CN109054949A - Lubricant and preparation method thereof, and the method for reducing fluid viscosity - Google Patents
Lubricant and preparation method thereof, and the method for reducing fluid viscosity Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN109054949A CN109054949A CN201810948160.7A CN201810948160A CN109054949A CN 109054949 A CN109054949 A CN 109054949A CN 201810948160 A CN201810948160 A CN 201810948160A CN 109054949 A CN109054949 A CN 109054949A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- lubricant
- carbon material
- dimensional carbon
- lubricant base
- molecule
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2201/04—Elements
- C10M2201/041—Carbon; Graphite; Carbon black
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
- C10M2207/021—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
- C10M2207/022—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing at least two hydroxy groups
- C10M2207/0225—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms containing at least two hydroxy groups used as base material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of lubricants, including lubricant base and three-dimensional carbon material, the lubricant base is mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical, the lubricant base is liquid, it can be connected by hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base, the three-dimensional carbon material is for being broken the hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base.The invention also discloses the preparation methods of the lubricant described in one kind, comprising the following steps: provides the lubricant base；The three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And the lubricant base is uniformly mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material.The invention also discloses a kind of methods for reducing fluid viscosity, comprising the following steps: provides fluid matrix, can be connected by hydrogen bond between the molecule of the fluid matrix；Three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And mix the fluid matrix with the three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical, it is broken the hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to friction techniques fields, more particularly to a kind of lubricant and preparation method thereof, and reduce fluid
The method of viscosity.
Background technique
Lubricant is the lubricant medium to drop the frictional resistance of low friction pair, slow down its abrasion.In use, moisten
Lubrication prescription can form a kind of film between rubbing surface, be isolated or be partially isolated the frictional contact surface to contact with each other, realize and reduce friction,
Prolonged mechanical component service life reduces friction energy loss.And to be then that lubricant quality discrimination and purposes determine important for viscosity
One of evaluation index.The viscosity of lubricant is unsuitable excessively high, and at the beginning of mechanically activated, lubricant viscosity is excessively high, can bring biggish
Energy consumption.
Chemical method viscosity reduction is generallyd use at present, various chemical viscosity reduction agent are also come into being.But chemical method viscosity reduction can change profit
The chemical component and composed structure of lubrication prescription, change its acid-base property, generate different degrees of corruption to mechanical part in use
Erosion reduces the service life of component, and subsidiary environmentally harmful chemical substance.
Summary of the invention
Based on this, it is necessary to provide a kind of low viscosity and not change the lubricant and its system of the original chemical property of lubricant
Preparation Method, and the method for reducing fluid viscosity.
A kind of lubricant, including lubricant base and three-dimensional carbon material, the lubricant base and the three-dimensional carbon materials
Expect non-homogeneous physical mixing, the lubricant base is liquid, it can be connected by hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base,
The three-dimensional carbon material is for being broken the hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base.
A kind of lubricant, including lubricant base and three-dimensional carbon material, the lubricant base and the three-dimensional carbon materials
Expect non-homogeneous physical mixing, the lubricant base includes the polyhydroxy-alcohol that carbon atom number is 3-8.
In one of the embodiments, the lubricant base include glycerine, 1,3-PD, 2- methyl propanediol,
One of pentaerythrite, ethylene glycol, mannitol are a variety of.
The three-dimensional carbon material includes graphite composite powder in one of the embodiments,.
The mass ratio of the lubricant base and the three-dimensional carbon material is 200~2000 in one of the embodiments,.
The average grain diameter of the three-dimensional carbon material is less than 30nm in one of the embodiments,.
A kind of preparation method of the lubricant, comprising the following steps:
The lubricant base is provided；
The three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And
The lubricant base is uniformly mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material.
The lubricant base is mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material by sonic oscillation in one of the embodiments,.
The power of the sonic oscillation is 50W~150W in one of the embodiments,.
The time of the sonic oscillation is 2 hours~12 hours in one of the embodiments,.
The environment temperature when mixing is 20 DEG C~40 DEG C in one of the embodiments,.
A method of reducing fluid viscosity, comprising the following steps:
Fluid matrix is provided, can be connected by hydrogen bond between the molecule of the fluid matrix；
Three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And
The fluid matrix is mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical, between the molecule for making the lubricant base
The hydrogen bond fracture.
It can be connected by hydrogen bond between lubricant base of the present invention or the molecule of fluid matrix, form intermolecular phase
Interreaction force forms cluster between molecule under the action of intermolecular interaction.The three-dimensional carbon material being capable of physics suction
The molecule of the attached lubricant base or fluid matrix, so as to utilize the suction-operated of the three-dimensional carbon atom in micel
Space interval is formed in cluster, the hydrogen bond between the molecule is broken, to destroying cluster for multiple small molecules or the group of reduction
The size of cluster obtains the lubricant or fluid of low viscosity so that making the viscosity of the lubricant base reduces.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the viscosity of the lubricant of 1-5 of the embodiment of the present invention with the test data figure of shear rate change.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, by the following examples, it and combines attached
Figure, to lubricant and preparation method thereof of the invention, and the method for reducing fluid viscosity is further elaborated.It should
Understand, described herein specific examples are only used to explain the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of lubricant, including lubricant base and three-dimensional carbon material, the lubricant base
Body mix with the three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical, and the lubricant base is liquid, between the molecule of the lubricant base
It can be connected by hydrogen bond, the three-dimensional carbon material is for being broken the hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base.
It can be connected by hydrogen bond between the molecule of lubricant base described in the embodiment of the present invention, form intermolecular phase interaction
Firmly, cluster is formed between molecule under the action of intermolecular interaction.The three-dimensional carbon material being capable of physical absorption institute
The molecule of lubricant base is stated, so as to be formed between space in molecular cluster using the suction-operated of the three-dimensional carbon atom
Every by the hydrogen bond fracture between the molecule, so that cluster is destroyed as multiple small molecules or be reduced the size of cluster, to make
The viscosity of the lubricant base reduces, and obtains the lubricant of low viscosity.The lubricant base is that liquid refers to the lubricant
Under the conditions of temperature and pressure when work, the lubricant base is liquid.
Viscosity is the important evaluation index for identifying lubricant quality and determining lubricant use.Hydrogen bond is a kind of special
Intermolecular force, when being capable of forming hydrogen bond between the molecule of lubricant base, so that lubricant molecule forms molecular cluster,
Viscosity becomes larger.Therefore, the intermolecular network structure formed by hydrogen bond of lubricant base and the quantity of hydrogen bond affect lubricant
Viscosity height.The embodiment of the present invention regulates and controls the quantity of the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of lubricant base by physical method, reduces lubrication
The viscosity of agent.Relative to chemical method viscosity reduction, the addition of the three-dimensional carbon material of the embodiment of the present invention not with the lubricant
Matrix chemically reacts, and in the chemical component and composed structure for not changing described lubricant base itself, does not change the profit
The viscosity of the lubricant base is reduced under conditions of the acid-base property of lubrication prescription matrix.
Meanwhile some other physics viscosity reducing process, such as heating, externally-applied magnetic field and extra electric field, when stopping heating, remove
After applied magnetic and electric fields, the viscosity of lubricant can be restored within the regular hour, be unable to reach permanent viscosity reduction and to profit
The active control of viscosity lubricants.Due to needing external heat source, electric field and the intervention in magnetic field, practical application to have when viscosity reduction regulates and controls
Certain difficulty.In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, three-dimensional carbon material, which is added, reduces the viscosity of lubricant base, and regulates and controls described three
The ratio of carbon material and the lubricant base is tieed up, the viscosity of lubricant described in active control is capable of, and is not required in viscosity reduction
Heating, added electric field or magnetic field, practicability are stronger.
In one embodiment, in the molecule of the lubricant base include hydrogen atom and with the hydrogen atom with covalent bond
In conjunction with X atom, the electronegativity of the X atom is larger, and the X atom may include O, N, F.The molecule of the lubricant base
Close with electronegativity is big, radius is small atom Y, between x and y using hydrogen as medium, the one kind for generating X-H ... Y shape formula is special
Intermolecular or intramolecular interaction, referred to as hydrogen bond.The Y atom may include O, N, F.X and Y can be atom of the same race,
It can be atom not of the same race.
In one embodiment, may include in the molecule of the lubricant base hydrogen atom and with the hydrogen atom with altogether
The oxygen atom that valence link combines can generate the hydrogen bond of O-H ... O between the molecule of the adjacent lubricant base.The hydrogen bond
Intermolecular force is formed between the molecule of the adjacent lubricant base, the molecule of multiple lubricant bases is with hydrogen
The intermolecular interaction of key connects, and forms cluster, and the cluster of hydrogen bond connection makes between the molecule of the lubricant base
Flowing forms certain restriction, and the viscosity of the lubricant is made to become larger.
In one embodiment, the lubricant base may include hydroxyl, and the hydroxyl of the lubricant base is adjacent
Hydrogen bond is formed between the lubricant base molecule.The hydroxyl of the molecule of the lubricant base can be one or more
A, the hydrogen bond formed between the molecule of the adjacent lubricant base can be one or more.In one embodiment, the profit
Lubrication prescription matrix may include the polyhydroxy-alcohol that carbon atom number is 3-8.The carbon atom number is the molecule of the polyhydroxy-alcohol molecule of 3-8
Measure small, lubricating action is good.The adjacent polyhydroxy-alcohol molecule forms multiple hydrogen bonds, the polyhydroxy-alcohol point by multiple hydroxyls
Cluster is formed by multiple hydrogen bonds between son.
In one embodiment, the polyhydroxy-alcohol may include glycerine, 1,3-PD, 2- methyl propanediol, season penta
Tetrol, ethylene glycol and mannitol etc. have the alcohols of lubricating action.
Preferably, the carbon material is graphite carbon material, has carbon six-membered ring structure.Due to the carbon material of nano-scale
It is not easy to obtain, in embodiments of the present invention, average grain diameter of the three-dimensional carbon material in three dimensions is less than 30nm.In the partial size
In range, the three-dimensional carbon material can take into account the mobility of lubricant base while reducing the viscosity of the lubricant.
The three-dimensional carbon material has physisorption, and in embodiments of the present invention, the three-dimensional carbon material is for inhaling
The molecule of the attached lubricant base, since the hydrogen bond formed between the molecule of the lubricant base is a kind of weaker molecule
Between active force, the lubricant base molecule is strapped in the surface of the three-dimensional carbon material, passes through space by physisorption
The hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base is broken in effect, and the cluster for forming the lubricant base is destroyed, and described three
Carbon material physical mixed is tieed up in the lubricant base, the cluster is divided into multiple smaller clusters or multiple
The molecule of lubricant base, to reduce the viscosity of the lubricant.
In one embodiment, the shape of the three-dimensional carbon material can be powdered granule, it is preferred that the powdered granule is
Spherical or ellipsoid.Spherical or ellipsoid three-dimensional carbon material can be more uniform be blended in the lubricant base.
In one embodiment, the three-dimensional carbon material includes graphite.The graphite can be graphite composite powder.
It is appreciated that the embodiment of the present invention utilize be in the three-dimensional carbon material carbon atom to the molecule of lubricant base
The physisorption of generation, the three-dimensional carbon material are preferably the material without functionalization, i.e., the described three-dimensional carbon material
Substantially carbon is contained only, and other non-grafted chemical groups.
In one embodiment, the mass ratio of the lubricant base and the three-dimensional carbon material can be 200~2000.Institute
It is too small to state additional amount of the three-dimensional carbon material in the lubricant base, keeps viscosity reducing effect less obvious；The three-dimensional carbon material
Additional amount in the lubricant base is excessive, can make volume and concentration of the three-dimensional carbon material in the lubricant
It is excessive, reduce the lubricant effect of the lubricant.
In one embodiment, the adjacent molecule for referring to passing through the lubricant base between the three-dimensional carbon material
It separates.The three-dimensional carbon material can exist in the form of monodisperse in the lubricant or multiple three-dimensional carbon materials are reunited.
It is preferred that existing in the form of monodisperse, so that dispersion of the three-dimensional carbon material in the lubricant is more evenly.
The embodiment of the present invention also provides the preparation method of lubricant described in one kind, comprising the following steps:
The lubricant base is provided；
The three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And
The lubricant base is uniformly mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material.
The mixed method of the lubricant base and the three-dimensional carbon material may include the side such as mechanical stirring, sonic oscillation
Formula.In one embodiment, the lubricant base is mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material by sonic oscillation.Sonic oscillation method benefit
Keep the three-dimensional carbon material of solid forms evenly dispersed in the lubricant base of liquid form with ultrasonic wave, does not destroy the lubrication
Under conditions of agent matrix and the three-dimensional carbon material self structure and property, so that mixing is more evenly.
In one embodiment, the power of the sonic oscillation can be 50W~150W.
In one embodiment, the time of the sonic oscillation can cooperate with the power of the sonic oscillation, according to described
Mixing efficiency is adjusted, so that the mixing uniformity is more preferable, mixing efficiency is higher.The incorporation time can be 2 hours
~12 hours.
In one embodiment, the environment temperature when mixing is 20 DEG C~40 DEG C.The mixing temperature is unsuitable excessively high, high
The ultrasonic wave effect of temperature may destroy the structure of the lubricant base or the three-dimensional carbon material.
The embodiment of the present invention also provides a kind of method for reducing fluid viscosity, comprising the following steps:
Fluid matrix is provided, can be connected by hydrogen bond between the molecule of the fluid matrix；
Three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And
The fluid matrix is mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical, between the molecule for making the lubricant base
The hydrogen bond fracture.
The molecule of fluid matrix is passed through physics using the physisorption of the three-dimensional carbon material by the embodiment of the present invention
The surface for being adsorbed on the three-dimensional carbon material is not changing the stream so that the intermolecular hydrogen bond of the fluid matrix be destroyed
Achieve the purpose that the viscosity for reducing the fluid matrix under conditions of the chemical composition of body matrix.
Fluid matrix of the present invention can be identical with above-mentioned lubricant base, reduces method and the institute of fluid viscosity
The preparation method for stating lubricant can be identical, and which is not described herein again.
Embodiment 1
Mass ratio according to lubrication molecule and three-dimensional carbon material is m (glycerine)/m (graphite)=500, weighs 0.01g's
The glycerine of graphite and 5g is placed in closed vial.Closed glass jar is placed on to 25 DEG C of water temperature of ultrasonic washing instrument
Middle ultrasonic treatment 6 hours, ultrasonic power is set as 100W, obtains mixed uniformly lubricant.
Embodiment 2
The difference of the present embodiment and embodiment 1 be only that the mass ratio of lubrication molecule and three-dimensional carbon material for m (glycerine)/
The graphite of m (graphite)=750, addition are 0.01g, and glycerine 7.5g is placed in closed vial.Closed glass jar is put
It sets and is ultrasonically treated 6 hours in 25 DEG C of water temperature of ultrasonic washing instrument, ultrasonic power is set as 100W, obtains mixed uniformly profit
Lubrication prescription.
Embodiment 3
The difference of the present embodiment and embodiment 1 be only that the mass ratio of lubrication molecule and zero dimension carbon material for m (glycerine)/
M (graphite)=1000, the graphite of addition are 0.01g, glycerine 10g；Ultrasonic treatment 5 hours, ultrasonic power is set as 90W.
Embodiment 4
The difference of the present embodiment and embodiment 1 be only that the mass ratio of lubrication molecule and zero dimension carbon material for m (glycerine)/
M (graphite)=1250, the graphite of addition are 0.01g, glycerine 12.5g；Ultrasonic treatment 5 hours, ultrasonic power is set as
90W。
Embodiment 5
The difference of the present embodiment and embodiment 1 be only that the mass ratio of lubrication molecule and zero dimension carbon material for m (glycerine)/
M (graphite)=1500, the graphite of addition are 0.01g, glycerine 15g；Ultrasonic treatment 4 hours, ultrasonic power is set as 80W.
Experimental example
The lubricating fluid of embodiment 1-5 preparation is detected respectively using Austrian Anton Paar MCR301 rotational rheometer,
Glycerine undoped with graphite is as a control group.The viscosity of lubricant is detected with the variation of shear rate.Detecting temperature is 25 DEG C,
Detection module is CP50-1.The measuring point of shear rate is respectively 117,153,201,265,348,457,600 and 788.
Referring to Fig. 1, rheological characteristic testing result is shown, compared with glycerine control group, the lubrication of embodiment 1-4 must also glue
Degree shows a degree of reduction.Illustrate that graphite dopping can reduce the viscosity of glycerine.
Each technical characteristic of embodiment described above can be combined arbitrarily, for simplicity of description, not to above-mentioned reality
It applies all possible combination of each technical characteristic in example to be all described, as long as however, the combination of these technical characteristics is not deposited
In contradiction, all should be considered as described in this specification.
The embodiments described above only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but simultaneously
Limitations on the scope of the patent of the present invention therefore cannot be interpreted as.It should be pointed out that for those of ordinary skill in the art
For, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made, these belong to guarantor of the invention
Protect range.Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent of the invention shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (12)
1. a kind of lubricant, which is characterized in that including lubricant base and three-dimensional carbon material, the lubricant base with it is described
Three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical mixing, the lubricant base are liquid, can be passed through between the molecule of the lubricant base
Hydrogen bond connection, the three-dimensional carbon material is for being broken the hydrogen bond between the molecule of the lubricant base.
2. a kind of lubricant, which is characterized in that including lubricant base and three-dimensional carbon material, the lubricant base with it is described
Three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical mixing, the lubricant base include the polyhydroxy-alcohol that carbon atom number is 3-8.
3. lubricant according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the lubricant base includes glycerine, 1,3- third
One of glycol, 2- methyl propanediol, pentaerythrite, ethylene glycol, mannitol are a variety of.
4. lubricant according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the three-dimensional carbon material includes graphite composite powder.
5. lubricant according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the lubricant base and the three-dimensional carbon material
Mass ratio be 200~2000.
6. lubricant according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the average grain diameter of the three-dimensional carbon material is less than
30nm。
7. a kind of preparation method of lubricant according to claim 1-6, comprising the following steps:
The lubricant base is provided；
The three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And
The lubricant base is uniformly mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material.
8. the preparation method of lubricant according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the lubricant base and the three-dimensional
Carbon material is mixed by sonic oscillation.
9. the preparation method of lubricant according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the power of the sonic oscillation is 50W
~150W.
10. the preparation method of lubricant according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the time of the sonic oscillation is 2 small
When~12 hours.
11. the preparation method of lubricant according to claim 7, which is characterized in that the environment temperature when mixing is
20 DEG C~40 DEG C.
12. a kind of method for reducing fluid viscosity, comprising the following steps:
Fluid matrix is provided, can be connected by hydrogen bond between the molecule of the fluid matrix；
Three-dimensional carbon material is provided；And
The fluid matrix is mixed with the three-dimensional carbon material non-homogeneous physical, makes the institute between the molecule of the lubricant base
State hydrogen bond fracture.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201810948160.7A CN109054949B (en) | 2018-08-20 | 2018-08-20 | Lubricant, method for preparing the same, and method for reducing viscosity of fluid |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201810948160.7A CN109054949B (en) | 2018-08-20 | 2018-08-20 | Lubricant, method for preparing the same, and method for reducing viscosity of fluid |
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| CN109054949A true CN109054949A (en) | 2018-12-21 |
| CN109054949B CN109054949B (en) | 2020-08-04 |
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Cited By (1)
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| CN109705960A (en) * | 2019-01-25 | 2019-05-03 | 清华大学 | Lubricant and preparation method thereof, and the method for reducing fluid viscosity |
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| US20040209782A1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2004-10-21 | Ashland Inc. | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube |
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| US20040209782A1 (en) * | 2002-05-30 | 2004-10-21 | Ashland Inc. | Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with graphite nanoparticles and carbon nanotube |
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