内腔内，其中，在内衬设置在外杯内的情况下，第一限位凸壁位于第二限位凸壁的外侧，以限制内衬脱离第一球面形内腔。
进一步地，第二限位凸壁的凸出高度大于第三限位凸壁的凸出高度。
进一步地，第三限位凸壁为相对设置的两个，第二限位凸壁位于两个第三限位凸壁之间，凹槽为多个，多个凹槽包括设置在两个第三限位凸壁与第二限位凸壁之间的两个第一凹槽以及设置在两个第三限位凸壁之间的第二凹槽。
进一步地，内衬为轴对称结构，第二凹槽与第二限位凸壁相对设置。
进一步地，外杯主体的端面上对应于第二凹槽的位置处设置有避让肱骨柄的第一切面结构。
进一步地，外杯主体的端面上对应于两个第一凹槽中的其中一个的位置处设置有避让肱骨柄的第二切面结构。
进一步地，凹槽为弧形槽。
进一步地，第一球面形内腔的腔壁设置有环形凹槽，环形凹槽为多个，多个环形凹槽沿着外杯主体轴线方向上间隔设置。
进一步地，第一球面形内腔的腔壁上还设置有外杯卡槽，卡槽沿第一球面形内腔的腔壁的周向延伸，内衬的外壁面上设置有与卡槽对应的卡筋。
进一步地，肩关节假体还包括多个固定件，外杯主体的底部设置有多个连接孔，连接孔为沉孔结构。
进一步地，多个连接孔的轴线与外杯主体的中心轴线之间形成多个夹角，多个夹角的角度均不同。
应用本发明的技术方案，肩关节假体包括外杯、内衬、球头以及肱骨柄。外杯、内衬及球头依次嵌套。在本申请中，外杯包括外杯主体及设置在外杯主体的开口处的第一限位凸壁，外杯主体具有第一球面形内腔，第一限位凸壁凸出于第一球面形内腔的中心面，第一球面形内腔的中心面为经过第一球面形内腔的球心且垂直于外杯的轴线的平面，外杯主体的端面低于第一球面形内腔的中心面。第一限位凸壁凸出于第一球面形内腔的中心面能够实现对设置在第一球面形内腔内的部件进行限位。内衬包括半球壳主体及设置在半球壳主体的开口处的第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁，第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁均凸出于半球壳主体的中心面，半球壳主体的中心面为经过半球壳主体的球心且垂直于内衬的轴线的平面，半球壳主体具有用于容纳球头的第二球面形内腔，第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁限制球头脱离第二球面形内腔，半球壳主体上设置有用于避让肱骨柄的凹槽，凹槽低于半球壳主体的中心面。在本申请中，外杯、内衬和球头进行装配时，先将球头装入至内衬的第二球面形内腔内。第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁均凸出于半球壳主体的中心面，能够实现对设置在第二球面形内腔内的球头进行限位。内衬和球头装配好后再通过旋入方式安装在第一球面形内腔内。在本申请中，肩关节假体可以安装在患者的肩胛骨上，在内衬设置在外杯内的情况下，第一限位凸壁位于第二限位凸壁的外侧，以限制内衬脱离第一球面形内腔。球头可转动地在第二球面形内腔内活动，第二限位凸壁和第三限位凸壁限制球头脱离第二球面形内腔。第一球面形内腔能够容纳内衬，并且第一球面形内腔使得内衬不会产生变形，这样能够进一步保证球头不会脱出第二球面形内腔。因此，球头能够在第二球面形内腔内自由转动，同时不会脱离内衬，进而在保证球头活动自由度的情况下还能有效防止球头发生脱位。本申请中肩关节假体的外杯、内衬及球头依次嵌套连接，而不是现有技术中通过人体自身的肌肉及软组织进行牵拉，进而保证了肩关节假体活动的稳定性。
附图说明
构成本申请的一部分的说明书附图用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，本发明的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明的不当限定。在附图中：
图1示出了根据本发明的肩关节假体的实施例的立体结构示意图；
图2示出了图1的肩关节假体的另一角度的立体结构示意图；
图3示出了图1的肩关节假体的肱骨柄处于两个第一凹槽处的结构示意图；
图4示出了图1的肩关节假体的除去球头和肱骨柄后的立体结构示意图；
图5示出了图1的肩关节假体的外杯和固定件的主视示意图；
图6示出了图5的外杯和固定件的A-A向剖视示意图；
图7示出了图5的外杯和固定件的左视示意图；
图8示出了图1的肩关节假体的外杯的立体结构示意图；
图9示出了图8的外杯的另一角度的立体结构示意图；
图10示出了图8的外杯的主视示意图；
图11示出了图8的外杯的B-B向剖视示意图；
图12示出了图8的外杯的左视示意图；
图13示出了图1的肩关节假体的内衬的主视示意图；
图14示出了图13的内衬的C-C向剖视示意图；
图15示出了图1的肩关节假体的内衬的俯视示意图；
图16示出了图13的内衬的左视示意图。
图17示出了图1的肩关节假体的卡槽的立体结构示意图；
图18示出了图1的肩关节假体的卡槽和卡筋配合时的剖视示意图；以及
图19示出了图1的肩关节假体的外杯和内衬的装配过程示意图。
其中，上述附图包括以下附图标记：
10、外杯；11、外杯主体；111、第一球面形内腔；1111、环形凹槽；1112、卡槽；112、第一切面结构；113、第二切面结构；114、连接孔；12、第一限位凸壁；20、球头；21、肱骨柄；211、连接柱；30、内衬；31、半球壳主体；32、第二限位凸壁；33、第三限位凸壁；34、第二球面形内腔；35、凹槽；351、第一凹槽；352、第二凹槽；36、卡筋；40、固定件。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。以下对至少一个示例性实施例的描述实际上仅仅是说明性的，决不作为对本发明及其应用或使用的任何限制。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。
除非另外具体说明，否则在这些实施例中阐述的部件和步骤的相对布置、数字表达式和数值不限制本发明的范围。同时，应当明白，为了便于描述，附图中所示出的各个部分的尺寸并不是按照实际的比例关系绘制的。对于相关领域普通技术人员已知的技术、方法和设备可能不作详细讨论，但在适当情况下，所述技术、方法和设备应当被视为授权说明书的一部分。在这里示出和讨论的所有示例中，任何具体值应被解释为仅仅是示例性的，而不是作为限制。因此，示例性实施例的其它示例可以具有不同的值。应注意到：相似的标号和字母在下面的附图中表示类似项，因此，一旦某一项在一个附图中被定义，则在随后的附图中不需要对其进行进一步讨论。
如图1和图3所示，本实施例的肩关节假体包括外杯10、内衬30、球头20以及肱骨柄21，外杯10、内衬30及球头20依次嵌套。其中，外杯10包括外杯主体11及设置在外杯主体11的开口处的第一限位凸壁12，外杯主体11具有第一球面形内腔111，第一限位凸壁12凸出于第一球面形内腔111的中心面，第一球面形内腔111的中心面为经过第一球面形内腔111的球心且垂直于外杯10的轴线的平面，外杯主体11的端面低于第一球面形内腔111的中心面。内衬30，内衬30包括半球壳主体31及设置在半球壳主体31的开口处的第二限位凸壁32和第三限位凸壁33，第二限位凸壁32和第三限位凸壁33均凸出于半球壳主体31的中心面，半球壳主体31的中心面为经过半球壳主体31的球心且垂直于内衬30的轴线的平面，半球壳主体31具有用于容纳球头20的第二球面形内腔34，第二限位凸壁32和第三限位凸壁33限制球头20脱离第二球面形内腔34，半球壳主体31上设置有用于避让肱骨柄21的凹槽35，凹槽35低于半球壳主体31的中心面，内衬30通过旋入方式安装在第一球面形内腔111内。其中，在内衬30设置在外杯10内的情况下，第一限位凸壁12位于第二限位凸壁32的外侧，以限制内衬30脱离第一球面形内腔111。
应用本实施例的技术方案，肩关节假体包括外杯10、内衬30、球头20以及肱骨柄21。外杯10、内衬30及球头20依次嵌套。在本实施例中，外杯10、内衬30和球头20进行装配时，先将球头20装入至内衬30的第二球面形内腔34内。第二限位凸壁32和第三限位凸壁33均凸出于半球壳主体31的中心面，能够实现对设置在第二球面形内腔34内的球头20进行限位。内衬30和球头20装配好后再通过旋入方式安装在第一球面形内腔111内。在实施例中，肩关节假体可以安装在患者的肩胛骨上，在内衬30设置在外杯10内的情况下，第一限位凸壁12位于第二限位凸壁32的外侧，以限制内衬30脱离第一球面形内腔111。球头可转动地在第二球面形内腔34内活动，第二限位凸壁32和第三限位凸壁33限制球头脱离第二球面形内腔。第一球面形内腔111能够容纳内衬30，并且第一球面形内腔使得内衬30不会产生变形，这样能够进一步保证球头不会脱出第二球面形内腔。因此，球头20能够在第二球面形内腔34内自由转动，同时不会脱离内衬30，进而在保证球头活动自由度的情况下还能有效防止球头20发生脱位。本实施例中肩关节假体的外杯10、内衬30及球头20依次嵌套连接，而不是现有技术中通过人体自身的肌肉及软组织进行牵拉，进而保证了肩关节假体活动的稳定性。
需要说明的是：外杯10的轴线与内衬30的轴线重合。外杯10的轴线与肩关节假体的轴线也重合。
如图1至图4所示，在本实施例中，肱骨柄21包括与球头20连接的连接柱211，半球壳主体上的凹槽用于避让肱骨柄的连接柱211。连接柱211随球头20转动的过程中，凹槽能够有效避让连接柱211，使得肱骨柄21的运动范围更大、运动更加灵活。
如图1至图4所示，在本实施例中，第二限位凸壁32的凸出高度大于第三限位凸壁33的凸出高度。在内衬30设置在外杯10内的情况下，第二限位凸壁32与第一限位凸壁12相配合，以防止内衬30脱出第二球面形内腔34。第二限位凸壁32的凸出高度较大能够更好地保证防脱效果。此外，人体肩关节在活动中，由于手臂向前收的活动度大，而向后伸的活动度小。因此，当肩关节假体连接至患者体内时，第三限位凸壁33限制肱骨柄21活动的作用相对于第二限位凸壁32而言，限位的效果较弱。这样，通过第二限位凸壁32的凸出高度大于第三限位凸壁33的凸出高度来实现人体的手臂在活动中受到限位的情况。
如图1和图13所示，在本实施例中，第三限位凸壁33为相对设置的两个，第二限位凸壁32位于两个第三限位凸壁33之间，凹槽35为三个，三个凹槽35包括设置在两个第三限位凸壁33与第二限位凸壁32之间的两个第一凹槽351以及设置在两个第三限位凸壁33之间的第二凹槽352。连接柱211沿球头20的周向方向转动的过程中，两个第一凹槽351和第二凹槽352能够避让连接柱211转动。进而，使得肱骨柄21在转动的过程中，凹槽35能够提供足够的活动空间。对于肱骨柄21而言，一般需要在前侧、上侧、下侧区域的活动。当肩关节假体连接至患者体内时，需要使第二限位凸壁32与第一限位凸壁12位于后侧，这样，上述的三个凹槽35分别对应于前侧、上侧和下侧区域，这样使得肱骨柄21能够在上述区域有较大的活动范围，后侧需要的活动范围较小，这样位于后侧的第二限位凸壁32与第一限位凸壁12能够充分地提供限制作用。
如图1至图3所示，在本实施例中，内衬30为轴对称结构，这样，相比于内衬为非轴对称结构的不规则的外形而言，便于加工。第二凹槽352与第二限位凸壁32相对设置。这样便于内衬30的安装。
如图1、图8和图9所示，在本实施例中，肱骨柄21还包括与连接柱211连接的肱骨柄主体和弯颈部，弯颈部与肱骨柄主体之间成一定角度。外杯主体11的端面上对应于第二凹槽352的位置处设置有避让肱骨柄21的第一切面结构112。这样，在肱骨柄21绕球头20转动的过程中，第一切面结构112能够避让弯颈部，使得肱骨柄21转动顺畅。
如图1、图8和图9所示，外杯主体11的端面上对应于两个第一凹槽351中的其中一个的位置处设置有避让肱骨柄21的第二切面结构113。这样，在肱骨柄21绕球头20转动的过程中，第二切面结构113能够避让弯颈部，使得肱骨柄21转动顺畅。
如图13至图16所示，在本实施例中，肱骨柄21绕球头20转动的过程中，为了使连接柱211在经过凹槽35时能够平稳的过渡，凹槽35为弧形槽。弧形槽的结构也保证了肱骨柄21在转动的过程中具有尽可能大的自由度。
如图4至图6和图11所示，第一球面形内腔111的腔壁设置有环形凹槽1111，环形凹槽1111为两个，两个环形凹槽1111沿着外杯主体11轴线方向上间隔设置。在本实施例中，内衬30装入至外杯主体11内，内衬30的外壁面与第一球面形内腔111之间会存在间隙。因此，需要在第一球面形内腔111内添加骨水泥进行辅助固定。环形凹槽1111的设置便于在第一球面形内腔111内添加骨水泥，能够有效地容纳骨水泥。在环形凹槽1111内添加骨水泥使得第一球面形内腔111与内衬30的外壁面之间的粘接。在其他图中未示出的实施例中，环形凹槽的数量可以为一个、三个及以上。
如图17和图18所示，第一球面形内腔111的腔壁上还设置有外杯卡槽1112，卡槽1112沿第一球面形内腔111的腔壁的周向延伸，内衬30的外壁面上设置有与卡槽1112对应的卡筋36。卡筋36包括斜面部和与斜面部连接的平面部，斜面部相对于内衬30的轴线倾斜设置，平面部垂直于内衬30的轴线。这样使得卡筋36容易顺利卡入卡槽1112并且能够具有较好的防脱效果。在本实施例中，内衬30装入至第一球面形内腔111内的过程中，挤压内衬30，使得卡筋36能够进入到卡槽1112内，平面部能够卡紧在卡槽1112内。这样，卡槽1112与卡筋36的配合使得内衬30不易脱出第一球面形内腔111。
如图3、图6和图7所示，肩关节假体还包括三个固定件40，外杯主体11的底部设置有三个连接孔114，连接孔114为沉孔结构。在本实施例中，连接孔114为沉孔结构能够避免固定件40突出于第一球面形内腔111，防止固定件40与装入后的内衬30发生干涉。三个固定件40通过三个连接孔114将外杯主体11安装在肩胛骨处，能够实现外杯10的固定。
如图4至图7所示，三个连接孔114的轴线与外杯主体11的中心轴线之间形成三个夹角，三个夹角的角度均不同。上述的三个夹角使得固定件40固定外杯主体11更加的牢固，实现可靠的连接。固定件40优选为螺钉。
现有技术中的肩盂需要对肩胛骨的肩盂区域进行截骨，这样有损骨质，同时会破坏肩盂区域表层的皮质，不能给需要螺钉固定提供良好的固定条件。
本实施例的技术方案能够有效地避免上述的问题，具体地，如图10和图12所示，在本实施例中，外杯10优选为3D打印钛合金，外杯10的底部与肩胛骨接触的表面为相适配的形状，该形状是根据患者的肩胛骨破损处的解剖特征通过计算机图像技术对解剖特征进行处理，由3D打印技术形成的形状，实现个体定制化，无需截骨，进而给后续的螺钉固定提供良好的固定条件。
在本实施例中，外杯10、内衬30和球头20进行装配时，先将球头20装入至内衬30的第二球面形内腔34内，内衬30和球头20装配好后再通过旋入方式安装在第一球面形内腔111内。为了便于在图19中示出内衬30装入外杯10的过程，图19中未示出球头20。具体地，先将第二限位凸壁32对准第一切面结构112，使第二限位凸壁32进入到第一球面形内腔111内。图19中的箭头方向即为内衬30和球头20进入第一球面形内腔111内的方向。半球壳主体31的外壁面贴着第一球面形内腔111转动一定角度后，使得第二限位凸壁32的外壁面能够与第一限位凸壁12的内壁面相贴合，第二凹槽352位于与第一切面结构112对应的位置处，半球壳主体31的外壁面与第一球面形内腔111能够完全的贴合在一起，此时，实现球头20和内衬30一起装配在外杯10的第一球面形内腔111内。对于具有卡筋36和卡槽1112的实施例来说，当第二限位凸壁32与第一限位凸壁12的内壁面相对应时，卡筋36会卡到卡槽1112内。
具体地，肩关节假体包括肩盂假体和肱骨假体，肩盂假体包括外杯10和内衬30连接在一起的结构，其中，外杯10为金属材质，内衬30为过半径的球面结构。球头20为肱骨球头，内衬30将肱骨球头容纳入至第一球面形内腔111中。
在本发明的描述中，需要理解的是，方位词如“前、后、上、下、左、右”、“横向、竖向、垂直、水平”和“顶、底”等所指示的方位或位置关系通常是基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本发明和简化描述，在未作相反说明的情况下，这些方位词并不指示和暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位或者以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制；方位词“内、外”是指相对于各部件本身的轮廓的内外。
为了便于描述，在这里可以使用空间相对术语，如“在……之上”、“在……上方”、“在……上表面”、“上面的”等，用来描述如在图中所示的一个器件或特征与其他器件或特征的空间位置关系。应当理解的是，空间相对术语旨在包含除了器件在图中所描述的方位之外的在使用或操作中的不同方位。例如，如果附图中的器件被倒置，则描述为“在其他器件或构造上方”或“在其他器件或构造之上”的器件之后将被定位为“在其他器件或构造下方”或“在其他器件或构造之下”。因而，示例性术语“在……上方”可以包括“在……上方”和“在……下方”两种方位。该器件也可以其他不同方式定位(旋转90度或处于其他方位)，并且对这里所使用的空间相对描述作出相应解释。
此外，需要说明的是，使用“第一”、“第二”等词语来限定零部件，仅仅是为了便于对相应零部件进行区别，如没有另行声明，上述词语并没有特殊含义，因此不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本发明可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (11)

1.一种肩关节假体，其特征在于，包括外杯(10)、内衬(30)、球头(20)以及肱骨柄(21)，所述外杯(10)、所述内衬(30)及所述球头(20)依次嵌套，其中，
所述外杯(10)包括外杯主体(11)及设置在所述外杯主体(11)的开口处的第一限位凸壁(12)，所述外杯主体(11)具有第一球面形内腔(111)，所述第一限位凸壁(12)凸出于所述第一球面形内腔(111)的中心面，所述第一球面形内腔(111)的中心面为经过所述第一球面形内腔(111)的球心且垂直于所述外杯(10)的轴线的平面，所述外杯主体(11)的端面低于所述第一球面形内腔(111)的中心面；
所述内衬(30)，所述内衬(30)包括半球壳主体(31)及设置在所述半球壳主体(31)的开口处的第二限位凸壁(32)和第三限位凸壁(33)，所述第二限位凸壁(32)和所述第三限位凸壁(33)均凸出于所述半球壳主体(31)的中心面，所述半球壳主体(31)的中心面为经过所述半球壳主体(31)的球心且垂直于所述内衬(30)的轴线的平面，所述半球壳主体(31)具有用于容纳所述球头(20)的第二球面形内腔(34)，所述第二限位凸壁(32)和所述第三限位凸壁(33)限制所述球头(20)脱离所述第二球面形内腔(34)，所述半球壳主体(31)上设置有用于避让所述肱骨柄(21)的凹槽(35)，所述凹槽(35)低于所述半球壳主体(31)的中心面，所述内衬(30)通过旋入方式安装在所述第一球面形内腔(111)内，
其中，在所述内衬(30)设置在所述外杯(10)内的情况下，所述第一限位凸壁(12)位于所述第二限位凸壁(32)的外侧，以限制所述内衬(30)脱离所述第一球面形内腔(111)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述第二限位凸壁(32)的凸出高度大于所述第三限位凸壁(33)的凸出高度。
3.根据权利要求1所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述第三限位凸壁(33)为相对设置的两个，所述第二限位凸壁(32)位于两个所述第三限位凸壁(33)之间，所述凹槽(35)为多个，多个所述凹槽(35)包括设置在两个所述第三限位凸壁(33)与所述第二限位凸壁(32)之间的两个第一凹槽(351)以及设置在两个所述第三限位凸壁(33)之间的第二凹槽(352)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述内衬(30)为轴对称结构，所述第二凹槽(352)与所述第二限位凸壁(32)相对设置。
5.根据权利要求3所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述外杯主体(11)的端面上对应于所述第二凹槽(352)的位置处设置有避让所述肱骨柄(21)的第一切面结构(112)。
6.根据权利要求3所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述外杯主体(11)的端面上对应于两个所述第一凹槽(351)中的其中一个的位置处设置有避让所述肱骨柄(21)的第二切面结构(113)。
7.根据权利要求1所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述凹槽(35)为弧形槽。
8.根据权利要求1所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述第一球面形内腔(111)的腔壁设置有环形凹槽(1111)，所述环形凹槽(1111)为多个，多个所述环形凹槽(1111)沿着所述外杯主体(11)轴线方向上间隔设置。
9.根据权利要求1所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述第一球面形内腔(111)的腔壁上还设置有外杯卡槽(1112)，所述卡槽(1112)沿所述第一球面形内腔(111)的腔壁的周向延伸，所述内衬(30)的外壁面上设置有与所述卡槽(1112)对应的卡筋(36)。
10.根据权利要求1所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，所述肩关节假体还包括多个固定件(40)，所述外杯主体(11)的底部设置有多个连接孔(114)，所述连接孔(114)为沉孔结构。
11.根据权利要求10所述的肩关节假体，其特征在于，多个所述连接孔(114)的轴线与所述外杯主体(11)的中心轴线之间形成多个夹角，多个所述夹角的角度均不同。
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