CN109265359B - 一种侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN109265359B
CN109265359B CN201811233118.3A CN201811233118A CN109265359B CN 109265359 B CN109265359 B CN 109265359B CN 201811233118 A CN201811233118 A CN 201811233118A CN 109265359 B CN109265359 B CN 109265359B
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赵建新
杨兆辉
宋宝华
单忠峰
杨红文
赵林
贾儒
李龙
杨平
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Abstract

本发明公开了如式所示的侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐及其制备方法。乙醇胺与长链氯代烷烃在碱性条件下发生取代反应后,反应液不经处理再与3‑对甲苯磺酰氧甲基‑3‑乙基‑氧杂环丁烷取代生成含叔胺基团的单体,该单体在引发剂及共引发剂的作用下与亲水性单体发生阳离子开环共聚经卤代甲烷处理得到侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐。此类聚季铵盐结构新颖、低毒、具有良好的水溶性和较强的抑菌抗菌功能,并且在使用过程中无泡沫产生,在工业循环水处理、个人护理品、造纸、涂料、金属加工及纺织品等领域有着广阔的应用前景。

Description

一种侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐及其制备方法,属于精细化工领域。
背景技术
工业杀菌剂是指在工业领域用以杀灭或抑制微生物生长的制剂,在工业上使用的杀菌剂、抑菌剂、防腐剂、防霉剂、灭藻剂等均称为工业杀菌剂,应用领域主要包括工业循环水处理、金属加工、制浆造纸、油田、涂料、粘合剂、个护清洁以及聚合物乳液等。工业杀菌剂一般可分为氧化型杀菌剂和非氧化型杀菌剂两大类,季铵盐类杀菌剂是一类抗菌性的表面活性剂,是应用最广泛的非氧化型杀菌剂之一。目前广泛使用的季铵盐类杀菌剂属于有机小分子,存在易溶出迁移、使用时泡沫多、化学稳定性差、具有一定的生理毒性和皮肤刺激性等缺点。随着科学技术的进步和人民生活水平的提高,人们对材料安全性及环境污染问题越来越关注,新的高效、低泡、低毒的季铵盐杀菌剂的研究开发成为了焦点。
季铵盐大分子化是解决上述问题的主要手段,与小分子季铵盐相比,大分子量的季铵盐有许多优点,例如:不易溶出迁移、良好的耐久性、低泡和低毒性等。季铵盐大分子化的方法之一是通过单体聚合或共聚制备聚季铵盐,聚季铵盐是指分子中含有多个季铵盐基团的聚合物,季铵盐基团通过共价结合方式分布于高分子的侧链或主链上。聚季铵盐用途比较广泛,目前市售聚季铵盐产品多用做个人护理用品的调理剂等,如聚季铵盐-7、聚季铵盐-10和聚季铵盐-22等等。少数应用于抗菌领域的聚季铵盐产品,如聚季铵盐-1,虽具有较强的杀菌作用并在隐形眼镜护理液中得到广泛应用,但仍不足以满足更多领域日益增长的市场需求,因此有必要开发新的聚季铵盐类抗菌剂产品。
专利CN105523946B公开了一种聚季铵盐抗菌材料及其制备方法,将修饰以卤代物的单体聚合后形成聚合物前体,再加入叔胺进行季胺化反应制备聚季铵盐高分子材料;专利CN106084203B使用上述同样方法,将共引发剂改为聚乙二醇,使水溶性较好的聚乙二醇片段嵌入到材料中,增加了材料的水溶性,从而得到了一种水溶性嵌段聚季铵盐高分子材料。以上方法制备的聚季铵盐抗菌材料虽然具有良好的抗菌性能,但合成过程中使用的主要原料均包含双卤代物,存在反应选择性差和成本较高等缺点,在一定程度上限制了其应用。
本发明针对季铵盐杀菌剂的缺点和发展趋势,通过分子设计将可聚合基团引入到小分子季铵盐结构前体中,再通过与亲水性单体的阳离子开环共聚以及季铵化反应制备了一种新型侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种新型的聚季铵盐及其制备方法,本发明所述的聚季铵盐及其制备方法有以下优点:1)本发明的聚季铵盐具有良好的抗菌性能,可用于工业杀菌剂领域;2)制备过程简单可控,操作性强,绿色环保;3)本发明所制备的聚季铵盐溶出迁移率低、容易降解,属于低毒环保型的化合物;4)本发明所制备的聚季铵盐具有良好的水溶性,在使用过程中无泡沫产生。
季铵盐是一种带有阳离子基团的非氧化型杀菌剂,其杀菌功效稳定长久,如果通过聚合方式制备高分子聚季铵盐就有可能得到多官能团、季铵盐分子迁移率低、抗菌性能优良、使用过程中低泡沫、水溶性好的杀菌剂产品。目前,这方面的报道不多,本发明通过分子设计将可聚合基团引入到小分子季铵盐结构前体中,再通过与亲水水性单体的阳离子开环共聚以及季铵化反应制备了一种新型侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐。
本发明提供的一种新型聚季铵盐,其结构式为(Ⅰ):
Figure BDA0001836690060000021
其中:
R为C8~C22烷基;m和n为大于1的自然数,且m>n;X为Cl或Br;
式(Ⅰ)的化合物的例子包括下列化合物,但不限于此:
Figure BDA0001836690060000022
Figure BDA0001836690060000031
本发明提供的式(Ⅰ)化合物反应路线可用如下反应方程式表示:
Figure BDA0001836690060000032
本发明提供的式(Ⅰ)化合物的制备方法包括如下的步骤:
1)长链氯代烷烃与乙醇胺在碱性条件下发生取代反应生成含羟基的叔胺;
2)上述1)得到的反应液不经处理,直接加入3-对甲苯磺酰氧甲基-3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷进行取代反应,经重结晶得到含叔胺基团的单体;
3)上述2)所得单体在引发剂和共引发剂作用下与3-乙基-3-羟甲基-氧杂环丁烷发生阳离子开环共聚,再经卤代甲烷处理得到目标化合物式(Ⅰ)的水溶液。
长链氯代烷烃与乙醇胺反应过程所用催化剂为碘化钾或碘化钠;所用溶剂选自N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃,优选N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃;所用的碱为叔胺、位阻仲胺;优选为三乙胺,碱的用量选自长链氯代烷烃物质的量的1.1~1.5倍。
聚合反应所用引发剂为三氟化硼***;共引发剂选自乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、丙三醇,优选乙二醇和1,4丁二醇。
本发明提供的式(Ⅰ)化合物的制备方法,整个制备方法简单可控,操作性强,制备过程废弃物少、绿色环保。
具体实施方式
本发明将通过下述非限定性实施例加以进一步说明。
实施例1:3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷-3-甲氧乙基双十烷基叔胺的制备
在装有机械搅拌的500mL四口瓶中,加入7.6g乙醇胺,44.0g氯代癸烷,220mL四氢呋喃,30.4g三乙胺,0.2g碘化钾,加热至50~60℃反应8小时,TLC检测显示反应完成,将反应液温度降至25~30℃,再加入33.7g 3-对甲苯磺酰氧甲基-3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷和12.6g三乙胺,保温反应24小时,反应液加入水搅拌后用乙酸乙酯萃取,合并乙酸乙酯层洗涤后脱溶,残留物加入50%乙醇重结晶,干燥后得到39.5g浅黄针状晶体,收率72%,含量≥98.0%。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ:4.23~4.51(m,4H),3.82(s,2H),3.35(t,2H),2.63(t,4H),2.28(t,2H),1.64(m,2H),1.30~1.50(m,32H),0.89(m,9H)。
实施例2:3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷-3-甲氧乙基双十六烷基叔胺的制备
在装有机械搅拌的500mL四口瓶中,加入7.6g乙醇胺,65.0g氯代十六烷,180mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,30.4g三乙胺,0.3g碘化钾,加热至50~60℃反应12小时,TLC检测显示反应完成,将反应液温度降至25~30℃,再加入33.7g 3-对甲苯磺酰氧甲基-3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷和12.6g三乙胺,保温反应24小时,反应液加入水搅拌后用乙酸乙酯萃取,合并乙酸乙酯层洗涤后脱溶,残留物加入95%乙醇重结晶,干燥后得到47.5g浅黄色粉末,收率63%,含量≥98.0%。1H NMR(CDCl3)δ:4.20~4.48(m,4H),3.79(s,2H),3.23(t,2H),2.45(t,4H),2.16(t,2H),1.52(m,2H),1.28~1.51(m,56H),0.90(m,9H)。
实施例3:化合物(Ⅰa)的制备
在装有机械搅拌以及氮气保护装置的250mL四口瓶中,加入0.70g三氟化硼***、0.16g乙二醇和25mL无水二氯甲烷,降温至0~5℃,保持在此温度下滴加27.8g 3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷-3-甲氧乙基双十烷基叔胺和22.0g 3-乙基-3-羟甲基-氧杂环丁烷的100mL二氯甲烷溶液,滴加完毕后继续在此温度下搅拌15小时,向反应液中加入1g去离子水、2g无水硫酸钠和10g硅藻土,搅拌半小时后过滤,滤液脱除二氯甲烷后加入220mL去离子水,转入带有机械搅拌及通气装置的500mL四口瓶中,搅拌下通入氯甲烷气体,通气完成后继续搅拌1小时后通入氮气,过滤除机械杂质,得到260g浅黄色水溶液,聚季铵盐含量≥20.0%。
实施例4:化合物(Ⅰb)的制备
在装有机械搅拌以及氮气保护装置的500mL四口瓶中,加入0.70g三氟化硼***、0.23g 1,4-丁二醇和25mL无水二氯甲烷,降温至0~5℃,保持在此温度下滴加28.8g 3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷-3-甲氧乙基双十六烷基叔胺和22.0g 3-乙基-3-羟甲基-氧杂环丁烷的120mL二氯甲烷溶液,滴加完毕后继续在此温度下搅拌15小时,向反应液中加入1g去离子水、3g无水硫酸钠和15g硅藻土,搅拌半小时后过滤,滤液脱除二氯甲烷后加入500mL去离子水,转入带有机械搅拌及通气装置的1L四口瓶中,搅拌下通入氯甲烷气体,通气完成后继续搅拌1小时后通入氮气,过滤除机械杂质,得到530g浅黄色水溶液,聚季铵盐含量≥10.0%。
实施例5:化合物(Ⅰc)的制备
在装有机械搅拌以及氮气保护装置的500mL四口瓶中,加入0.70g三氟化硼***、0.23g 1,4-丁二醇和25mL无水二氯甲烷,降温至0~5℃,保持在此温度下滴加28.8g 3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷-3-甲氧乙基双十六烷基叔胺和22.0g 3-乙基-3-羟甲基-氧杂环丁烷的120mL二氯甲烷溶液,滴加完毕后继续在此温度下搅拌15小时,向反应液中加入1g去离子水、3g无水硫酸钠和15g硅藻土,搅拌半小时后过滤,滤液脱除二氯甲烷后加入500mL去离子水,转入带有机械搅拌及通气装置的1L四口瓶中,搅拌下通入溴甲烷气体,通气完成后继续搅拌1小时后通入氮气,过滤除机械杂质,得到525g浅黄色水溶液,聚季铵盐含量≥10.0%。
实施例6:侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐的抗菌功效测试
实验选用革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌(SA),革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌(EC)作为测试细菌,取活化后的菌株,接种于液体营养培养液中,于37℃摇床中培养24小时备用。每种测试做4组实验,空白对照、样品Ⅰa,样品Ⅰb、样品Ⅰc。样品Ⅰa称取25mg、样品Ⅰb和Ⅰc称取50mg(聚季铵盐含量均为5mg),分别放入250mL锥形瓶中(空白组除外),加入100mL PBS缓冲溶液和1mL培养24小时的菌液,置于30℃摇床中振荡1小时取1mL上清液作梯度稀释,采用平板计数法测定活菌的菌落数。抗菌率的计算公式为:
Figure BDA0001836690060000051
抗菌功效测试结果如下表所示:
Figure BDA0001836690060000061

Claims (3)

1.一种侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐,其特征在于,其化学结构式如下式所示:
Figure 962612DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
其中:R为C8~C22烷基;m和n为大于1的自然数,且m>n;X为Cl或Br;
其制备方法步骤如下:1)长链氯代烷烃与乙醇胺在碱性条件下发生取代反应生成含羟基的叔胺;2)上述1)得到的反应液不经处理,直接加入3-对甲苯磺酰氧甲基-3-乙基-氧杂环丁烷进行取代反应,经重结晶得到含叔胺基团的单体;3)上述2)所得单体在引发剂和共引发剂的作用下与3-乙基-3-羟甲基-氧杂环丁烷发生阳离子开环共聚后经卤代甲烷处理得到目标化合物式的水溶液;
其中, 步骤1)所用溶剂选自N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、甲苯、二氯甲烷、四氢呋喃,所用的碱选自叔胺、位阻仲胺,碱的用量选自长链氯代烷烃物质的量的1.1~1.5倍;所用催化剂选自碘化钾或碘化钠;
其中,步骤3)所用引发剂为三氟化硼***;共引发剂选自乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、丙三醇,优选乙二醇和1,4丁二醇。
2.根据权利要求1所述的侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐,其特征在于,所述溶剂N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和四氢呋喃。
3.根据权利要求1所述的侧链型水溶性聚季铵盐,其特征在于,所述碱三乙胺和二异丙基乙基胺。
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