CN109155403A - Positive electrode for Li-ion batteries piles - Google Patents

Positive electrode for Li-ion batteries piles Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109155403A
CN109155403A CN201780026948.6A CN201780026948A CN109155403A CN 109155403 A CN109155403 A CN 109155403A CN 201780026948 A CN201780026948 A CN 201780026948A CN 109155403 A CN109155403 A CN 109155403A
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metal oxide
lithium metal
battery
positive electrode
lithium
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CN109155403B (en
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熊仓真
熊仓真一
朱亮
延斯·鲍森
金京玉
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Umicore NV SA
Umicore Korea Ltd
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Umicore NV SA
Umicore Korea Ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of positive electrode compositions for rechargeable battery pack, the composition includes the first powdered lithium metal oxide and the second powdered lithium metal oxide, first lithium metal oxide includes any one or the more persons of Ni, Mn and Co, the second lithium metal oxide powder have it is below any one: formula LixWM’yOz, M ' is the metal with+2 or+trivalent state, wherein 0 < y≤1,3≤x≤4,5≤z≤6, and thus x=(2*z)-[y* (valence state of M)]-(valence state of W).

Description

Positive electrode for Li-ion batteries piles
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of positive electrodes, and it is suitable for rechargeable lithium battery groups.More specifically, this positive electrode contains lithium Heavy metallic oxide provides benefit in stability and the level of interior resistance for full battery.
Background technique
Layered lithium metal oxides are widely used in the business cathode material of Li-ion batteries piles, this, which is mainly due to it, has High capacity.However recently, with the rise of application of the Li-ion batteries piles in portable electronic equipment and electric vehicle, exist pair The tight demand of battery pack with good power performance.Because general layered oxide include lithium and cobalt oxides (LCO) and Lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (NMC), it is therefore necessary to improve its power-performance.Interior resistance is the key that determine this power nature ginseng Number.Resistance is lower, and the limitation that battery pack is encountered when delivering required power is fewer.Therefore, during battery life, interior resistance Growth should be low.
Being also contemplated by the following lithium battery group market will gradually be dominated by automobile application.Automobile application requires great battery Group is expensive and must manufacture under minimum cost as far as possible.Most costs come from cathode, i.e. positive electrode.Automobile electricity Group needs in pond are sustainable to use many years.Battery pack is not always operating during this.Service life length and the both sexes qualitative correlation of battery pack: (a) low capacity during storage is lost, and (b) high circulation stability.
Automobile market includes different main applications.The battery pack needs storage of EV (electric car) can provide several hundred kilometers and drive Sail the energy of range.Therefore battery is very big.Obviously required discharge rate cannot be more than electric discharge completely within a few hours.Therefore It is easy to reach sufficient power density, and without paying special attention to the power-performance for being greatly improved battery pack.In such battery pack Cathode material is needed with high capacity and good calendar life (calendar life).
On the contrary, HEV (hybrid vehicle) then has high specific power requirement.The acceleration and regenerative of electric power auxiliary Brake requires battery pack to discharge or recharge in several seconds.Under these high-speeds, so-called D.C. resistance (Direct Current Resistance) become important.DC resistance or DCR are measured with the pulse test of suitable battery pack.DCR is surveyed Amount is for example illustrated in " Appendix G, H, I and J of the USABC Electric Vehicle Battery Test Procedures " can be found in http://www.uscar.org.USABC represents " United States advanced battery alliance (US Advanced battery consortium) ", and USCAR represents " US Council for Automotive Research department of Commerce (United States Council for Automotive Research)”。
If DCR resistance is small, charge-discharge cycles are high efficiency；And only generate a small amount of resistance heat (ohmic heat). In order to reach these high power requirements, battery pack contains the battery with thin electrodes.This allows (1) Li only to spread short distance, with And (2) current density (every electrode zone) is small, reaches high power and low DCR.These high-power battery groups have sternly cathode material Lattice requirement: it can must maintain high electric discharge or charge rate by lacking as far as possible to the total battery pack DCR of promotion.Past, There is the problem of improvement cathode DCR resistance.In addition, limitation DCR, which is improved, becomes problem during the long-term operation of battery pack.
The automobile batteries group of third seed type is the battery pack for PHEV (plug-in hybrid-power automobile).To power It is required that being less than HEV, but more much bigger than EV type.
In order to improve the power-performance of Li-ion battery pack, many methods have been attempted to reduce the interior resistance of battery, especially It is the interior resistance for reducing positive electrode side.A kind of main method is the metal-doped of active positive electrode material.Specifically, some Patent discloses the doping of opposite heavy metal.The open Li in the U.S. the US2007/0212607th1+x(NiyCozMn1-y-z)1-xO2Zr The DC electrical resistance property for improveing Li-ion batteries piles is adulterated with Nb.It is open mutually similar in U.S. the 2012/0276446th Mo, Ta and W of the NMC material of type are adulterated, and reduce the DC resistance of battery pack.These heavy metal elements can have high-valence state, all Such as four valence states, five valence states or hexavalent state, and many oxides can be formed with Li, this type oxide has different lithium and metal Ratio.By the way that by these element dopings, into active positive electrode material, lithium heavy metallic oxide can be formed in such positive electrode On the surface of material, and therefore play the role of supporting Li diffusion and inhibit the side reaction with electrolyte, can further drop The interior resistance of low battery pack.
Another relevant method is that lithium heavy metallic oxide is added in the slurry of positive electrode, such as the U.S. the 2015/th Described in No. 0021518.The slurry addition of several moles of % lithium tungsten oxides reduces the initial DC electricity of NMC and NCA/ carbon battery Resistance.However, will such as be shown below, DC resistance growth of these batteries during circulation is important.
The present invention is directed to further develop the positive electrode system for containing layered lithium metal oxides as active material, and Electrode has low interior resistance during battery cyclic and storage in the positive electrode system, while maintaining high capacity and well stablizing Property.
Summary of the invention
For first aspect, the present invention can provide following product embodiments:
Embodiment 1: a kind of positive electrode composition for rechargeable battery pack, the composition include the first powdered lithium gold Belong to oxide and the second powdered lithium metal oxide, first lithium metal oxide include Ni, Mn and Co any one or it is more Person, the second lithium metal oxide powder have formula LixWMyOz, M is the metal with+2 or+trivalent state, wherein 0 < y≤1,3≤ X≤4,5≤z≤6, thus x=(2*z)-[y* (valence state of M)]-(valence state of W).In embodiment, the positive electrode composition packet Include the first powdered lithium metal oxide and the second powdered lithium metal oxide, first lithium metal oxide include Ni, Mn, With any one or the more persons of Co, and second lithium metal oxide includes W-M, and wherein M is any one or the more persons of Ni and Mg, and The amount of Li in second lithium metal oxide is 60 and 80 moles of % of the cation in second lithium metal oxide Between.W is the chemical symbol of tungsten.In different equivalent embodiments, second lithium metal oxide can have different from this The chemical composition of one lithium metal oxide；Second lithium metal oxide can not have electro-chemical activity；The second lithium metal oxygen Compound can be electrochemically neutral；Second lithium metal oxide can have < 1.66 and O/Li molar ratio preferably≤1.5；And it should Second lithium metal oxide has the O/Li molar ratio between 4/3 and 3/2.
Embodiment 2: such as the positive electrode composition of embodiment 1, wherein the first lithium metal oxide powder has general formula Lix” (N1-y”N’y”)2-x”O2, wherein x "=0.9 to 1.1,0≤y " < 0.1, wherein N is any one or the more persons of Ni, Mn and Co, and N ' It is any one or the more persons of Ca, Mg, Al and Ti.In equivalent embodiment, which can be doping (N ') or undoped lithium Ni-Mn-Co oxide, or can be the lithium cobalt oxide of any one or more persons doping through Ca, Mg, Al and Ti Compound.Again in this embodiment, which can further comprise the second dopant less than 2mol%, Second dopant come it is freely following composed by any one or the more persons that organize: Zr, Cr, V, Fe, Ga, F, P, C, Cl, S, Si, Ba, Y, B, Sn, Sb, Na and Zn.
Embodiment 3: such as the positive electrode composition of embodiment 2, wherein N=NiaMnbCoc, wherein 0.2≤a≤0.7,0.2≤ B≤0.7, and 0.1≤c≤0.4.It in such embodiments, can also be N=NiaMnbCoc, wherein 0.3≤a≤0.6,0.2≤ B≤0.4, and 0.2≤c≤0.4.
Embodiment 4: the positive electrode composition, wherein M is any one of Ni and Mg.
Embodiment 5: the positive electrode composition, wherein the second lithium metal oxide powder is Li4MgWO6And Li4NiWO6 Any one.
Embodiment 6: the positive electrode composition, the wherein weight of second lithium metal oxide and first lithium metal oxide Measuring ratio is between 1/20 and 1/200.If the weight ratio is more than 1/20, the capacity of the positive electrode is become negatively affected, And if the weight ratio is lower than 1/200, electrochemistry of second lithium metal oxide to the full battery for including the positive electrode The effect of energy is suboptimum.
Embodiment 7: the positive electrode composition, wherein second lithium metal oxide and first lithium metal oxide D50 ratio is between 1/100 and 9/100.The D50 of second lithium metal oxide and first lithium metal oxide or in Value partial size is to be selected to reach the fine dispersion in electrode powder in this embodiment.
Embodiment 8: such as the positive electrode composition of embodiment 8, wherein the particle of the second lithium metal oxide powder is fixed In hole on the surface of the first lithium metal oxide particle, or between such first lithium metal oxide particle.
Embodiment 9: the positive electrode composition comprising the second lithium metal oxide powder between 0.5 and 5wt% End.
Each of individual product embodiments described above can be with one or more product embodiments for describing before it In conjunction with.
For second aspect, the present invention can provide following methods embodiments:
Embodiment 10: one kind is used to prepare according to any one of claim 1 to 10 for rechargeable battery pack Positive electrode method comprising the following steps:
A) the first lithium metal oxide powder is provided, with general formula Lix”(N1-y”N’y”)2-x”O2, wherein x "=0.9 to 1.1,0≤y " < 0.1, wherein N is any one or the more persons of Ni, Mn and Co；And N ' be Ca, Mg, Al and Ti any one or it is more Person；
B) the second lithium metal oxide powder is provided, with formula LixWMyOz, M is the metal with+2 or+trivalent state, In 0 < y≤1,3≤x≤4,5≤z≤6, thus x=(2*z)-[y* (valence state of M)]-(valence state of W)；
C) by mix in organic solvent the first lithium metal oxide powder, the second lithium metal oxide powder, Binder and conductive agent prepare slurry；
D) drying composite；And
E) mixture is coated on current collector.
In one embodiment, this method has following step b): providing the second lithium metal oxide powder including W-M End, wherein M is any one of Ni and Mg, and the amount of the Li in second lithium metal oxide is aoxidized between second lithium metal Between 60 and 80 moles of % of the cation in object.In different equivalent embodiments, which can have Different from the chemical composition of first lithium metal oxide；Second lithium metal oxide can non-electroactive；Second lithium Metal oxide can be electrochemically neutral；Second lithium metal oxide can have < 1.66 and preferably≤1.5 O/Li moles Than；And second lithium metal oxide has the O/Li molar ratio between 4/3 and 3/2.It, should in other equivalent embodiments First lithium metal oxide powder can be doping (N ') or undoped lithium Ni-Mn-Co oxide, or can for through Ca, Mg, Al and The lithium and cobalt oxides of any one or more persons doping of Ti.Again in this embodiment, which can be into one Step includes the second dopant less than 2mol%, which comes freely either one or two of following composed group or more A element: Zr, Cr, V, Fe, Ga, F, P, C, Cl, S, Si, Ba, Y, B, Sn, Sb, Na and Zn.
Embodiment 11: this method, wherein the first lithium metal oxide powder has general formula Lix”(N1-y”N’y”)2-x”O2, Wherein N=NiaMnbCoc, wherein 0.2≤a≤0.7,0.2≤b≤0.7, and 0.1≤c≤0.4.
Embodiment 12: this method, wherein the second lithium metal oxide powder is Li4MgWO6And Li4NiWO6Any Person.
Embodiment 13: this method, wherein the weight ratio of second lithium metal oxide and first lithium metal oxide be Between 1/20 and 1/200.
Embodiment 14: this method, wherein the second lithium metal oxide powder is the process preparation to include the following steps:
The mixture of lithium predecessor, W- predecessor and M or M ' predecessor is provided；
It is sintered the mixture in the temperature between 500 and 1100 DEG C, and
It mills the mixture through being sintered to less than the size of 1 μ.
The respective of individual method embodiment described above can be with one or more embodiment of the method knots for describing before it It closes.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1: the charged state of DC resistance of the fresh full battery at 25 DEG C；
Fig. 2: the charged state of DC resistance of the fresh full battery at -10 DEG C；
Fig. 3: cycle life of the full battery at 25 DEG C；
Fig. 4: cycle life of the full battery at 45 DEG C；
Fig. 5: the DCR during being recycled at 25 DEG C；
Fig. 6: the DCR during being recycled at 45 DEG C；
Fig. 7: the recovery capacity (%) after HT is stored 1 month and 2 months at 60 DEG C；
Fig. 8: the capacity after HT is stored 1 month and 2 months at 60 DEG C retains (%)；
Fig. 9: the DC resistance after HT is stored 1 month and 2 months at 60 DEG C increases (%)；
Figure 10: the SEM image of the positive electrode of the MW- battery under 2500 times of magnifying powers after 2000 circulations；
Figure 11: (center pattern), (top in the Nb- battery (after 2000 circulations) through recycling in fresh Nb- battery Portion's pattern) electrode XRD diagram case and Li3NbO4The XRD diagram case of (bottom pattern).
Specific embodiment
The present invention is provided to the positive electrodes of rechargeable lithium ion batteries group, can be in the electricity under room temperature and elevated operating temperature Low interior resistance, high capacity and good stability are maintained during the circulation and storage of pond group.It obtains in the present invention such desired Property key factor be by by additive be incorporated into positive electrode slurry come in electrod composition using suitably adding Add object.Such slurry usually contains binder (such as poly- vinylidene difluoride (PVDF)), solvent (such as N- methyl -2- Pyrrolizidine Ketone (NMP)) and additive (such as carbon black) for improveing electric conductivity.In the present invention, using additional additive.It is With general formula LixHmM’yOz, and the heavy metallic oxide with following formula more specifically: LixWMyOz, wherein M, which is represented, has valence The metallic element of state+2 or+3, and wherein 0 < y≤1,3≤x≤4,5≤z≤6, thus x=(2*z)-[y* (valence state of M)]-(W Valence state).In embodiment, lithium heavy metal has formula Li4MgWO6Or Li4NiWO6, wherein M ' has 2+ valence state.
The present invention observes, when in the slurry that lithium heavy metallic oxide is added to positive electrode during prepared by full battery When, battery obtained shows much better electrical resistance property, illustrates that battery has low initial electricity during circulation and storage Resistance and low resistance increase.In instances, Li4MgWO6Or Li4NiWO6As the additive in positive electrode.At a room temperature and a high temperature Loop test in, and at 60 DEG C high-temperature storage test in, will with these electrodes battery and electrode in do not have The full battery of additive compares.
Automobile batteries group is expensive, and therefore speculates that it continues many years.Cathode material must satisfy several requirements.This Place, these requirements are summarised as " battery life (battery life) " requirement by the inventors of the present invention, because battery life is not It is a simple property.In real life, battery pack is stored with different charged states (during driving or in dwelling period Between), and during driving, it is charged and discharged under different temperatures and different voltages.For exploitation purpose, in current conditions Lower test battery many years will be impossible.In order to accelerate test speed, using " accelerated aging (accelerated life) " Test, research cause the different mechanisms of limited storage life.Such as with constant charging and discharging rate test battery pack, to survey It measures " cyclical stability (cycle stability) ".Can under different voltages range, temperature and current rate test loop it is steady It is qualitative.Under these different conditions, the different mechanisms for causing capacitance loss can be observed.For example, slow circulation at high temperature Main performance chemical stability, and in terms of Rapid Circulation at low temperature shows dynamics.In addition, reporting institute according to the present invention The cyclical stability result of the cathode of the real full battery of preparation.Test be 2.7 to 4.2V voltage range, 25 and 45 DEG C It is executed under temperature and 1C charging -1C discharge rate.Because battery pack may operate at relatively high temperatures, for high temperature The requirement of cyclical stability is tightened up.Automobile batteries group battery containing there are many, is controlled by batteries management system.In order to reduce System cost, simpler batteries management system are desired.One contribution of cost is heating/cooling system, really Battery is protected to operate at moderate temperatures.At low temperature, underpower possessed by battery pack, however at high temperature, stable circulation Property become problem.It is apparent that if automobile cathode material not only also supports stable follow at 25 DEG C but also at a higher temperature Ring, then system cost can reduce.
Capacitance loss (by measurement residue or retention capacity) of the testing research after extending storage is stored, and is recharged Measured recovery capacity afterwards.In addition, measuring resistance and being compared it with initial value.During the increase of resistance is storage The important results of cell damage, because it directly affects power capacity.DCR measurement is also electricity during detection (and extrapolation) storage The very sensitive tool that (or will occur) is not the degree of desired side reaction has occurred in pond.For accelerated test, storage Depositing is carried out at a high temperature of high voltage (through fully charged under wherein battery is initially at 4.35V) and 60 DEG C, and acceleration is not institute Desired side reaction.However, the test of capacity and DCR after storage usually carries out at room temperature.It is surveyed in addition, reporting storage Examination as a result, it is shown in after storing at 60 DEG C, measured recovery capacity and retention capacity at 25 DEG C.It also reported storage DCR measurement result afterwards, and chart will show the relative value measured compared to the DCR before storage.
As a result the benefit of additive is demonstrated, additive reduces resistance and increases and improve circulation ability and storage stability. In addition, the electro-chemical test of battery obtains the initial capacity and energy characteristics of battery during forming step, display has addition The maintained capacity of the battery of object close to do not have additive according to the present invention reference battery.Therefore, additive will not The volumetric properties of full battery are made to degrade.The mechanism that initial DCR and DCR during reducing circulation by the additive advocated increase Speculated that being related to solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) forms.Unexpectedly, observe that additive is maintained at just after full battery test In electrode, and high-valency metal is partly dissolved.This phenomenon can be shown that has occurred " Solution reprecipitation during circulation (dissolution-re-precipitation) " process.This class process can tend to produce the institute's phase for helping to reduce interior resistance The surface of prestige.High-valence state and dissolution can be supported by having big lithium content in phase.
In the present invention, it was found that, the additive containing lower valency metal, which can further enhance, to be reduced resistance growth and changes The positive effect of good cycle life.Below in test, a kind of full battery contains additive Li4MgWO6, another full battery contains There is Li4NiWO6, and the third battery contains Li4WO5.In cycle life and the increased aspect of resistance, contain Li4MgWO6With Li4NiWO6Battery better than contain Li4WO5Battery.Thereby it is preferred that selecting the in addition lithium huge sum of money containing lower valency metal Belong to oxide additive.
Additive particle according to the present invention can be mutually scattered in positive electrode in separated.It is noted that these additive grains Son is not thermodynamically stable, and can simply be decomposed under high-temperature process.Additive material of the invention can be anti-by solid-state It should prepare.In one embodiment, this method is using M ' predecessor (such as MgO, NiO, Ni (OH)2, etc.), lithium forerunner Object (usually Li2CO3) and Hm predecessor (oxide such as WO3、Nb2O5) simple solid-state reaction.The amount of stoichiometry M ', Hm and 2% excessive Li predecessor (higher than the amount of stoichiometry) are through mixing, then in oxygen-containing atmosphere such as air It fires.Excessive Li is useful, because may lose Li when preparing at high temperature.Sintering temperature is answered high enough to having allowed Whole reaction and microcrystal are formed, but are not answered excessively high to avoid excess agglomeration.Preferred range be between 500 DEG C with 1100 DEG C it Between.In one embodiment, temperature range is 900 DEG C to 1100 DEG C (for material containing Ni) and 600 DEG C to 800 DEG C (for containing Mg material).Material obtained is dispersed in acetone simultaneously ball milling 24 hours, is then dried in an oven overnight.In a reality Apply in example, the secondary particle of sub-micron be disperse in the slurry it is desired.Sub-micron can help to reach second level grain The good distribution of son in the slurry, and further increase the contact between additive particle and active cathode material particle, it is believed that It is beneficial to reduce battery cyclic during positive electrode interior resistance growth.
The active material of positive electrode according to the present invention can be the layered lithium metal oxides with O3 structure, have logical Formula Lix(M1-yM’y)2-xO2, wherein x=0.9 to 1.1,0≤y < 0.1, wherein M is any one or the more persons of Mn, Co and Ni；And M ' is any one or the more persons of Mg, Al and Ti.In embodiment, active material is Lia[Ni0.34Mn0.33Co0.33]2-aO2Powder, Wherein a=1.06 to 1.09.Other kinds of active material is Li1.08M0.92O2, wherein M=Ni0.38Mn0.29Co0.33O2； Li1.03M0.97O2, wherein M=Ni0.50Mn0.30Co0.20O2；And Li1.01M0.99O2, wherein M=Ni0.60Mn0.20Co0.20O2。
Electrode slurry according to the present invention containing active material and additive further contains solvent, binder and leads Electric additive, and can be used such as Liu et al. people in " An effective mixing for lithium ion battery Slurries ", Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, discussed in 2014,4,515-528 Well-known way preparation.Slurry is coated on current collector by known method.The positive electrode in the present invention includes as a result, (after the solvent is vaporised):
There is formula Lix(N1-yN’y)2-xO2Active material, wherein x=0.9 to 1.1,0≤y < 0.1, wherein N be Mn, Any one or the more persons of Co and Ni；And N ' is any one or the more persons of Mg, Al and Ti；
- 0.5 to 5wt%, and preferably 1 to 2wt% additive, with formula LixHmM’yOz, as mentioned before；
- 5 to 7wt% carbon is usually conductive carbon black；
The fluorinated polymer of -10wt% is usually PVDF；
Current collector is usually Al foil.
Wt% is showed with the total weight of the material being coated on current collector.This positive electrode can be used for chargeable In Li-ion batteries piles, such rechargeable lithium ion batteries group have benefited from circulation during low initial resistance and low resistance increase, And high capacity and long circulation life.
The method for detailing and shaping full battery in example and analyzing such full battery is described below:
A) full battery makes
650mAh pouch-type battery: I is prepared by following two step.Slurry production and coating and II.Full battery assembling.
I.Slurry production and coating
By in nmp solution by the mass production Li of 700g1.09[Ni0.34Mn0.33Co0.33]0.91O2(D50=7 μm) powder Super of the end (coming from Umicore Korea) with NMP, 47.19gThe base of (conductive carbon black of Timcal) and 393.26g It is mixed in the binder of 10wt%PVDF to prepare slurry.Mixture is set to mix 2.5hrs in planetary-type mixer.It is mixing Period adds additional NMP and 1wt% additive according to the present invention.Mixture is transferred to Disper mixer, and 1.5hrs is mixed under further NMP addition.The general total amount of NMP used is about 425g.Final solid in the slurry contains Amount is about 65wt%.Slurry is transferred to coating line, in the coated electrode in the two sides that coating line prepares current collector.Electricity Pole surface is smooth.Electrode load is 9.6mg/cm2.By roll squeezer electrode pressing to reach about 3.2g/cm3Electrode it is close Degree.Electrode be used to prepare as described below bag-type battery type (pouch cell type) full battery.
II.Full battery assembling
To achieve the purpose that battery testing, by prepared positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode, generally graphite mould Carbon) and porosity electrical insulating film (as separator) assembling.Full battery is prepared by following key step:
A) electrode cutting: after NMP coating, electrode active material can be cut by cutting machine.Electrode width and length It is to be determined according to battery pack application；
B) load onto contact pin (tab): there are two types of contact pin.Aluminium contact pin is attached to positive electrode (cathode), and copper contact pin is attached to negative Electrode (anode)；
C) pole drying: in vacuum drying oven by prepared positive electrode (cathode) and negative electrode (anode) at 85 DEG C extremely Dry 8hrs at 120 DEG C；
D) film coiling: film is manufactured using curling machine after pole drying.Film is by least negative electrode (anode), more Permeability electrical insulating film (separator) and positive electrode (cathode) are formed；
E) it encapsulates: prepared film being incorporated in 650mAh battery with aluminium laminated film package material, form bag-type battery. In addition, non-aqueous electrolytic solution is made to be impregnated with 8hrs at room temperature.Equally at room temperature, by battery pack with the 15% of its theoretical capacity Precharge and aging 1 day.The pressure of subsequent use -760mm Hg is sealed by battery pack degasification 30 seconds, and by aluminium bag.
F) formed: sealed battery pack is through preparation for using as follows: battery pack is used 0.25C (wherein 1C= Electric current 650mA) charges to 4.2V with CC/CV mode (constant current/constant voltage), and wherein termination condition is for cut-off current C/20.Battery pack is then discharged to blanking voltage under 0.5C rate with CC mode as 2.7V.Finally, by battery pack in 0.5C C- rate under 4.2V charged back to CC/CV mode.After the forming steps, the full battery for being 100% by SOC (charged state) It is considered as " fresh cells (fresh cell) ", prepares for hereafter " full battery loop test (Full cell cycling test)”。
G) aging: the full battery after forming step is stored seven days at room temperature, commonly referred to as " Aging Step (aging step)”。
H) final charging: then, by the full battery through aging as follows with " final charging (final charge) " process at Reason: battery pack is discharged to 2.7V using the electric current (wherein 1C=650mA) of 0.5C with CC mode, is then existed with CC/CV mode It is 4.2V that blanking voltage is charged under 1C rate, and wherein termination condition is 0.05C.By battery pack with CC under the C- rate of 0.2C Mode is further discharged to 2.7V, and is finally charged under 1C rate with CC/CV mode about 40 minutes, to obtain 50% SOC (charged state).Battery pack after final charge step is prepared to be used for " full battery HT- storage test (Full cell hereafter HT-storage test)”。
B) full battery loop test
Lithium second level full battery battery pack after " formation " step (f) is filled (at 25 DEG C and 45 DEG C) under the following conditions Electricity and electric discharge several times, to determine its charge-discharge cycles performance:
With CC mode in 1C rate down toward 4.2V, then with CV mode until reaching C/20 executes charging,
Then battery is arranged and stands 10min,
It carries out being discharged to 2.7V under 1C rate with CC mode,
Then battery is arranged and stands 10min,
Continue charge-discharge cycles, until battery pack reaches 80% retention capacity.
Every 100 circulations, carry out being discharged to 2.7V with CC mode under 0.2C rate.The retention capacity that n-th is recycled It is calculated as that the ratio of discharge capacity obtained is recycled and recycled for the 1st time in n-th.
This test is generally used for automobile application, and battery pack may operate at relatively high temperatures in automotive vehicles applications, so right It is tightened up in the requirement of high temperature circulation stability.
C) full battery DCR is tested
DC resistance is derived from the voltage responsive to current impulse, and used program is according to USABC standard (United States Advanced Battery Consortium LLC).DC resistance is extremely related to practical application, because data are available Fading rate is extrapolated to future to predict battery life, furthermore DC resistance damages detecting electrode extremely sensitive, because electric Solution matter can be precipitated as the superficial layer of low electrical conductivity with the reaction product reacted between anode or cathode.DCR test will not generate list One value, but its value is the charged state (SOC) with battery pack and changes.For NMC cathode, DCR under low charged state on It rises, and is then fair or display minimum value under high charge state.High charge state refers to charged battery pack, low charging shape State refers to the battery pack through discharging.DCR is dependent on temperature strongly.Especially at low temperature, cathode becomes aobvious to the contribution of the DCR of battery It writes, therefore low-temperature measurement is quite selective to the improvement of observation DCR, the improvement of DCR can be directly attributed to the table of cathode material It is existing.In instances, report uses the DCR result of the cathode of the real full battery (full cell) of material according to the present invention.Generally For, the variation from 20 to 90% of SOC, and tested between 25 DEG C to -10 DEG C of representative temperature.
D) full battery HT- storage test
In order to test and monitor the stability of the cathode material based on NMC at high temperature, charge-discharge cycles are generally used And the method by battery storage at high temperature.When it is to be used, it can be common that battery pack is exposed to one section of hot environment Time, therefore check that the stability for the battery pack for working at high temperature and storing is important.It, first will be electric in storage test Pond charges to high blanking voltage, is then stored under high temperature (such as 60 DEG C).During high-temperature storage, occur to survey with high voltage cycle Similar parasitic reaction in examination.As blanking voltage increases, side reaction accelerates and leads to the quick self discharge of battery.This phenomenon can Measured retention capacity is observed after the voltage decline and storage during storage.In storage test, usually before storage With after storage a period of time with a charge/discharge cycle treatment of battery, to check the stability of battery via inducing capacity fading.It protects Retention capacity and recovery capacity are the parameters of the stability of two assessment batteries, are from the charging capacity and discharge capacity after storage It calculates.Currently, restoring capacity tends to the sole criterion property for being considered as judging storge quality, and retention capacity tends to be neglected Depending on.This originates from following idea, as long as i.e. battery rechargeable, there is no need to worry residual capacity.In fact, if by parasitism Quick self discharge caused by reaction occurs during storage, then it can not be observed from capacity is restored, but only from retention capacity It observes.If the battery with this quick self discharge is frequently recharged, battery performance will be since battery be by parasitic anti- It should damage and deteriorate.Therefore, retention capacity is the index for assessing the stability of battery.
In fact, carrying out electro-chemical test to battery at room temperature first to check its initial capacity.Then by battery It is stored in the room with 60 DEG C of temperature.In the case where a month interval, battery is taken out from room, and again at room temperature Carry out electro-chemical test.The information of stability test under the available exposure for a long time at high temperature of this HT- storage test.It is reported The value of announcement is the ratio (being showed with %) of the retention capacity and initial discharge capacity after storage and the recovery capacity after storage and first The ratio (being showed with %) of beginning discharge capacity.In the present invention, in " final charging " step (h) prepared 650mAh pocket type afterwards Battery is to be tested according to the process in table 1 by high-temperature storage.
The process of table 1.HT storage test
Battery is tested in two storage circulations.There is before storage cycle and respectively a charge/discharge after storage cycle Circulation, to calculate retention capacity and restore capacity.Retention capacity after storage 1 is obtained by the PDQ2 of the step 7 in table 1, And the recovery capacity after storage 1 can be measured from the DQ2 of the step 9 in table 1.For the storge quality of more different batteries, by this Two parameters are standardized by DQ1.So
Normalised retention capacity=PDQ2/DQ1 of storage 1；
Normalised recovery capacity=DQ2/DQ1 of storage 1.
The present invention further illustrates in following Examples:
Example 1: the formation data and DCR of fresh full battery
This example describes electrode additive to effect below:
Forming step (f) (referring to A) full battery make) during full battery capacity property and
The DCR of fresh NMC- full battery (prepared full battery after=forming step).
Full battery is marked as follows:
The full battery of no added object in the slurry of positive electrode: Ref- battery；
Li is added in slurry4WO5Full battery: W- battery, as described in U.S. the 2015/0021518th；
Li is added in slurry4MgWO6Full battery: MW- battery；
Li is added in slurry4NiWO6Full battery: NW- battery.
The electrochemical properties of the display of table 2 these batteries when being prepared during forming step.With object no added in slurry Ref- battery is compared, and all batteries with additive all have slightly lower capacity and energy density.It is clear that , capacity and energy loss brought by additive be significant.
The electrochemical properties of the full battery during formation of table 2.
Coulombic efficiency (%): the energy removed during electric discharge from battery pack is compared between energy used during charging Ratio (with %, for charge-discharge cycles).It is from the capacity in discharge capacity and same loop in circulation for the first time Ratio obtains.
Average voltage (V): the average voltage during electric discharge
Volume energy density (Wh/L): the battery pack of per unit volume as voltage and putting in such voltage range The storage batteries pool-size of the product of capacitance
Gravimetric energy density (Wh/kg): the battery pack of per unit mass as voltage and in such voltage range The storage batteries pool-size of the product of discharge capacity
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 be respectively displayed on 25 DEG C at room temperature and in a low temperature of -10 DEG C each charged state (SOC) it is fresh The DC resistance result of battery.In the various figures, by the DC resistance of battery (with " mOhm " performance) to charged state (with full charge Percentage) mapping.At 25 DEG C, compared to the reference battery of object no added in positive electrode, Li4WO5、Li4MgWO6And Li4NiWO6Addition reduce DC resistance, and Li3NbO4Addition to limiting resistance almost without any benefit.In low charging shape In state, the DC resistance at -10 DEG C of the battery through slurry modification is quite similar and all lower compared to reference battery. In high charge state, the effect of the DC resistance at p- 10 DEG C is less significant.Li4WO5And Li4MgWO6Addition have it is best Total result.
Therefore, the electro-chemical test of fresh cells above is proved, lithium heavy metal oxidation compounds is added to positive electricity There are not apparent negative effect, and some additives such as Li to capacity and energy density in extremely4WO5、Li4NiWO6And Li4MgWO6 Show desired DCR property.In view of the intended purpose of full battery, it will therefore be apparent that for having before dense circulating than knot The battery of fruit, the result that cyclical stability and DCR- during circulation develop is more important, as shown in following instance.
Example 2: the cyclical stability and DCR of full battery
This example is presented on lithium heavy metallic oxide in the aspect of the differentiation of the cyclical stability during recycling and DC resistance Effect of the additive to full battery.Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 is given at 25 DEG C and 45 DEG C respectively and follows in the voltage range of 4.2V to 2.7V The cycle life of the full battery of the example 1 of ring.In Fig. 3, during 1400 circulations, the circulation longevity of the battery through electrode modification Life is similar to reference electrode, and for cyclical stability at room temperature, the benefit of additive seems to be not obvious.However in Fig. 4 In, compared to the W- battery and Ref- battery of background technique, preferable cycle performance is presented in MW- battery and NW- battery.So can Infer, the cyclical stability that is added to of lithium nickel tungsten oxide, lithium manganese tungsten oxide and lithium niobium oxide brings advantage, compares lithium The addition of tungsten oxide is more significant.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 is respectively displayed at 25 DEG C and 45 DEG C the DC that every 100 circulations are measured during the circulation of full battery Resistance.The DC resistance of each battery increases during circulation.Ref- battery compared to 25 DEG C, Nb- battery and NW- battery have class Type performance, and MW- battery increases with the smallest DCR.However, the DCR growth of W- battery at room temperature is worst.Therefore, in room Under temperature, even if W- battery has the smallest initial DCR (referring to Fig. 1), but its DCR increases maximum, deteriorates cycle performance. At relatively high temperatures, the performance that the DCR of all batteries increases is quite similar.
Therefore, in the loop test of full battery, Li in positive electrode4MgWO6Or Li4NiWO6Addition cause improvement much Circulation ability and good DC resistance.These additive ratios Li4WO5It is more effective and beneficial.
The stability and DCR of full battery during example 3:HT is stored
This example illustrates that lithium heavy metallic oxide additive is to complete about the capacity and DC resistance during high-temperature storage test The effect of battery.Fig. 7 is shown in the recovery capacity of the full battery of example 1 after storage given time period at 60 DEG C.Have three in the figure Group column, and each group corresponds to the recovery capacity result after different storage periods." 1M " indicates that " 2M " refers to two simultaneously one month A month.In each group, the different NMC- full battery of digital representation on column top.Recovery capacity is watched after a storage in month, All full batteries all have very similar as a result, its additive indicated in slurry does not make to restore capacity degradation.Longer In the case where storage time, all recovery capacity fail quickly.Compared with Ref- battery, W- battery has smaller value, and Other batteries through slurry modification have higher recovery capacity.Therefore, in the aspect of recovery capacity after storage, in positive electrode Add Li4MgWO6Or Li4NiWO6Positive effect can be brought, NW- battery has optimum.
Fig. 8 is shown in the retention capacity of the NMC- full battery at 60 DEG C after storage given time period in table 2.It watches one month With the retention capacity after storage in two months, all full batteries through slurry modification are all had compared to the higher value of Ref- battery. In modified battery, Li4MgWO6And Li4NiWO6Adding battery has highest retention capacity.Therefore, in the reservation of storage In the aspect of capacity, Li is added in positive electrode4MgWO6Or Li4NiWO6It can cause the performance of improvement.
Fig. 9 is shown in be stored one month and the DC resistance increased percentage of the full battery of example 1 after two months at 60 DEG C.It is bright Aobvious, for each storage period, the DC resistance of MW- battery and NW- battery increases the value that % is respectively less than Ref- battery.NW- The resistance of battery increase % be it is optimal, the growth of W- battery is worse than reference battery.Therefore, Li4MgWO6And Li4NiWO6Addition Object is hopeful to be applied in NMC- full battery, and the DC resistance during being stored with reduction increases and modified storage stability.
Therefore, be discussed above determined NMC- full battery circulation, HT- storage (it is high circulation and storage stability), And Li in the test of DC resistance growth4MgWO6And Li4NiWO6Benefit brought by additive.
The phase of additive after 4:25 DEG C of example circulation
This example proves that electrode additive introduced in slurry remains in electrode after the loop test of full battery. The MW- battery of example 2 is dismantled after 2000 circulations first.Positive electrode by scanning electron microscope analysis through recycling Form.This measurement is 9.6 × 10-5Pass through JEOL JSM 7100F scanning electron microscope under the vacuum of Pa at 25 DEG C (SEM) equipment executes.The spectrum of element is the energy dispersion X-ray spectrum by using SEM equipment in the powder of positive electrode (EDS) it analyzes.Figure 10 is given at the back scattered electron shadow of the positive electrode of the MN- battery under 2500 times of magnifying powers through recycling Picture.Small particles seemingly Li4MgWO6Particle, and big spherical particle is active NMC material.Four areas are selected in EDS test Domain (referring to Figure 10) provides the information in the element wherein found.Table 3 enumerates the summation of the transition metal in W and NMC Molar ratio percentage and W and Mg molar ratio percentage.
The molar ratio in the seleced region of the table 3.SEM/EDS MW- battery obtained through recycling
Spectral position W/ (Ni+Mn+Co)/mol% W/Mg/mol%
#1 0.0 ---
#2 10.3 75.8
#3 0.0 ---
#4 0.1 75.0
Show that region 1 and region 3 only have trace W, instruction additive does not diffuse in NMC particle, and protects It holds in upper or hole between particles on the surface of the particle, as proved by the result in region 2 and region 4.The ratio of W and Mg Less than compound L i4MgWO6In its initial value, it is believed that it is since W is partly dissolved in electrolyte during circulation.It is molten Solution can be related to certain reactions, the reduction that DCR can be helped to increase.According to SEM and EDS as a result, can confirm after loop test, Electrode additive is still in positive electrode, so additive compound can non-electroactive.

Claims (14)

1. a kind of positive electrode composition for rechargeable battery pack, the composition includes the first powdered lithium metal oxide With the second powdered lithium metal oxide, first lithium metal oxide includes any one or the more persons of Ni, Mn and Co, institute The second lithium metal oxide powder is stated with formula LixWMyOz, M is the metal with+2 or+trivalent state, wherein 0 < y≤1,3≤x≤ 4,5≤z≤6, thus x=(2*z)-[y* (valence state of M)]-(valence state of W).
2. positive electrode composition according to claim 1, wherein the first lithium metal oxide powder has general formula Lix” (N1-y”N’y”)2-x”O2, wherein x "=0.9 to 1.1,0≤y " < 0.1, wherein N is any one or the more persons of Ni, Mn and Co, and And N ' is any one or the more persons of Ca, Mg, Al and Ti.
3. positive electrode composition according to claim 2, wherein N=NiaMnbCoc, wherein 0.2≤a≤0.7,0.2≤b ≤ 0.7, and 0.1≤c≤0.4.
4. positive electrode composition according to claim 1, wherein M is any one of Ni and Mg.
5. positive electrode composition according to claim 1, wherein the second lithium metal oxide powder is Li4MgWO6With Li4NiWO6Any one.
6. positive electrode composition according to claim 1, wherein second lithium metal oxide and first lithium gold The weight ratio for belonging to oxide is between 1/20 and 1/200.
7. positive electrode composition according to claim 1, wherein second lithium metal oxide and first lithium gold The D50 ratio for belonging to oxide is between 1/100 and 9/100.
8. positive electrode composition according to claim 7, wherein the particle of the second lithium metal oxide powder is fixed In hole on the surface of the first lithium metal oxide particle, or between the first lithium metal oxide particle.
9. positive electrode composition according to claim 1 comprising second lithium gold between 0.5 and 5wt% Belong to oxide powder.
10. a kind of side for being used to prepare the positive electrode according to any one of claim 1 to 9 for rechargeable battery pack Method comprising the following steps:
A) the first lithium metal oxide powder is provided, with general formula Lix”(N1-y”N’y”)2-x”O2, wherein x "=0.9 to 1.1,0 ≤ y " < 0.1, wherein N is any one or the more persons of Ni, Mn and Co；And N ' is any one or the more persons of Ca, Mg, Al and Ti；
B) the second lithium metal oxide powder is provided, with formula LixWMyOz, M is the metal with+2 or+trivalent state, wherein 0 < Y≤1,3≤x≤4,5≤z≤6, thus x=(2*z)-[y* (valence state of M)]-(valence state of W)；
C) by mix in organic solvent the first lithium metal oxide powder, the second lithium metal oxide powder, The binder and the conductive agent prepare slurry；
D) the dry mixture；And
E) mixture is coated on current collector.
11. according to the method described in claim 10, wherein the first lithium metal oxide powder has general formula Lix”(N1-y” N’y”)2-x”O2, wherein N=NiaMnbCoc, wherein 0.2≤a≤0.7,0.2≤b≤0.7, and 0.1≤c≤0.4.
12. according to the method described in claim 10, wherein the second lithium metal oxide powder is Li4MgWO6And Li4NiWO6 Any one.
13. according to the method described in claim 10, wherein second lithium metal oxide and first lithium metal oxidation The weight ratio of object is between 1/20 and 1/200.
14. according to the method described in claim 10, wherein the second lithium metal oxide powder is to include the following steps Process preparation:
The mixture of lithium predecessor, W- predecessor and M predecessor is provided；
It is sintered the mixture in the temperature between 500 and 1100 DEG C, and
It mills the mixture through being sintered to less than the size of 1 μ.
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