CN109070038B - 二氧化硅微胶囊及其制备方法 - Google Patents
二氧化硅微胶囊及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109070038B CN109070038B CN201780025742.1A CN201780025742A CN109070038B CN 109070038 B CN109070038 B CN 109070038B CN 201780025742 A CN201780025742 A CN 201780025742A CN 109070038 B CN109070038 B CN 109070038B
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Abstract
公开了一种微胶囊,所述微胶囊含有:(i)具有活性材料的微胶囊核,和(ii)由第一聚合物和第二聚合物形成的微胶囊壁。第一聚合物是溶胶‑凝胶聚合物。第二聚合物是***胶、超纯胶、明胶、壳聚糖、黄原胶、植物胶、羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基瓜尔胶钠或其组合。第一聚合物和第二聚合物之间的重量比为1:10至10:1。还公开了用于制备微胶囊的方法以及微胶囊用于消费品的用途。
Description
背景技术
微胶囊用于香料、芳香剂和营养物的控释。它们还保护敏感食物成分免于分解。尽管微胶囊技术取得了进展,但是由于适用于食品消费的材料有限,开发食品级的微胶囊仍是一项挑战。
已经使用溶胶-凝胶微胶囊如二氧化硅微胶囊来递送用于个人护理产品如止汗剂产品的香精。参见美国专利号9,044,732以及美国专利申请公开号2012/0104639和2004/0256748。这些微胶囊含有通常在氯化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTAC)的存在下制备的二氧化硅微胶囊壁。二氧化物,作为一种自然丰富的材料,已经被食品及药物管理局(Food and DrugAdministration)和其他健康组织如世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)和欧洲食品***(European Food Safety Authority)认为是安全的食品添加剂。然而,CTAC是非食品级乳化剂。已知的由CTAC和其他非食品级分散剂制备的二氧化硅微胶囊不适合于在食物产品中递送香料。
还使用生物聚合物如蛋白质和多糖来制备微胶囊。参见US2015/0250689。Erni等描述了一种制备蛋白质水凝胶微胶囊的方法。参见Erni等,Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.52,10334-38(2013)。首先利用蛋白质支架形成水凝胶微胶囊。然后将非晶二氧化硅沉积在支架上,得到对有机化合物具有低渗透性的致密壳。该方法需要将水凝胶微胶囊从水相中分离,然后将它们浸入纯液体二氧化硅前体中。参见同上,第10335页。在按照该方法的大规模制造中仍存在挑战,如在分离中消耗的时间延长以及使用大量的昂贵的纯二氧化硅前体。
需要开发这样的微胶囊,其对于食品消费是安全的以高效地递送香料、芳香剂、营养物等,并且可以以有成本效益的方式制造。
发明概述
本发明基于特定的适用于食品的稳定溶胶-凝胶微胶囊的发现。
因此,本发明的一个方面涉及微胶囊,其各自含有(i)含有活性材料的微胶囊核,(ii)由第一聚合物和第二聚合物形成的微胶囊壁,和(iii)任选地食品级分散剂。第一聚合物和第二聚合物之间的重量比为1:10至10:1。
第一聚合物可以是溶胶-凝胶聚合物,例如,包含二氧化硅的硅聚合物、聚二烷基硅氧烷如聚二甲基硅氧烷和聚二乙基硅氧烷等。
示例性的第二聚合物包括但不限于***胶、超纯胶(purity gum ultra)、明胶、壳聚糖、黄原胶、植物胶、羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基瓜尔胶钠及其组合。在一些实施方案中,第二聚合物是以1:5至5:1(例如,1:2至2:1)的重量比存在的***胶和明胶的组合。
食品级分散剂可以选自由以下各项组成的组:皂树皂苷、N-月桂酰基-L-精氨酸乙酯、脱水山梨糖醇酯、卵磷脂、溶血卵磷脂、聚乙氧基化脱水山梨糖醇酯、聚甘油酯、脂肪酸酯、***胶、果胶、角叉菜胶、壳聚糖、硫酸软骨素、纤维素胶、改性淀粉、乳清蛋白、豌豆蛋白、蛋清蛋白、丝蛋白、鱼明胶、猪源或牛源的蛋白质、酯胶、脂肪酸及其组合。典型地,食品级分散剂以微胶囊的0.3至10重量%、优选0.5至5重量%并且更优选1至3重量%的水平存在。
在一些实施方案中,活性材料是香精、前香精(pro-fragrance)、香料、恶臭抵消剂、抗炎剂、麻醉剂、止痛剂、抗病毒剂、抗感染剂、祛痘剂、皮肤光亮剂、驱昆虫剂(insectrepellant)、软化剂(emollient)、皮肤保湿剂、维生素或其衍生物、纳米至微米尺寸的无机固体、聚合物或弹性体颗粒、味道调节剂、益生菌、细胞或其组合。
微胶囊优选地具有直径为1至1000μm(例如,5至500μm、1至250μm和10至200μm)的粒度。在一些实施方案中,微胶囊核:微胶囊壁的重量比可以是50:1至1:2,优选20:1至1:2,并且更优选10:1至1:1。微胶囊核典型地含有50-100重量%的活性材料。微胶囊壁一般包含10-90重量%的第一聚合物和10-90重量%的第二聚合物。
在一些实施方案中,微胶囊具有由与***胶和明胶的凝聚体互锁的二氧化硅的聚合物网络形成的单层微胶囊壁。
在其他实施方案中,微胶囊具有多层的(例如,双层的)微胶囊壁,所述微胶囊壁具有内壁和外壁;囊封活性材料的内壁由二氧化硅聚合物形成;并且覆盖内壁并且与内壁接触的外壁由***胶和明胶的凝聚体形成。
本发明的另一个方面涉及一种制备上述微胶囊中的任一种的方法。该方法包括以下步骤:(a)提供溶胶-凝胶混合物,所述溶胶-凝胶混合物含有(i)分子量为1000-9000的聚硅氧烷,(ii)***胶,(iii)明胶,和(iv)分散于水相中的多个油滴,其中所述油滴中的每一个(具有1至250μm的尺寸)含有活性材料和溶胶-凝胶前体;(b)将所述溶胶-凝胶混合物的pH值保持在1至7以获得微胶囊浆料;和(c)使所述微胶囊浆料固化,由此获得本发明的微胶囊。
可以通过使水与溶胶-凝胶前体反应来获得聚硅氧烷,所述溶胶-凝胶前体选自二氧化硅醇化物单体、或二氧化硅酯单体、或对应于以下通式的烷氧基硅烷单体:(R1O)(R2O)Si(X)(X'),其中X是氢、-OR3或R4;并且X’是氢、-OR5或R6;并且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5和R6中的每一个独立地是H,直链、支链或环状的烷基,或直链、支链或环状的硅氧烷基;并且其中水和溶胶-凝胶前体之间的摩尔比为1:3至3:1。
溶胶-凝胶前体的实例是原硅酸四甲酯、原硅酸四乙酯、二氧化硅低聚物及其组合。
在一些实施方案中,聚硅氧烷具有下式:(R1O)[M(X)a(X')2-aO]nR2,其中a是0、1或2,n是100至1200的整数,并且R1和R2中的每一个独立地是H或C1-C6烷基(例如,甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、正戊基、环戊基、正己基、环己基)。
另一种制备微胶囊的方法包括以下步骤:(a)提供溶胶-凝胶微胶囊混合物,所述溶胶-凝胶微胶囊混合物含有在食品级分散剂的存在下分散于水相中的多个微胶囊,其中所述微胶囊中的每一个具有微胶囊核和微胶囊壁,所述微胶囊核含有活性材料,并且所述微胶囊壁由二氧化硅聚合物形成;(b)将***胶和明胶加入到所述溶胶-凝胶微胶囊混合物中以获得微胶囊浆料;(c)将所述微胶囊浆料的pH值保持在1至6;和使所述微胶囊浆料固化,由此获得本发明的微胶囊。
上述任一种方法还可以包括以下步骤:从微胶囊浆料中移除水以获得固体形式的微胶囊。
一种浆料或粉末形式的通过上述方法中的任一种制备的微胶囊组合物也在本发明的范围内。
一种含有上述任一种胶囊的消费品仍在本发明的范围内。消费品的实例是用于人或动物的可服用产品,其选自由以下各项组成的组:烘焙制品、乳制品、水果冰、糖食制品、无糖糖果、果酱、果冻、明胶、布丁、动物饲料、压制糖食片、硬糖、果胶类糖、耐嚼糖、奶油夹心糖、软糖、无糖硬糖、无糖果胶类糖、无糖耐嚼糖、无糖奶油夹心糖、牙膏、漱口水、口气清新剂、碳酸饮料、矿泉水、饮料冲调粉混合物、其他非酒精饮料、止咳糖、糖锭、止咳合剂、减充血剂、抗刺激剂、抗酸剂、抗消化不良制剂和口腔止痛剂、口香糖和清凉增强组合物。
合适的消费品还包括液体碗碟洗涤剂、粉末碗碟洗涤剂、自动碗碟洗涤剂、衣物洗涤剂、沐浴液、洗发剂、护发剂、条皂、洗手皂液、通用清洁剂、唇膏和厨房清洁剂。
除非另外指明,在本文中和在权利要求中提到的所有份、百分比和比例都是以重量计的。
本文中公开的值和尺寸不被理解为严格限于所记载的精确数值。而是,除非另外详细说明,每个这样的值都旨在意指所记载的值和在该值附近的功能等同范围两者。例如,作为“50%”公开的值旨在意指“约50%”。
本文中的术语“胶囊”和“微胶囊”可互换地使用。
术语“烷基”是指饱和的、直链或支链的烃部分,如甲基、亚甲基、乙基、亚乙基、丙基、亚丙基、丁基、亚丁基、戊基、亚戊基、己基、亚己基、庚基、亚庚基、辛基、亚辛基、壬基、亚壬基、癸基、亚癸基、十一烷基、亚十一烷基、十二烷基、亚十二烷基、十三烷基、亚十三烷基、十四烷基、亚十四烷基、十五烷基、亚十五烷基、十六烷基、亚十六烷基、十七烷基、亚十七烷基、十八烷基、亚十八烷基、十九烷基、亚十九烷基、二十烷基、亚二十烷基、三十烷基和亚三十烷基。
本发明的一个或多个实施方案的细节在以下描述中说明。本发明的其他特征、目的和优点根据说明书和权利要求将是明显的。
发明详述
已经发现,特定的二氧化硅微胶囊显示出出乎意料地高的囊封效率和用于在食物产品中递送香料的稳定性。
本发明的一些微胶囊具有直径在0.01至1000微米(例如,0.5至1000微米、1至200微米、0.5至150微米、1至100微米和20至200微米)的范围内的尺寸。微胶囊尺寸分布可以是窄的、宽的或多模式的。
在一些实施方案中,微胶囊具有囊封微胶囊核的微胶囊壁。微胶囊核含有活性材料,所述活性材料优选为香料。另外,活性材料也可以是香精、恶臭抵消剂、味道调节剂、如以下描述的那些其他活性剂或其任意组合。活性材料可以以微胶囊的5至99重量%(优选20至95重量%并且更优选40至90重量%)的水平存在。
微胶囊壁可以是单层或多层的。单层微胶囊壁由第一聚合物和第二聚合物形成。第一聚合物经由共价键、氢键、偶极相互作用或离子相互作用与第二聚合物互锁。多层微胶囊壁至少具有微胶囊内壁和微胶囊外壁。内壁与微胶囊核接触并且囊封微胶囊核,并且典型地由溶胶-凝胶聚合物和食品级分散剂形成。外壁典型地由水凝胶聚合物(例如,***胶和明胶的凝聚体、超纯胶和壳聚糖的凝聚体等)形成。微胶囊壁可以以1至95%的水平存在,下限为1%、5%、10%、20%、30%并且上限为95%、80%、70%和60%。
1.溶胶-凝胶聚合物
溶胶-凝胶聚合物是溶胶-凝胶前体的聚合产物。溶胶-凝胶前体是各自能够形成溶胶-凝胶聚合物的化合物。它们典型地是含有硅、硼、铝、钛、锌、锆和钒的那些。优选的前体是有机硅、有机硼、有机铝(包括金属醇化物和b-二酮化物)及其组合。
适用于本发明的目的的溶胶-凝胶前体特别地选自二、三和/或四官能的硅酸(包括衍生物如硅酸酯)、硼酸(包括衍生物如酯)和铝酯(alumoester)的组,更特别地是烷氧基硅烷(原硅酸烷基酯)及其前体。
适用于本发明的目的的溶胶-凝胶前体的一个实例是对应于以下通式的化合物:(R1O)(R2O)M(X)(X'),其中X可以是氢、-OR3或R4;X’可以是氢、-OR5或R6;并且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6中的每一个独立地表示有机基团,更特别地是直链或支链的烷基,优选C1-C12烷基。M可以是Si、Ti或Zr。
优选的溶胶/凝胶前体是对应于以下通式的烷氧基硅烷:(R1O)(R2O)Si(X)(X'),其中X、X'、R1和R2中的每一个如上文限定。
特别优选的化合物是硅酸酯,如原硅酸四甲酯(TMOS)和原硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)。优选的化合物包括(有机官能的硅烷,可由Degussa Corporation,ParsippanyNew Jersey,USA商购获得)。例如,在德国专利申请DE10021165中描述了适用于本发明的目的的其他溶胶-凝胶前体。这些溶胶-凝胶前体是各种可水解的有机硅烷,如例如,烷基硅烷、烷氧基硅烷、烷基烷氧基硅烷和有机烷氧基硅烷。除了烷基和烷氧基以外,其他有机基团(例如烯丙基、氨基烷基、羟基烷基等)也可以作为取代基连接到硅。
认识到金属和半金属醇化物单体(及其部分水解和缩合的聚合物)如TMOS、TEOS等对于许多分子来说是非常好的溶剂,并且活性成分是高度有利的,因为其有利于以高浓度溶解活性成分并且由此有利于在最终胶囊中的高负载。
另一类溶胶-凝胶前体是部分交联的二氧化硅,其为具有一个或多个(例如两个以上)硅酸官能团如硅酸酯和烷氧基硅烷基团的低聚或聚合的二氧化硅。在具有这些硅酸官能团的情况下,部分交联的二氧化硅能够与其他溶胶-凝胶前体和/或其他部分交联的二氧化硅聚合以形成溶胶-凝胶聚合物,即囊封活性材料的微胶囊壁材料。
部分交联的二氧化硅的分子量典型地小于20,000Da(例如,1,000至10,000Da、1,500至5,000Da和2,000至3,500Da)。
可以使用上述烷氧基硅烷制备部分交联的二氧化硅。使烷氧基硅烷聚合以形成分子量小于20,000Da的低聚或聚合的二氧化硅。然后可以使这些部分交联的二氧化硅进一步聚合以形成大得多的溶胶-凝胶聚合物从而囊封活性材料。
2.食品级分散剂
转向食品级分散剂,在微胶囊的制备期间添加食品级分散剂以形成稳定的乳液(例如水包油型乳液)。分散于在乳液中的水相中的油滴含有活性材料如香料或调节剂。然后,由二氧化硅聚合物形成的微胶囊壁在分散剂的存在下囊封油滴中的每一个。
食品级分散剂的HLB典型地为1至20(例如,1至16、1至8、4至8、8至16和12至16)。如本文所使用的,术语“HLB”是指分子的“亲水性-亲脂性平衡”。HLB数值表示在1-40的范围内的分子的极性,最常用的乳化剂具有1至20的值。HLB数值随着亲水性增加而增大。如Griffin,“Classification of Surface-Active Agents by'HLB'(通过‘HLB’对表面活性剂分类)”,Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 1(1949),311-26;和Griffin,“Calculation of HLB Values of Non-Ionic Surfactants(非离子表面活性剂的HLB值的计算)”,Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists 5(1954),249-56所描述的,可以通过计算分子的不同区域的值来确定表面活性剂的HLB。
术语“食品级分散剂”是指具有适合于人类食品消费的品质的分散剂。它们可以是天然或非天然的产品。天然的产品或表面活性剂是指天然存在并且来自自然来源的产品。天然的产品/表面活性剂包括可以加盐、脱盐、脱油、分馏或使用天然的酶或微生物改性的它们的衍生物。另一方面,非天然的产品是通过不仅仅涉及酶改性的化学过程化学合成的表面活性剂。
天然分散剂包括皂树皂苷、卵磷脂、***胶、果胶、角叉菜胶、壳聚糖、硫酸软骨素、纤维素胶、物理或酶改性的淀粉、乳清蛋白、豌豆蛋白、蛋清蛋白、丝蛋白、鱼明胶、猪源或牛源的蛋白质、酯胶、脂肪酸及其组合。
皂树皂苷是皂树提取物中含有的葡萄糖苷皂苷,所述皂树提取物是通过皂树(Quillaja saponaria)(皂皮树科(Quillajaceae)的常青树)的碾磨的内树皮或树枝的水提取获得的。皂树皂苷(平均分子量为1800-2000道尔顿)主要由皂树酸的糖苷(每一侧链2-5个糖单位)组成。参见Bomford等,Vaccine10,572-77。它们是耐盐和耐热并且对酸性pH稳定的非离子表面活性剂。食品级的商品包括Foamex Quillaja Saponaria(GarudaInternational,Exeter,California)和Q-Naturale(Desert King International,Chile)。
卵磷脂可以是天然的、脱油的(即具有3%以下的残留油)、分馏的(即分离溶剂中的可溶组分和不溶组分,所述溶剂可以是醇如乙醇或乙醇-水混合物)或酶改性的(即磷脂的酶水解,导致磷脂分子的较高极性,由此提高卵磷脂的水溶性)。天然的卵磷脂(例如标准的流体卵磷脂)并未脱油、分馏和/或酶改性。酶改性的卵磷脂(即溶血卵磷脂)是指其中的每一种都具有磷脂酰胆碱的部分水解产物的一类化合物,所述磷脂酰胆碱的部分水解产物来源于从磷脂酰胆碱中去除两个脂肪酸基团中的一个。
***胶是由金合欢树(acacia tree),例如塞内加尔金合欢树(Senegalia(Acacia)senegal)和塞伊耳相思树(Vachellia(Acacia)seyal)(在***半岛和西亚历史上种植的两个物种)的硬化树液制成的天然胶。***胶是糖蛋白和多糖的复合混合物。其是可食用的,并且主要在食品工业中用作稳定剂、粘合剂、增稠剂和粘度调节剂。***胶是可由多个供应商如Nexira(Rouen,France)和TIC Gums Inc.(White Marsh,Maryland)商购获得的。
果胶由存在于陆生植物的初生细胞壁中的一组多糖组成。果胶可作为白色至淡棕色粉末商业地生产,其主要从柑橘类水果中提取,并且在食品中用作凝胶剂、增稠剂、稳定剂和膳食纤维。果胶可以以不同等级由供应商如Cargill Inc.(Minneapolis,Minnesota)和Pacific Pectin Inc.(Oakhurst,California)获得。
角叉菜胶是由红色可食用海藻中提取的线性硫酸多糖的家族。它们广泛地在食品工业中用作凝胶剂、增稠剂和稳定剂。存在三种主要类别的角叉菜胶,它们的不同之处在于其硫酸化程度。κ-角叉菜胶具有一个硫酸酯基团/二糖。ι-角叉菜胶具有两个硫酸酯/二糖。λ-角叉菜胶具有三个硫酸酯/二糖。在本发明中可以使用这三种中的任一种。角叉菜胶可由多个供应商如Cargill Inc.(Minneapolis,Minnesota)和Pacific Pectin Inc.(Oakhurst,California)商购获得。
壳聚糖是由随机分布的β-(1-4)-连接的D-葡糖胺(脱乙酰单元)和N-乙酰基-D-葡糖胺(乙酰化单元)构成的线性多糖。其通过用碱性氢氧化钠处理虾和其他甲壳纲动物的壳来制成。壳聚糖已经在食品和药物中用作膳食纤维、澄清剂和抗菌剂。商业供应商包括Parchem(New Rochelle,New York)和G.T.C.Bio Corp.(Shangdong,China)。
硫酸软骨素由来自动物如牛、猪、鲨鱼和其他鱼类以及鸟类的软骨的提取物制成。它们是由交替的糖(N-乙酰半乳糖胺和葡糖醛酸)的链构成的硫酸化糖胺聚糖(GAG),通常发现其与作为蛋白聚糖的一部分的蛋白质连接。软骨素链可以具有超过100个单独的糖,其中的每一个都可以以可变的位置和量硫酸化。基于硫酸化的位点,硫酸软骨素作为四个主要形式存在:硫酸软骨素(即,软骨素-4-硫酸酯A),其在N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNAc)糖的碳4上硫酸化;硫酸软骨素C(即,软骨素-6-硫酸酯),其在GalNAc糖的碳6上硫酸化;硫酸软骨素D(即,软骨素-2,6-硫酸酯),其在葡糖醛酸的碳2和GalNAc糖的碳6上硫酸化;以及硫酸软骨素E(即,软骨素-4,6-硫酸酯),其在GalNAc糖的碳4和6上硫酸化。在本发明中可以使用四种形式中的任一种或组合。硫酸软骨素可由供应商如Summit Nutritionals InternationalInc.(Branchburg,New Jersey)商购获得。这些化合物已经广泛地作为膳食补充剂尤其用于治疗骨关节炎。
乳清蛋白、豌豆蛋白、蛋清蛋白、丝蛋白和猪源或牛源的蛋白质分别从乳清、黄豌豆、蛋清、丝、猪肉和牛肉中提取。它们是可商购获得的,如Glanbia Nutritionals(Fitchburg,Wisconsin)的Barflex Whey Protein、Axiom Foods Inc.(Los Angeles,California)的Veg-O-Tein Pea Protein Powder、Jay Robb Enterprises Inc.(Carlsbad,California)的Jay Robb Unflavored Egg White Protein和AotesiBiochemical(Huzhou,China)的Aotesi Silk Powder。
脂肪酸是具有长脂族链的羧酸,其是饱和或不饱和的。它们可以是天然的或合成的。大部分天然存在的脂肪酸具有未支化的链和数量为4至28的碳原子。合适的脂肪酸包括短链脂肪酸(具有少于六个碳,例如丁酸)、中链脂肪酸(具有6-12个)、长链脂肪酸(具有13-21个碳)、非常长链脂肪酸(具有22个以上的碳)、饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸(具有一个或多个碳碳双键,包括反式和顺式异构体)。
实例是α-亚麻酸、十八碳四烯酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸、亚油酸、γ-亚麻酸、双高-γ-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、二十二碳四烯酸、棕榈油酸、异油酸、顺式二十碳-13-烯酸(paullinic acid)、油酸、反油酸、顺式二十碳-11-烯酸(gondoic acid)、芥酸、神经酸、二十碳三烯酸(mead acid)、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、癸酸、十一烷酸、月桂酸、十三烷酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五烷酸、棕榈酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、十九烷酸、花生酸、二十一烷酸(heneicosylic acid)、山嵛酸、二十三烷酸(tricosylic acid)、二十四烷酸、二十五烷酸(pentacosylic acid)、蜡酸、二十七烷酸(heptacosylic acid)、褐煤酸、二十九烷酸(nonacosylic acid)、蜂花酸、三十一烷酸(henatriacontylic acid)、紫胶蜡酸、三十三烷酸、三十四烷酸(geddic acid)、蜡塑酸(ceroplastic acid)、三十六烷酸、三十七烷酸、三十八烷酸、动物脂肪(例如,猪脂、鸭脂肪和黄油)和植物脂肪(例如,椰子油、可可油、棕榈仁油、棕榈油、棉籽油、麦胚油、大豆油、橄榄油、玉米油、向日葵油、红花油、***油和芥花籽/油菜籽油)。存在许多脂肪酸的供应商,如Chemical Associates Inc.(Copley,Ohio)、VVF North America(Kansas City,Kansas)和Parchem Fine and Specialty Chemicals(New Rochelle,New York)。
明胶是来源于由多种动物(例如鱼类)副产物获得的胶原蛋白的半透明的、无色的、易碎的(当干燥时)、无味的食品。其通常作为凝胶剂用于食品和制药工业。明胶是胶原蛋白的不可逆水解形式。其被发现于大部分橡皮糖以及其他产品如棉花糖、明胶甜点和一些冰淇淋、沙司(dips)和酸奶中。
非天然分散剂包括N-月桂酰基-L-精氨酸乙酯、脱水山梨糖醇酯、聚乙氧基化脱水山梨糖醇酯、聚甘油酯、脂肪酸酯、纤维素胶和酯胶。N-月桂酰基-L-精氨酸乙酯典型地通过用乙醇使精氨酸酯化、然后使酯与月桂酰氯反应来合成。大部分商品可作为盐酸盐获得。N-月桂酰基-L-精氨酸乙酯的分子量为421并且在20℃在水中的水溶解度大于247g/kg。
脱水山梨糖醇酯(也称为Span)是用于食品和制药用途的非离子型表面活性剂。实例包括单月桂酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 20)、单棕榈酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 40)、单硬脂酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 60)、三硬脂酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 65)、单油酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 80)、倍半油酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 83)、三油酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 85)和异硬脂酸脱水山梨糖醇酯(即Span 120)。它们可由Croda Inc.(Edison,NewJersey)以AnfomulTM、AtmerTM、CrillTM、SpanTM和VykamolTM产品系列商购获得。
合适的聚乙氧基化脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯包括聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单棕榈酸酯、聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯和聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯。重复的氧亚乙基-(CH2CH2-O)-的数量可以在2至1000(例如,5至100,10至50,10至30,和20)的范围内。可商购获得的聚乙氧基化脱水山梨糖醇脂肪酸酯是ICIAmericas,Inc.(Wilmington,Delaware)的名称为TweenTM的那些,例如,TweenTM40(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单棕榈酸酯)、TweenTM60(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯,HLB为14.9)、TweenTM80(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯,HLB为15)和TweenTM20(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯,HLB为16.7)。它们具有20个重复的氧亚乙基单元。
聚甘油酯通过脂肪酸与聚甘油的一个或多个羟基的酯化化学地形成。这些聚甘油可以含有二至十个甘油部分,例如,双甘油、三聚甘油、四聚甘油、十二聚甘油等。典型地,30至50%的羟基被脂肪酸酯化。这些脂肪酸由一种物种(月桂酸、硬脂酸、油酸、椰油酸)或者来自植物油(玉米油、棉籽油、猪脂、棕榈油、花生油、红花油、芝麻油、大豆油或蓖麻油)或来自动物来源(蜂蜡)的混合物形成。聚甘油酯作为非离子型表面活性剂用于化妆品、食品和制药工业。它们已经作为乳化剂用于精制烘焙食品和口香糖的生产。
木松香的甘油酯即酯胶是在食品、饮料和化妆品中使用以使油保持悬浮于水中的油溶性食品添加剂。其也用作在口香糖和冰淇淋的生产中的成分。
脂肪酸酯由脂肪酸和醇制备。当醇组分是甘油时,所产生的脂肪酸酯可以是甘油单酯、甘油二酯或甘油三酯。其他醇组分包括简单醇(例如,甲醇、乙醇和丙醇)、糖醇(例如,赤藓糖醇、苏糖醇、阿糖醇、木糖醇、核糖醇、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、半乳糖醇、岩藻糖醇、艾杜糖醇、肌醇、庚七醇(volemitol)、异麦芽酮糖醇、麦芽糖醇、乳糖醇、麦芽三糖醇和麦芽四糖醇)和其他多元醇(例如,乙二醇)。脂肪酸组分可以选自上述脂肪酸中的任一种。
纤维素胶即羧甲基纤维素的分子量范围可以是90,000道尔顿至1,500,000道尔顿,优选250,000道尔顿至750,000道尔顿,并且更优选400,000道尔顿至750,000道尔顿。在一些实施方案中,纤维素胶的取代度为0.1至3,优选0.65至1.4,并且更优选0.8至1。如本文所使用的术语“纤维素胶”包括其衍生物,如烷基取代的纤维素(例如,可由DOWCorporation商购获得的甲基纤维素和乙基纤维素)、羟乙基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素(可由Hercules商购获得的KLUCEL聚合物)和乙酸丁酸纤维素(可由Eastman Chemical商购获得)。
在本发明的微胶囊中也可以包含其他食品安全的分散剂。实例包括磷胺酯、甘油单酯和甘油二酯的乙酸酯(Acetem)、脂肪酸的甘油单酯和甘油二酯的乳酸酯(Lactem)、脂肪酸的甘油单酯和甘油二酯的柠檬酸酯(Citrem)、脂肪酸的甘油单酯和甘油二酯的单和二乙酰基酒石酸酯(Datem)、脂肪酸的甘油单酯的琥珀酸酯(SMG)、乙氧基化甘油单酯、脂肪酸的蔗糖酯、蔗糖甘油酯(sucroglyceride)、聚蓖麻油酸聚甘油酯、脂肪酸的丙烷-1,2-二醇酯、与脂肪酸的甘油单酯或甘油二酯相互作用的热氧化大豆油、硬脂酰乳酸钠(SSL)、硬脂酰乳酸钙(CSL)、硬脂酰酒石酸酯、酯交换的蓖麻油酸的聚甘油酯(E476)、硬脂酰乳酸钠(sodium stearoyllatylate)、十二烷基硫酸钠、聚氧乙烯化氢化蓖麻油(例如,以商品CREMO-PHOR销售的)、环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷的嵌段共聚物(例如,如以商品名PLURONIC或商品名POLOXAMER销售的)、聚氧乙烯脂肪醇酯和聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯。
上述分散剂可以单独地或以任何比率的任意组合使用。这些分散剂的量是微胶囊的0.1至40重量百分比、更优选0.5至10重量百分比、更优选0.5至5重量百分比中的任何一点。
3.第二聚合物
在一些实施方案中,本发明的微胶囊具有包覆微胶囊内壁并且与微胶囊内壁接触的微胶囊外壁。
微胶囊外壁由第二聚合物形成。合适的第二聚合物是与内壁中的溶胶-凝胶聚合物相容的那些。可用于形成外壁的一组具体聚合物是水凝胶,也就是说,通常接受水凝胶作为构成亲水性聚合物的永久性三维网络的材料,其中水填充聚合物链之间的空间。实例包括***胶、超纯胶、明胶、壳聚糖、黄原胶、植物胶、羧甲基纤维素、羧甲基瓜尔胶钠及其组合。优选的聚合物是***胶和明胶的凝聚体,以及超纯胶和壳聚糖的凝聚体。
4.单层微胶囊
在一些实施方案中,本发明的微胶囊是具有由第一聚合物和第二聚合物形成的微胶囊壁的单层微胶囊。第一聚合物和第二聚合物可以是如上描述的那些。这两种聚合物彼此互锁并且交织以形成作为微胶囊壁的聚合物网络。
由此制备的微胶囊可以用作游离的微胶囊或用于浆料或固体形式的聚集体。在一些实施方案中,使用聚集体形成助剂形成聚集体。合适的聚集体形成助剂包括水溶性阳离子、水溶性阴离子和转谷氨酰胺酶。优选的聚集体形成助剂是转谷氨酰胺酶、多价水溶性阴离子(例如,硫酸根、碳酸根和磷酸根)和阴离子聚合物(如藻酸盐、聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)、透明质酸、聚(丙烯酸)、羧甲基纤维素、明胶及其组合)。
囊封方法
可以使用常规的囊封方法来制备二氧化硅微胶囊。参见WO 2015023961。
通过举例说明,为了制备二氧化硅微胶囊,首先通过在食品级分散剂的存在下将油相乳化到水相中来获得溶胶-凝胶乳液。由此制备的溶胶-凝胶乳液具有分散在水相中的多个油滴,其中每个油滴具有1至1000μm的尺寸并且含有活性材料,并且水相含有溶胶-凝胶前体。溶胶-凝胶乳液的pH值保持在1至7。在一些实施方案中,将食品级酸或碱加入到乳液中以将pH值调节到所需水平。溶胶-凝胶前体聚合为溶胶-凝胶聚合物导致形成多个微胶囊。根据本发明的一些实施方案,使根据上述方法制备的微胶囊在15-230℃(例如,15-135℃、20-90℃、15-55℃、55-95℃、35-65℃、65-110℃、55-75℃和90-130℃)的范围内的温度固化1分钟至24小时(例如,0.1小时至5小时、0.2小时至4小时和0.5小时至3小时)。本领域技术人员无需过度实验就可以确定固化温度、持续时间和加热速率。
为了获得具有更多浸出的活性材料的微胶囊,本发明的某些实施方案提供在低温例如低于100℃的固化。在一些实施方案中,固化温度处于或低于90℃。在其他实施方案中,固化温度处于或低于80℃(例如,5至75℃、10至50℃、15至45℃和20至35℃)。
在一个实施方案中,将胶囊在1至60分钟(例如,1至30分钟)的时间段内以0.5至2℃/分钟(例如,1至5℃/分钟、2至8℃/分钟和2至10℃/分钟)的线性速率加热到目标固化温度。可以使用以下加热方法:例如通过油、经由红外的蒸汽辐射和微波的传导,通过加热空气的对流,蒸气注入和本领域技术人员已知的其他方法。本文中使用的目标固化温度是指可以使胶囊固化以阻止浸出的的最低温度(以摄氏度计)。
其他递送***
上述二氧化硅微胶囊组合物还可以包含一种或多种添加递送***。
在一些实施方案中,二氧化硅微胶囊含有一种或多种另外的微胶囊,其具有由以下各项形成的微胶囊壁:三聚氰胺甲醛、聚氨酯、聚硅氧烷、聚脲、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯醇、聚酸酐、聚烯烃、聚砜、多糖、蛋白质、聚丙交酯(PLA)、聚乙交酯(PGA)、聚原酸酯、聚磷腈、有机硅、脂质、改性纤维素、树胶、聚苯乙烯和聚酯,或这些材料的组合。起作用的其他聚合物材料是乙烯马来酸酐共聚物、苯乙烯马来酸酐共聚物、乙烯乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和丙交酯乙交酯共聚物。来源于藻酸盐、壳聚糖、胶原蛋白、糊精、明胶和淀粉的生物聚合物也可以用作囊封材料。另外,胶囊可以通过明胶的简单或复杂凝聚制成。其他合适的囊封壁聚合物包括由异氰酸酯、丙烯酸酯、丙烯酰胺、丙烯酸酯-共-丙烯酰胺、水凝胶单体、溶胶-凝胶前体、明胶、三聚氰胺-甲醛或脲-甲醛缩合物形成的那些,以及相似类型的氨基塑料。参见WO2016049456。
胶囊递送***还可以含有一种或多种其他递送***,如聚合物辅助的递送组合物(参见US 8,187,580)、纤维辅助的递送组合物(US 2010/0305021)、环糊精主体客体络合物(US 6,287,603和US 2002/0019369)、前香精(WO 2000/072816和EP 0 922 084)及其任意组合。可以结合的更多示例性递送***是凝聚体胶囊、环糊精递送***和前香料(pro-perfume)。
活性材料
本发明的胶囊的核可以包含一种或多种活性材料,包括但不限于香料和/或香精成分如香精油。可以囊封的单独的活性材料包括在WO 2016049456第38-50页中列出的那些。这些活性材料包括香料或香精成分、掩味剂、味觉感知剂(taste sensate)、恶臭抵消剂、维生素、抗菌剂、防晒剂活性成分(sunscreen active)、抗氧化剂、抗炎剂、麻醉剂、止痛剂、抗真菌剂、抗生素、抗病毒剂、抗寄生虫剂、抗感染剂和祛痘剂、皮肤病学活性成分、酶和辅酶、皮肤增白剂、抗组胺剂、化疗剂和驱昆虫剂。
除了以上列出的活性材料之外,本发明的产品还可以含有,例如,以下染料、着色剂或颜料:乳黄素(lactoflavin)(核黄素(riboflavin))、β-胡萝卜素、核黄素-5'-磷酸酯、α-胡萝卜素、γ-胡萝卜素、角黄素(cantaxanthin)、赤藓红、姜黄素、喹啉黄、黄橙S、酒石黄、胭脂树素、降胭脂树素(胭脂树红、胭脂树橙(orlean))、辣椒红、辣椒红素、番茄红素、β-阿朴-8'-胡萝卜醛、β-阿朴-8'-胡萝卜素酸乙酯、叶黄素(xantophylls)(黄黄质、黄体素、隐黄质、玉红黄质、紫黄质、紫衫紫素(rodoxanthin))、坚牢洋红(fast carmine)(胭脂红酸、胭脂虫红)、偶氮玉红、胭脂虫红A(Ponceau 4R)、甜菜红、甜菜苷、花青素、苋菜红、专利蓝V、靛蓝I(靛蓝-胭脂红)、叶绿素、叶绿素的铜化合物、酸性亮绿BS(丽丝胺绿)、亮黑BN、植物碳、二氧化钛、铁氧化物和氢氧化物、碳酸钙、铝、银、金、颜料宝红BK(立索尔(lithol)宝红BK)、甲基紫B、维多利亚蓝R、维多利亚蓝B、阿西仑(acilan)亮蓝FFR(亮羊毛蓝FFR)、萘酚绿B、阿西仑坚牢绿10G(碱性坚牢绿10G)、ceres黄GRN、苏丹蓝II、群青、酞菁蓝、酞菁绿、坚牢酸性紫R。另外的天然获得的提取物(例如辣椒粉提取物、黑胡萝卜提取物、红球甘蓝提取物)可以用于着色目的。还利用以下命名的所谓铝色淀实现好的结果:FD&C黄5色淀、FD&C蓝2色淀、FD&C蓝1色淀、酒石黄色淀、喹啉黄色淀、FD&C黄6色淀、FD&C红40色淀、日落黄色淀、蓝光酸性红色淀、苋菜红色淀、Ponceau 4R色淀、赤藓红色淀、红2G色淀、诱惑红色淀(Allura Red Lake)、专利蓝V色淀、靛蓝胭脂红色淀、亮蓝色淀、棕HT色淀、黑PN色淀、绿S色淀及其混合物。
当活性材料是香精时,优选的是采用具有0.5至15的ClogP的在香精内的香精成分。例如,具有0.5至8(例如,1至12、1.5至8、2至7、1至6、2至6、2至5、3至7)的ClogP值的成分是按香精重量计的25%以上(例如,50%以上、60%以上、80%以上和90%以上)。
在一些实施方案中,优选的是采用具有2.5以上(例如,3以上、2.5至7和2.5至5)的重均ClogP的香精。重均ClogP如下计算:
ClogP={Sum[(Wi)(ClogP)i]}/{Sum Wi},
其中Wi是每种香精成分的重量分数,并且(ClogP)i是所述香精成分的ClogP。
在一些实施方案中,按胶囊的重量计,囊封的活性材料的量是5至95%(例如,20至90%和40至85%)。同样按胶囊的重量计,胶囊壁的量是0.5%至25%(例如,1.5至15%和2.5至10%)。在其他实施方案中,按胶囊的重量计,囊封的活性材料的量是15%至99.5%(例如,50至98%和30至95%),并且按胶囊的重量计,胶囊壁的量是0.5%至85%(例如,2至50%和5至70%)。
辅助材料
除了活性材料以外,本发明还构思在被胶囊壁囊封的核中并入辅助材料(包括溶剂、软化剂和核改性剂材料)。其他辅助材料是溶解度调节剂、密度调节剂、稳定剂、粘度调节剂、pH调节剂或其任意组合。这些调节剂可以存在于胶囊的壁或核中,或者在递送***中的胶囊的外部。优选地,它们作为核改性剂存在于核中。
可以以胶囊重量的0.01%至25%(例如,0.5%至10%)的量加入一种或多种辅助材料。
合适的实例包括在US 2016/0158121第15-18页中描述的那些。
沉积助剂
按胶囊的重量计,可以包含0.01至25%、更优选5至20%的胶囊沉积助剂。可以在胶囊的制备期间加入胶囊沉积助剂,或者可以在已经制成胶囊后加入胶囊沉积助剂。
按胶囊的重量计,可以包含0.01至25%、更优选5至20%的胶囊沉积助剂。可以在胶囊的制备期间加入胶囊沉积助剂,或者可以在已经制成胶囊后加入胶囊沉积助剂。
这些沉积助剂用于帮助胶囊沉积到表面如织物、毛发或皮肤。这些包括阴离子、阳离子、非离子或两性的水溶性聚合物。合适的沉积助剂包括聚季铵盐-4、聚季铵盐-5、聚季铵盐-6、聚季铵盐-7、聚季铵盐-10、聚季铵盐-16、聚季铵盐-22、聚季铵盐-24、聚季铵盐-28、聚季铵盐-39、聚季铵盐-44、聚季铵盐-46、聚季铵盐-47、聚季铵盐-53、聚季铵盐-55、聚季铵盐-67、聚季铵盐-68、聚季铵盐-69、聚季铵盐-73、聚季铵盐-74、聚季铵盐-77、聚季铵盐-78、聚季铵盐-79、聚季铵盐-80、聚季铵盐-81、聚季铵盐-82、聚季铵盐-86、聚季铵盐-88、聚季铵盐-101、聚乙烯胺、聚乙烯亚胺、聚乙烯胺和乙烯甲酰胺共聚物、丙烯酰胺基丙基三甲基氯化铵/丙烯酰胺共聚物、甲基丙烯酰胺基三甲基氯化铵/丙烯酰胺共聚物及其组合。其他合适的沉积助剂包括在WO 2016049456第13-27页;US 20130330292;US20130337023;和US 20140017278中描述的那些。
胶囊递送***
可以将本发明的微胶囊配制成用于在消费品中使用的胶囊递送***(例如,微胶囊组合物)。
(i)浆料。胶囊递送***可以是在溶剂(例如,水)中以胶囊递送***重量的0.1至80%(优选1至65%并且更优选5至45%)的水平含有胶囊的浆料。
(ii)喷雾干燥。还可以将递送***喷雾干燥成固体形式。在喷雾干燥过程中,将喷雾干燥载体加入到胶囊递送***中以帮助从浆料中去除水。
根据一个实施方案,喷雾干燥载体可以选自由以下各项组成的组:碳水化合物如化学改性的淀粉和/或水解的淀粉,树胶如***胶,蛋白质如乳清蛋白,纤维素衍生物,粘土,合成的水溶性聚合物和/或共聚物如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇。喷雾干燥载体可以以1至50%、更优选5至20%的量存在。
任选地,可以是疏水性(即用卤硅烷、烷氧基硅烷、硅氮烷、硅氧烷等处理的硅醇表面,如Sipernat D17、Aerosil R972和R974(可由Degussa获得)等)和/或亲水性(如Aerosil200、Sipernat 22S、Sipernat 50S(可由Degussa获得)、Syloid 244(可由Grace Davison获得))的二氧化硅的自由流动剂(抗结块剂)可以以0.01至10%、更优选0.5至5%的量存在。
还可以加入润湿剂和粘度控制/悬浮剂以促进喷雾干燥。在美国专利号4,428,869、4,464,271、4,446,032和6,930,078中公开了这些试剂。疏水性二氧化硅作为不同于自由流动/抗结块剂的活性材料的功能性递送载剂的细节在美国专利号5,500,223和6,608,017中公开。
喷雾干燥入口温度在150至240℃、优选170至230℃、更优选190至220℃的范围内。
(iii)其他干燥方法。固体和/或粉末状胶囊还可以通过过滤、空气干燥、带式干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥、鼓式干燥及其任意组合来获得。
(iv)另外的组分。胶囊递送***可以包含0.01%至50%、更优选5%至40%的一种或多种未限制/未囊封的活性材料。
更多实例包括在US 2016/0158121第24至25页中描述的那些。
以上讨论的任何化合物、聚合物或试剂可以是如上所示的化合物、聚合物或试剂本身,或者其盐、前体、水合物或溶剂化物。盐可以在阴离子和化合物、聚合物或试剂上的带正电荷的基团之间形成。合适的阴离子包括氯离子、溴离子、碘离子、硫酸根、硝酸根、磷酸根、柠檬酸根、甲磺酸根、三氟乙酸根、乙酸根、苹果酸根、甲苯磺酸根、酒石酸根、富马酸根(fumurate)、谷氨酸根、葡糖醛酸根、乳酸根、戊二酸根和马来酸根。同样地,盐还可以在阳离子和化合物、聚合物或试剂上的带负电荷的基团之间形成。合适的阳离子包括钠离子、钾离子、镁离子、钙离子和铵离子(例如四甲基铵离子)。前体可以是酯和其他合适的衍生物,其在制备本发明的聚脲或聚氨酯胶囊组合物的过程期间能够转化为所述化合物、聚合物或试剂并且用于制备所述聚脲或聚氨酯胶囊组合物。水合物是指包含水的所述化合物、聚合物或试剂。溶剂化物是指在所述化合物、聚合物或试剂和合适的溶剂之间形成的复合物。合适的溶剂可以是水、乙醇、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸和乙醇胺。
某些化合物、聚合物和试剂具有一个或多个立体中心,其中的每一个都可以是R构型、S构型或混合物。另外,一些化合物、聚合物和试剂拥有一个或多个双键,其中每个双键以E(反式)或Z(顺式)构型或其组合存在。所述化合物、聚合物和试剂包括所有可能的构型立体异构、位置异构、非对映异构、对映异构和差向异构的形式,以及其任意混合物。
香料通常含有亲水性和亲脂性成分两者。亲水性成分是水溶性和/或挥发性的,其在囊封过程期间更易于损失。有时有利的是将香料分成亲水性和亲脂性部分,并且用不同的囊封技术囊封各部分,并且将这些囊封部分以适当比率合并于最终消费品中。
将亲脂性部分如上文中所述进行囊封,并且将亲水性部分用其他方法如喷雾干燥、挤出、喷雾冷却等进行囊封,或者亲水性部分作为未囊封的油。将亲水性和亲脂性囊封物以适当的比率混合于消费品如零食、蛋糕、小甜饼、薄脆饼干、薯条、腌泡汁中。
备选地,使用上述过程囊封香料的亲水性部分。然后将该微胶囊与可以是任何形式(如微胶囊、喷雾干燥物、挤出物、喷雾冷却物和未囊封的油)的原始香料以适当的比率混合在最终消费品中。
分别地囊封亲脂性和亲水性香料部分将避免任一部分在囊封过程期间的损失。
应用。本发明的微胶囊和递送***良好适合于但不限于在以下产品中使用:家居产品,包括液体或粉末衣物洗涤剂,单位剂量小袋、片剂和胶囊,增味剂(Scent Booster),织物护理产品如漂洗调理剂(含有1至30重量%的织物调理活性成分)、织物液体调理剂(含有1至30重量%的织物调理活性成分)、滚筒式干衣机纸(tumble drier sheet)、织物清新剂、织物清新剂喷雾剂、熨烫液和织物柔顺剂***、液体织物柔顺剂/清新剂,液体碗碟洗涤剂如在美国专利号6,069,122和5,990,065中描述的那些,自动碗碟洗涤剂,通用清洁剂(包括桶装可稀释清洁剂和卫生间清洁剂)、浴厕清洁剂,浴室巾(bath tissue),地毯除臭剂,蜡烛,房间除臭剂,地板清洁剂,消毒剂,窗户清洁剂,垃圾袋/垃圾桶内衬,空气清新剂(包括房间除臭剂和车辆除臭剂、香薰蜡烛、喷雾剂、香油空气清新剂、自动喷雾空气清新剂和中和凝胶珠),水分吸收剂,家用装置如纸巾和一次性擦拭巾,蛾球/诱捕剂/饼(mothballs/traps/cakes),婴儿护理产品,尿布疹乳膏/护臀膏,婴儿爽身粉,婴儿护理装置,尿不湿,围嘴,擦拭巾,口腔护理产品,牙齿护理产品,口腔护理产品(摩擦或抛光剂,例如硅酸、碳酸钙、磷酸钙、铝氧化物和/或羟磷灰石;表面活性物质,例如月桂基硫酸钠、月桂基肌氨酸钠和/或椰油酰胺基丙基甜菜碱;润湿剂,例如甘油和/或山梨糖醇;增稠剂,例如羧甲基纤维素、聚乙二醇、角叉菜胶和/或LaponiteTM;甜味剂,例如糖精;用于令人不愉快的味道的味觉矫正剂,用于另外的通常不是令人不愉快的味道的味觉矫正剂;味觉调节物质,例如磷酸肌醇、核苷酸如单磷酸鸟苷、单磷酸腺苷,或者其他物质如谷氨酸钠或2-苯氧丙酸;清凉活性成分,例如薄荷醇衍生物,包括L-乳酸薄荷酯、L-薄荷基烷基碳酸酯、薄荷酮缩酮、薄荷烷羧酸酰胺,2,2,2-三烷基乙酸酰胺(包括2,2-二异丙基丙酸甲基酰胺)、icilin和icilin衍生物;稳定剂和活性成分,例如氟化钠、单氟磷酸钠、二氟化锡、季铵氟化物、柠檬酸锌、硫酸锌、焦磷酸锡、二氯化锡、多种焦磷酸盐的混合物、三氯生、鲸蜡基吡啶盐氯化物、乳酸铝、柠檬酸钾、硝酸钾、氯化钾、氯化锶、过氧化氢、调味品和/或碳酸氢钠或味觉矫正剂),牙膏(示例性制剂如下:磷酸钙40-55%,羧甲基纤维素0.8-1.2%,月桂基硫酸钠1.5-2.5%,甘油20-30%,糖精0.1-0.3%,香料油1.0-2.5%,水(足量至100%),所有都按牙膏制剂的重量计),牙粉,漱口水,牙齿增白剂,义齿粘附剂,保健设备,包括牙线、牙刷、呼吸器、香薰/调味避孕套,妇女卫生保健产品,如卫生棉条、卫生巾和擦拭巾以及护垫,个人护理产品:美容或药物制剂,例如,“油包水”(W/O)型乳液、“水包油”(O/W)型乳液或作为例如水包油包水(W/O/W)型的多重乳液、作为相转变温度(“PIT”)乳液、皮克林(Pickering)乳液、微乳液或纳米乳液;并且特别优选的乳液是“水包油”(O/W)型或水包油包水(W/O/W)型。更具体地,个人清洁剂(条皂、沐浴液和沐浴露),沐浴护理剂(in-shower conditioner),防晒蚁纹身护色(sunscreen ant tattoo color protection)(喷雾剂,洗剂和棒(sticks)),驱昆虫剂,洗手液,抗炎膏、软膏和喷雾剂,抗菌软膏和乳膏,感知剂(sensates),除臭剂和止汗剂,包括气溶胶和泵式喷雾止汗剂、棒式止汗剂、滚抹式止汗剂、乳液喷雾止汗剂、透明乳液棒式止汗剂、软固体止汗剂、乳液滚抹式止汗剂、透明乳液棒式止汗剂、不透明乳液棒式止汗剂、透明凝胶止汗剂、透明棒式除臭剂、凝胶除臭剂、喷雾除臭剂、滚抹式和乳膏除臭剂、基于蜡的除臭剂、二醇/皂型除臭剂,乳液(包括身体乳液、面部乳液和手部乳液),爽身粉和足粉,洗漱用品,身体喷雾剂,剃须乳膏和男性美容产品,浸浴用品,去角质磨砂膏,个人护理设备,面巾,清洁擦拭巾,头发护理产品,洗发剂(液体和干粉),护发剂(洗去型护理剂、保留型护理剂和清洁型护理剂,染发剂,头发清新剂,头发香水,头发拉直产品,头发造型产品、头发固定和定型助剂,头发梳理乳膏,发蜡,头发发泡剂、发胶、非气溶胶泵式喷雾,头发漂白剂、染料和着色剂,烫发剂,头发擦拭巾,美容护理产品,精制香精-含酒精的,固体香水,唇膏/润唇膏,化妆清洁剂,护肤化妆品如粉底、面膜(pack)、防晒剂、润肤乳液、乳状乳液、润肤霜、软化剂、皮肤美白剂,美容化妆品,包括美甲、睫毛膏、眼线、眼影、液体粉底、粉末粉底、唇膏和腮红,消费品包装如香味盒、香味塑料瓶/箱,宠物护理产品,猫砂,跳蚤和蜱处理产品,宠物美容产品,宠物洗发剂,宠物玩具、招待物(treats)和咀嚼物,宠物训练垫,宠物笼和箱,糖食,优选地选自由巧克力、巧克力棒产品、其他棒形式的产品、水果胶质、硬和软的焦糖和口香糖组成的组(胶基(天然胶乳糖树树胶,大部分当前的口香糖基质目前还包括弹性体,如聚乙酸乙烯酯(PVA)、聚乙烯(低或中等分子量)、聚异丁烯(PIB)、聚丁二烯、异丁烯-异戊二烯共聚物(丁基橡胶)、聚乙烯基乙基醚(PVE)、聚乙烯基丁基醚、乙烯基酯和乙烯基醚的共聚物、苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物(苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶,SBR)或乙烯基弹性体,例如基于乙酸乙烯酯/月桂酸乙烯酯、乙酸乙烯酯/硬脂酸乙烯酯或乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯,以及所提到的弹性体的混合物,如例如在EP 0 242 325、美国专利号4,518,615、美国专利号5,093,136、美国专利号5,266,336、美国专利号5,601,858或美国专利号6,986,709中描述的。)20-25%;糖粉45-50%;葡萄糖15-17%;淀粉糖浆10-13%;增塑剂0.1%;香料0.8-1.2%;根据前述制剂通过捏合机捏合上述组分以提供口香糖。然后添加囊封的香料或感知剂,并且共混直到均匀),口气清新剂,口腔可溶条,咀嚼糖,硬糖,烘焙产品,优选地选自由面包、干饼干、蛋糕和其他小甜饼组成的组,休闲食品,优选地选自由烘制或油炸的马铃薯条或马铃薯团产品、面包面团产品和基于玉米或花生的挤出物组成的组;马铃薯、玉米粉圆饼、蔬菜或多谷物片,爆米花,椒盐脆饼,膨化零食,谷物产品,优选地选自由早餐谷物食品、燕麦坚果棒和预烹制的成品大米产品组成的组,酒精和非酒精饮料,优选地选自由咖啡、茶、葡萄酒、含葡萄酒的饮料、啤酒、含啤酒的饮料、利口酒、烈性酒、白兰地、含水果的苏打水、等渗饮料、软饮料、未冲淡的果汁(nectar)、水果和蔬菜汁以及水果或蔬菜制备物组成的组;速溶饮料,优选地选自由速溶可可饮料、速溶茶饮料和速溶咖啡饮料组成的组,即饮液体饮品,液体饮品浓缩物,粉末状饮品,咖啡如速溶卡布其诺,茶,酒精饮料,香辛料调和物和消费预制食品,粉末状肉汁,酱混配料,调味料,发酵制品,即热食品(即食餐和汤,优选地选自由汤粉、速溶汤、预煮汤、酱、炖菜、冷冻主菜组成的组),乳制品奶制品,优选地选自由奶制饮料、冰牛奶、酸奶、开菲尔、冰淇淋、奶酪、软奶酪、硬奶酪、奶粉、乳清、黄油、酪乳、豆腐和含部分或完全水解的奶蛋白的产品组成的组,调味奶制饮料,大豆蛋白或其他大豆级分,优选地选自由豆奶以及由其生产的产品、含大豆卵磷脂的制备物、发酵产品如豆腐或豆豉或由其生产的产品和酱油组成的组,肉制品,优选地选自由火腿、鲜或生香肠制备物和调味或卤制的鲜肉或咸肉制品组成的组,蛋或蛋制品,优选地选自由干燥蛋、蛋白和蛋黄组成的组,基于油的制品或其乳液,优选地选自由蛋黄酱、调味酱、调料和调味品制备物组成的组,水果制备物,优选地选自由果酱、果汁冰糕、水果沙司和水果馅料组成的组;蔬菜制备物,优选地选自由番茄酱、沙司、干菜、深度冷冻蔬菜、预烹制的蔬菜、在醋中的蔬菜和泡菜组成的组,和调味宠物食品。
这些应用全部是众所周知的,并且在WO 2016/049456第60-70页中描述。
通过以下非限制性实施例更详细地描述本发明。在没有进一步阐释的情况下,据信基于本文中的描述,本领域技术人员可以以其最大程度利用本发明。本文中引用的所有出版物通过引用整体并入。
实施例1
按照以下程序制备本发明的二氧化硅微胶囊,即微胶囊1。
将40g原硅酸四乙酯(TEOS)(可由Evonik Corporation,Piscataway,NJ商购获得)加入到36g的0.01N盐酸中,并且将混合物在45℃搅拌30分钟。在1小时内滴加另外的376gTEOS。将混合物在45℃搅拌16小时,并且装载到Rotavapor中以在10mmHg真空的帮助下去除轻组分(lights)。将所得275g无色液体聚硅氧烷材料(多晶硅(Poly-Si))保存并且用于胶囊制备。由此制备的聚硅氧烷材料具有5-30的粘度(Brookfield DV1粘度计,60rpm,环境温度,主轴4),和1000至3000的分子量。
将2g明胶A(可由Great Lakes Gelatin Co.,Grayslake,IL商购获得)在118g水中的溶液加热到50℃。在10g的预处理的二氧化硅多晶硅中,将***胶(2g)作为10%水溶液(20)加入,随后加入40g薄荷油。用10%乙酸溶液将pH调节到4.5。将所得混合物用顶置式搅拌器以600rpm搅拌,并且缓慢冷却到室温(20℃)。因而,向混合物中加入6g硅酸钠(37.5%水溶液,可由PQ Corp.,Malvern,Pennsylvania商购获得)在80g水中的溶液。在将pH调节到6.6后,将所得混合物在室温搅拌1小时以获得微胶囊1。前体(例如在本实施例中使用的预处理的二氧化硅多晶硅)的量通过所需的壁聚合物水平常规地确定,并且一般是最终制剂的5%至50%。在不需要过度实验的情况下,本领域技术人员将能够调整前体量以制备具有所需壁厚度和释放模式的微胶囊。
拍摄微胶囊1的显微镜图像,显示出当在显微镜载玻片上在室温(即,25℃)干燥时,微胶囊1稳定至少两天。另外,其具有比比较微胶囊2高的机械稳定性。
由此制备的微胶囊1具有在1微米至250微米范围内的粒度,和73.0%的囊封效率(EE)。
可提取油分析
EE计算为:EE=[1-(游离油/总油)]x 100%。游离油从游离油分析中获得。更具体地,将2g的胶囊样品和6.7g(大约10mL)的己烷在小瓶中混合,将所述小瓶在管式旋转器(可由Scientific Equipment Products获得)上滚动10分钟。将混合物过滤到自动进样瓶中并且用具有火焰离子化检测器(FID)的Agilent 7890A GC***进行分析。使用各成分在色谱图中的积分面积,相对于预先确定的工作曲线计算含量水平。
总油分析方法:在20mL顶空瓶中,将0.2g样品和0.8g水(或者当样品是浆料时为1g样品)与0.1g的内标月桂酸苄酯混合。加入10ml的THF并且用压紧钳(crimper)封盖小瓶。将样品在50℃超声处理10分钟。在样品在冷冻机中冷却约半小时后,用开盖器打开小瓶并且取出清澈的上层(或如果需要的话过滤上层)用于利用具有火焰离子化检测器(FID)的Agilent 7890A GC***进行GC分析。使用各成分的积分面积,相对于预先确定的工作曲线计算含量。
比较例2
除了使用20g TEOS代替预处理的二氧化硅多晶硅以外,按照与实施例1中描述相同的程序制备本发明的另一种微胶囊,即比较微胶囊2。
可提取油分析表明EE为68.7%。比较微胶囊2的显微镜图像显示,比较微胶囊2不稳定,并且当在显微镜载玻片上在室温干燥时在四小时内崩塌。
实施例3
按照以下描述的程序制备本发明的第三种微胶囊,即微胶囊3。
步骤1:利用脱水山梨糖醇酯制备香精二氧化硅微胶囊
通过将1g的Span 80(单油酸脱水山梨糖醇酯,可由Sigma-Aldrich商购获得)和9g的Tween 80(聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯,可由Sigma-Aldrich商购获得)在300g的水中在搅拌2小时的情况下混合,制备表面活性剂溶液。将100g的该表面活性剂溶液加入到含有10g的预处理的二氧化硅多晶硅、25g的香精谐香剂(accord)和5g的Neobee油的油相中。将所得混合物用Ultra Turrax匀化器以9000rpm匀化3分钟。用顶置式搅拌器代替匀化器,并且将浆料以400rpm搅拌,并且用稀氨溶液将pH调节到8.5。将混合物在室温搅拌16小时以获得含有二氧化硅微胶囊的胶囊浆料。
可提取油分析表明EE为0.0%。
步骤2:利用***胶和明胶的包覆
通过在50℃将200g的2%明胶水溶液和43g的25%***胶水溶液在200g的水中混合,制备水溶液。向该水溶液中加入50g的在上述步骤1中制备的胶囊浆料。将所得混合物在50℃搅拌,并且用1N HCl水溶液将pH调节到3.5。在室温在搅拌下固化16小时得到含有微胶囊3的微胶囊组合物。
可提取油分析表明EE为83.3%。微胶囊3的显微镜图像显示,当在显微镜载玻片上在室温干燥时,微胶囊是稳定的。
实施例4
按照以下程序制备本发明的另一种微胶囊,即微胶囊4。
通过加入30g的预处理的二氧化硅多晶硅和40g的柠檬香料油(可由International Flavors&Fragrances,South Brunswick,NJ商购获得),制备溶胶凝胶混合物。向该溶胶-凝胶混合物中加入180g的10%超纯胶水溶液。将所得混合物用Ultra Turrax匀化器以10000rpm匀化2分钟以获得微胶囊浆料。加入壳聚糖(3.6g,在360g的1%水溶液中)。将所得微胶囊浆料在室温搅拌24小时以获得微胶囊4。
可提取油分析表明EE为84.5%。微胶囊4的显微镜图像显示,其在显微镜载玻片上在室温干燥后稳定至少2天。
实施例5和6
使用负载量为微胶囊重量的47%的模型玉米香料,按照在上述实施例1中描述的程序制备微胶囊5。模型玉米香料含有90重量%的Neobee油和10重量%的各自浓度为0.005-2%的以下成分:乙酰丙酰、乙酰基甲基甲醇、麦芽酚、甲硫基丙醛、2-乙酰基-吡啶、dimeth sulf mx1450、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、香草醛、丁酸、戊基乙烯基甲醇、2-辛烯醛、δ-癸内酯、δ-十二内酯和sacrazole。将微胶囊5从微胶囊浆料中过滤,空气干燥,并且作为粉末收集。
还以47重量%的亲水性香料负载量制备另一种微胶囊,即微胶囊6。亲水性香料包括ClogP为1以下的那些。实例是乙酰丙酰、乙酰基甲基甲醇、麦芽酚、甲硫基丙醛、2-乙酰基-吡啶、dimeth sulf mx1450、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪。将微胶囊6从微胶囊浆料中过滤,空气干燥,并且作为粉末收集。
将微胶囊5与微胶囊6以3:1的重量比混合以获得微胶囊7。
分别使用微胶囊5和7制备两种薄脆饼干,即样品1和2。使用0.165重量%的微胶囊5制备样品1。使用0.22重量%的微胶囊7制备样品2。注意,样品2含有0.165重量%的微胶囊5和0.055重量%的微胶囊6。各样品含有以下成分(全部按样品重量计):King Arthur APFlour 63.3%,盐0.95%,糖1.94%,黄油9.5%,微胶囊5或7(0.165%或0.22%),和水(足量至100%)。
通过将上述成分混合和捏合来制备薄脆饼干面团。将其切成单独的薄脆饼干并且在400°F烘烤8分钟或直到薄脆饼干的边缘稍微是褐色。将由此制备的样品1和2在室温冷却,并且由6位评判员的小组评价香味强度和平衡。强度为1至10的评分,其中1是弱香味或无香味,并且10是非常强的香味。结果表明样品2具有4.4的奶酪强度。与此相比,样品1具有3.4的奶酪强度。另外,样品2的香味比样品1的香味更平衡。
实施例7
按照以下程序制备喷雾干燥的胶囊组合物,即样品3。
按照在实施例1中描述的程序制备含有8.3重量%Cooler 2Extra、5.5重量%壁材料和86.2重量%水的Cooler 2Extra胶囊浆料。将改性淀粉(1033g)加入到3726g的Cooler2Extra胶囊浆料中。将混合物剧烈搅拌直到固体完全分散。然后将混合物喷雾干燥以获得产品样品3。
产品具有20重量%的香料负载量。产品的总油分析得到20%Cooler 2Extra(香料的100%保留)。可提取油分析表明EE为74%。
微胶囊的香料递送的分析评价
以两种口香糖样品都含有0.5%的柠檬油的水平,用柠檬香料油或含有相同香料油的微胶囊制备口香糖样品。将样品用人工嘴处理,并且用GC分析水提取物。将在液体提取物中测量的香料油理解为所递送的香料油的量。结果显示,相对于用净油制成的口香糖的2.6%,微胶囊递送了口香糖中负载的总油的3.4%,这提高了30.8%。
以最终烘制小甜饼含有1%的柠檬油的水平,通过将湿面团与柠檬香料油或含有相同香料油的微胶囊混合,制备Betty Crocker糖小甜饼样品。用前述总油分析方案分析小甜饼样品。将所测量的香料油理解为所递送的香料油的量。结果显示,相对于用净油制成的小甜饼的2.7%,微胶囊递送了总油的4.1%,这提高了51.9%。
口香糖中的微胶囊性能
按照前述相同程序用Cooler 2Extra(可由IFF,Union Beach,NJ商购获得的清凉剂)制备微胶囊1。用1重量%水平的Cooler 2制备口香糖样品,即样品3、4和5。样品3含有净Cooler 2Extra。样品4含有囊封在胶质-明胶凝聚体中的Cooler 2Extra。样品5含有微胶囊1。全部三种样品由6位评判员的小组评价以1-10的等级评分的强度,其中1是弱香味或无香味,并且10是非常强的风味。出乎意料地,在15分钟的咀嚼评价期间的所有时间点,与样品3和4相比,样品5都递送了类似或更强的清凉感。下表示出了三种样品在不同时间点的香味强度。
表1.口香糖评价中的香味强度
第1分钟 | 第4分钟 | 第7分钟 | 第12分钟 | |
样品3 | 3.125 | 2.25 | 2 | 1.625 |
样品4 | 3.5 | 3 | 2.375 | 1.875 |
样品5 | 3.5 | 3.375 | 3.125 | 2.25 |
其他实施方案
本说明书中公开的所有特征都可以以任意组合合并。本说明书中公开的每个特征都可以被用作相同、等同或相似目的的备选特征替换。因此,除非另外明确说明,公开的每个特征都仅是等同或相似特征的通用系列的实例。
实际上,为了实现制备适合于递送香料的微胶囊,本领域技术人员可以选择不同的分散剂、另外的壁聚合物前体和/或部分交联的二氧化硅,改变这些形成壁的材料和/或催化剂的浓度以在消费品中实现所需的感官释放模式。另外,在不需要过度实验的情况下,技术人员也可以确定它们的形成壁的材料、分散剂、辅剂、核改性剂和活性材料之间的比率。
根据以上描述,技术人员可以容易地确定本发明的必要特征,并且在不脱离其精神和范围的情况下,可以对本发明进行多种变化和改变以使其适合于多种使用和条件。因此,其他实施方案也在权利要求内。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于制备组合物的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)提供溶胶-凝胶混合物,所述溶胶-凝胶混合物含有(i)分子量为1000-9000的聚硅氧烷,且其通过使水与溶胶-凝胶前体反应获得,所述溶胶-凝胶前体选自对应于以下通式的硅醇化物单体或烷氧基硅烷单体:(R1O)(R2O)Si(X)(X'),其中X是氢、-OR3或R4;X’是氢、-OR5或R6;并且R1、R2、R3、R4、R5和R6中的每一个独立地是H,直链、支链或环状的烷基,或直链、支链或环状的硅氧烷基;并且其中水和溶胶-凝胶前体之间的摩尔比为1:3至3:1,(ii)***胶,(iii)明胶,和(iv)分散于水相中的多个油滴,其中大小为1至250μm的所述油滴中的每一个都含有活性材料和溶胶-凝胶前体;(b)将所述溶胶-凝胶混合物的pH保持在1至7以获得微胶囊浆料;和(c)使所述微胶囊浆料固化,由此获得所述组合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述溶胶-凝胶前体是原硅酸四甲酯、原硅酸四乙酯、二氧化硅低聚物或其组合,并且所述聚硅氧烷具有下式:(R1O)[M(X)a(X')2-aO]nR2,其中a是0-2,并且n是100至1200的整数,M是Si、Ti或Zr,且条件是R1、X、X'和R2不同时为氢。
3.一种浆料或粉末形式的通过权利要求1-2中任一项所述的方法制备的微胶囊组合物。
4.一种消费品,所述消费品包含权利要求3所述的微胶囊组合物,其中所述消费品选自由以下各项组成的组:烘焙制品、乳制品、水果冰、糖食制品、无糖糖果、果酱、果冻、明胶、布丁、动物饲料、压制糖食片、硬糖、果胶类糖、耐嚼糖、奶油夹心糖、软糖、无糖硬糖、无糖果胶类糖、无糖耐嚼糖、无糖奶油夹心糖、牙膏、漱口水、口气清新剂、碳酸饮料、矿泉水、饮料冲调粉混合物、非酒精饮料、止咳糖、糖锭、止咳合剂、减充血剂、抗刺激剂、抗酸剂、抗消化不良制剂和口腔止痛剂以及口香糖。
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CN102641703A (zh) * | 2011-05-27 | 2012-08-22 | 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 | 电子墨水微胶囊及其制备方法 |
WO2013174921A1 (en) * | 2012-05-24 | 2013-11-28 | Firmenich Sa | Hybrid coacervate capsules |
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MX2018011341A (es) | 2019-07-04 |
EP3429740A1 (en) | 2019-01-23 |
ES2876160T3 (es) | 2021-11-12 |
US11160761B2 (en) | 2021-11-02 |
EP3429740A4 (en) | 2019-11-06 |
EP3429740B1 (en) | 2021-05-05 |
BR112018068938A2 (pt) | 2019-01-22 |
WO2017161364A1 (en) | 2017-09-21 |
US20220046941A1 (en) | 2022-02-17 |
US20200306197A1 (en) | 2020-10-01 |
BR112018068938B1 (pt) | 2022-05-17 |
CN109070038A (zh) | 2018-12-21 |
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