CN109005722B - Comprehensive reclamation method for land reclamation of iron ore waste stone yard - Google Patents
Comprehensive reclamation method for land reclamation of iron ore waste stone yard Download PDFInfo
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- CN109005722B CN109005722B CN201810854109.XA CN201810854109A CN109005722B CN 109005722 B CN109005722 B CN 109005722B CN 201810854109 A CN201810854109 A CN 201810854109A CN 109005722 B CN109005722 B CN 109005722B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
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Abstract
The invention discloses a comprehensive reclamation method for the land reclamation of an iron ore waste rock yard, which comprises the steps of cleaning larger-size stones and sundries on the earth surface of the waste rock yard, reserving original roads and public and auxiliary facilities, leveling the field and side slope of the waste rock yard and flattening; reserving and modifying an original drainage system and newly-built water and power supply facilities according to the plan; arranging a retaining wall, a foot protection wall, a drainage ditch and/or a catch basin on a side slope where water and soil are easy to flow; covering the compacted platform and side slope with reclaimed heap surface soil stripped in the iron ore open-pit mining with the thickness of at least 40cm, and naturally settling after leveling; building a sprinkling irrigation facility on the platform, and covering at least 5cm of humus soil on the surface layer of the cultivated soil to plant common urban greening trees; digging planting pits with row spacing of at least 1.5m multiplied by 1.5m on the other platforms and the gentle side slopes, arranging an impervious layer at the bottom, backfilling reclaimed and stockpiled surface soil, and finally planting fast-growing forest trees. The invention has the characteristics of low reclamation cost, high land improvement rate, stable geology after reclamation and sustainable benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of land reclamation, and particularly relates to a comprehensive reclamation method for the land reclamation of an iron ore waste rock yard, which has the advantages of low reclamation cost, high land treatment rate, stable geology after reclamation and sustainable benefit.
Background
While the development of mineral resources plays an important role in the development of national economy, tailings, waste rock piles and waste residues left in the mining process and after mining not only cause the generation of a large amount of waste lands around a mining area and the serious pollution of soil, underground water, surface water and atmosphere, cause the serious damage to the surrounding ecological environment, but also directly or indirectly harm the health of surrounding people through various ways. At present, in iron ore mining and dressing areas, a waste rock yard and a tailing pond are the most important pollution risk sources and land occupation main bodies. The waste rock field not only occupies the land and can cause the pollution of the surrounding environment, but also easily causes natural disasters such as landslide, debris flow and the like when the exposed waste rock field has heavy rainfall, and has the risks of vehicle injury, mechanical injury and the like and water and soil loss.
Land reclamation and greening are comprehensive measures for treating mining area environment, and the developed countries in the world pay great attention to the work in recent decades. In the process of land reclamation of the waste rock field, the foreign soil is covered as a plant growth substrate, so that secondary environment damage is caused by the remote mining and digging of the foreign soil, and the transportation cost is high. The surface soil stripped by surface mining is backfilled, so that the transportation cost is high due to the fact that the distance of the piled surface soil is too far, and the total quantity of the piled stripped surface soil is limited. However, in the actual construction process, the flatness of the overlarge slope is difficult to control in the waste discharge process, the thickness of soil is controlled to be 40cm at least in the soil covering area used according to the greening requirement, and in order to ensure that the thickness of the slope surface reaches 40cm, the thickness of the slope surface above 40cm and the thickness of the slope surface below 40cm are far beyond, so that the amount of used soil is seriously exceeded.
In the waste rock yard land reclamation in the prior art, the side slope is generally subjected to simple flattening or is simply provided with a retaining wall, the gentle slope has no problem, but the steep slope or the high slope is easy to collapse due to precipitation, so that the follow-up maintenance is difficult and the maintenance cost is high. In addition, in order to facilitate construction of waste rock yard land reclamation in the prior art, the scheme of completely removing original roads, ditches and other auxiliary facilities and then rebuilding according to construction planning is generally adopted. Although the scheme is simple in planning, convenient and fast in construction and high in reclamation rate, the reconstruction after the demolition is high in cost, and the demolished construction waste can cause environmental pollution. In addition, in the prior art, landscape greening or common greening is generally carried out after the reclamation of the waster rock land, and comprehensive remediation is not carried out, so that the follow-up greening maintenance cost is required to be continuously supported, direct economic benefit is difficult to generate, and the enthusiasm of mine enterprises for the reclamation of the waster rock land is severely restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a comprehensive reclamation method for the land reclamation of the iron ore waste rock farm, which has the advantages of low reclamation cost, high land reclamation rate, stable geology after reclamation and sustainable benefit.
The invention aims to realize the method, which comprises the steps of field leveling, ditch construction, slope reinforcement, covering and plowing planting soil, nursery construction and forest land planting, and specifically comprises the following steps:
A. leveling the field: clearing larger-size stones and sundries on the earth surface of the waste rock yard, reserving the original road and public and auxiliary facilities, and flattening and rolling the waste rock yard according to the platform division of the original storage yard before earthing;
B. constructing a ditch: reserving and reforming the original drainage system of the waste rock yard and newly building a water supply and power supply facility as a reclaimed drainage, water supply and power supply facility according to the renovation plan;
C. and (3) slope reinforcement: arranging a retaining wall, a foot protection wall, a drainage ditch and/or a catch basin on a side slope which is easy to cause soil and water flow;
D. covering and ploughing the planting soil: covering the compacted platform and side slope with reclaimed heap surface soil stripped in the iron ore open-pit mining with the thickness of at least 40cm, and naturally settling after leveling;
E. and (3) nursery construction: constructing a sprinkling irrigation facility by utilizing the platform covered with the plowed planting soil, covering humus soil with the thickness of at least 5cm on the surface layer of the plowed planting soil, and then planting common tree species for urban greening;
F. planting in forest land: digging tree planting pits with row spacing of at least 1.5m multiplied by 1.5m on the rest platforms and the gentle side slopes, then arranging an impermeable layer at the bottom of the tree planting pits, backfilling reclaimed and stockpiled surface soil, and finally planting fast-growing forest trees.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the reclaimed surface soil stripped in open-pit mining is used as the regent soil for reclaiming the waste rock yard, and the reclaimed surface soil has certain viscosity, so that water, oxygen and the like can be prevented from entering the waste rock yard, pollutants are prevented from being diffused to the surrounding environment due to precipitation leaching, a good blocking effect can be achieved as an isolation layer, and secondary environment damage caused by traditional regent soil mining is avoided.
2. The invention fully reserves the transportation road, the drainage system and other available public facilities of the original waste rock yard, and is reformed on the basis of the original facilities, thereby reducing the engineering quantity and the reclamation cost, and avoiding the environmental pollution of construction waste caused by dismantling the original facilities.
3. Aiming at the problem that the rainfall is concentrated when the iron ore waste rock yard is in the seasonal climatic environment, the invention particularly reinforces and modifies the flat platform field and the side slope to build a bottom drainage system, thereby effectively avoiding the collapse caused by the rainfall and reducing the subsequent maintenance workload and the maintenance cost.
4. The invention levels the side slope into the structure of the upper gentle slope, middle steep slope, lower gentle slope, assist and build latticed water blocking net, manger plate bank or fish scale hole in the middle steep slope, the upper gentle slope and/or lower gentle slope earthing leveling is to arrange the surface of the earth into the wave type ditch bank after earthing, and the foot of slope of the middle steep slope stacks the large stone, has changed the traditional "platform-side slope-platform" mode, through imitating the side slope structure under the natural state, can reduce the runoff production of the earth's surface, in order to guarantee the stability of the side slope, and can play a role in retaining water, lay the foundation for the recovery of the traditional difficult-to-manage side slope ecosystem.
5. The invention can plant the common tree species for urban greening through the nursery garden according to local conditions on the reclaimed land platform after the soil is replanted and planted, and plant the fast-growing forest trees on other platforms and flat side slopes, thus achieving the purposes of greening and beautifying the waste rock field, better improving the project area and the surrounding ecological environment and reducing the occurrence of natural disasters; the tree species planted in the nursery can grow into large trees suitable for urban greening after being cultivated for 3-5 years, the large trees are sold externally, the wood accumulation amount of other forest trees in a reclamation area is increased to a certain extent, the forest trees are reasonably developed and utilized after being grown, the generated direct economic benefit can offset the maintenance cost of greening after reclamation, and a certain economic benefit can be obtained, so that a positive cycle of comprehensive reclamation of the wasterock land is formed, and the enthusiasm of mine enterprises for reclamation of the wasterock land is promoted.
Therefore, the land reclamation rate of the invention can reach more than 99 percent after reclamation, the canopy density of the forest is more than 80 percent, and the invention has the characteristics of low reclamation cost, high land reclamation rate, stable geology after reclamation and sustainable benefit.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way, and any modifications or alterations made in accordance with the teachings of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.
The method comprises the steps of field leveling, ditch construction, slope reinforcement, covering and plowing planting soil, nursery construction and forest land planting, and specifically comprises the following steps:
A. leveling the field: clearing larger-size stones and sundries on the earth surface of the waste rock yard, reserving the original road and public and auxiliary facilities, and flattening and rolling the waste rock yard according to the platform division of the original storage yard before earthing;
B. constructing a ditch: reserving and reforming the original drainage system of the waste rock yard and newly building a water supply and power supply facility as a reclaimed drainage, water supply and power supply facility according to the renovation plan;
C. and (3) slope reinforcement: arranging a retaining wall, a foot protection wall, a drainage ditch and/or a catch basin on a side slope which is easy to cause soil and water flow;
D. covering and ploughing the planting soil: covering the compacted platform and side slope with reclaimed heap surface soil stripped in the iron ore open-pit mining with the thickness of at least 40cm, and naturally settling after leveling;
E. and (3) nursery construction: constructing a sprinkling irrigation facility by utilizing the platform covered with the plowed planting soil, covering humus soil with the thickness of at least 5cm on the surface layer of the plowed planting soil, and then planting common tree species for urban greening;
F. planting in forest land: digging tree planting pits with row spacing of at least 1.5m multiplied by 1.5m on the rest platforms and the gentle side slopes, then arranging an impermeable layer at the bottom of the tree planting pits, backfilling reclaimed and stockpiled surface soil, and finally planting fast-growing forest trees.
And B, after the field is leveled and rolled in the step A, the platform field is 3% of cross slope gradient, the outer height and the inner height are lower, after the field is leveled and rolled, the ground is covered with clay and waste rocks with the diameter smaller than 10cm in a mixed mode, and the ground is compacted to form an impermeable layer with the thickness not smaller than 20 cm.
And B, leveling the side slope in the step A into a structure of an upper gentle slope, a middle steep slope and a lower gentle slope, wherein the inclination angle of the middle steep slope is not more than 60 degrees, and the inclination angle of the upper gentle slope and/or the lower gentle slope is less than 25 degrees.
And C, building a latticed water blocking net, a water blocking ridge or a fish scale pit on the middle steep slope.
And C, arranging a drainage ditch and/or a catch ditch at the root of the lower gentle slope, and stacking large stones on the slope toe of the middle steep slope.
And D, covering and fixing the middle steep slope in the step D by using a geonet pad, and then broadcasting the mixture of the grass seeds and the humus on the geonet pad.
And D, soil covering and leveling the upper gentle slope and/or the lower gentle slope in the step D, namely finishing the ground surface into a wave-shaped ditch ridge after soil covering.
And E, common tree species for urban greening in the step E are ficus microcarpa, bougainvillea spectabilis, pistacia weinmannifolia and/or sophora japonica.
And F, digging a planting pit with the thickness of not less than 0.6m multiplied by 0.6m on the rest platforms, the upper gentle slope and the lower gentle slope, covering and flattening the bottom of the planting pit by mixing clay and waste rocks with the diameter of less than 5cm to form an impermeable layer with the thickness of not less than 10cm, backfilling the reclaimed stockpiling surface soil, and backfilling humus soil with the thickness of at least 15cm on the upper part of the impermeable layer of the planting pit.
And arranging an opening geomembrane on the side part of the tree planting pit in the step F, wherein the humus soil in the step E and/or the step F is a mixture of reclaimed stockpiled surface soil and decomposed organic fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 100: 1-4.
Example 1
The Cannes in Yuxi city, Yunnan province, and the waste rock farm of Nitrophoba, a big Hongshan mining company (840-1060 m steps, side slope), occupy 83.11hm2The total plane area of the platform and the slope needing to be covered with soil is about 168188m2The occupied area is large, and the waste rock yard is exposed for a long time, so that the surrounding environment of the yard is greatly influenced. Meanwhile, the exposed waste stone yard is easy to rain when the rainfall is largeCausing natural disasters such as landslide and debris flow. In order to implement the construction spirit of national green mines and construct environment-friendly mines and recover the ecological environment damage caused by mining waste discharge, the comprehensive land reclamation and remediation work of a waste rock field needs to be further enhanced, the green mines are realized, the environmental capacity is improved, the ecological virtuous cycle is promoted, and the ecological balance is maintained. The specific remediation process is as follows:
1. cleaning larger-size stones and sundries on the earth surface of the waste rock field, reserving original roads and public and auxiliary facilities, and leveling and rolling the waste rock field according to platform division for field and side slope leveling before earthing on the basis of original elevation steps of the waste rock field; the ground platform is 3% cross slope gradient, high outside and low inside; the side slope is leveled into a structure of an upper gentle slope, a middle steep slope and a lower gentle slope, wherein the inclination angle of the middle steep slope is not more than 60 degrees, and the inclination angle of the upper gentle slope and/or the lower gentle slope is less than 25 degrees; then covering the ground area of the flat platform with clay mixed with waste rocks with the diameter of less than 10cm and compacting to form a impervious layer with the thickness of not less than 20 cm.
2. And reserving and reforming the original drainage system of the waste rock yard according to the renovation plan, and newly building a water supply and power supply facility as a reclaimed drainage, water supply and power supply facility.
3. The method is characterized in that a retaining wall, a foot protection wall, a drainage ditch and/or a catch basin are arranged on a side slope where water and soil flow easily occurs, wherein a latticed water blocking net, a water retaining ridge or a fish scale pit is built on a middle steep slope, the drainage ditch and/or the catch basin is arranged at the root of a lower gentle slope, and large stones are stacked on the slope foot of the middle steep slope.
4. Covering the compacted platform and side slope with reclaimed and stockpiled surface soil stripped from iron ore in surface mining with the thickness of at least 40cm, covering and fixing the middle steep slope with a geonet pad, covering soil on the upper gentle slope and/or the lower gentle slope, finishing the surface of the earth into a wave-shaped ditch ridge, and naturally settling after leveling.
5. Building a sprinkling irrigation facility by utilizing a platform covered with cultivated soil, covering at least 5cm of humus on the surface layer of the cultivated soil to form a nursery, then planting common tree species such as ficus microcarpa, bougainvillea spectabilis, pistacia chinensis and/or sophora moorcroftiana for urban greening, and after cultivating for 3-5 years, waiting for the tree species in the nursery to grow into big trees suitable for urban greening for sale;
6. digging tree planting pits with the row spacing of at least 1.5m multiplied by 1.5m and the size of not less than 0.6m multiplied by 0.6m at the rest platforms, the upper gentle slopes and the lower gentle slopes, then covering and flattening the bottoms of the tree planting pits by mixing clay and waste rocks with the diameter of less than 5cm to form an anti-seepage layer with the thickness of not less than 10cm, arranging hole-opened geomembranes on four sides of the tree planting pits, backfilling humus soil with the thickness of at least 15cm, wherein the humus soil is formed by mixing reclaimed pile surface soil and rotten organic fertilizer according to the weight of 100: 1-4, filling the reclaimed pile surface soil after fast-growing trees are planted, and developing and utilizing the trees after the trees are grown; and mixing grass seeds and humus soil at the middle steep slope, sowing the mixture on the geotechnical net cushion, and carrying out spraying maintenance to green the steep slope.
Through the comprehensive remediation, the original road and the original drainage system are reserved, and the actual land reclamation rate of the waste rock yard of the nitro-water orchis is 72%. The control rate of land after reclamation is expected to reach more than 99 percent, and the canopy density of the grown trees is more than 80 percent.
Claims (4)
1. The comprehensive reclamation and treatment method for the iron ore waste rock yard land is characterized by comprising the steps of land leveling, ditch construction, slope reinforcement, covering and plowing planting soil, nursery construction and forest land planting, and specifically comprises the following steps:
A. leveling the field: clearing larger-size stones and sundries on the earth surface of the waste rock yard, reserving the original road and public and auxiliary facilities, and flattening and rolling the waste rock yard according to the platform division of the original storage yard before earthing; after the field is leveled and rolled, the platform field is 3% of cross slope gradient, the outer part is high, the inner part is low, after the field is leveled and rolled, clay and waste rocks with the diameter smaller than 10cm are mixed to cover the rolled area, and the ground area is compacted to form an impermeable layer with the thickness not smaller than 20 cm; the side slope is leveled into a structure of an upper gentle slope, a middle steep slope and a lower gentle slope, the inclination angle of the middle steep slope is not more than 60 degrees, and the inclination angle of the upper gentle slope and/or the lower gentle slope is less than 25 degrees; covering and fixing the middle steep slope by using a geotechnical mesh pad, then broadcasting a mixture of grass seeds and humus on the geotechnical mesh pad, and finishing the ground surface into a wave-shaped ditch ridge after covering soil on the upper gentle slope and/or the lower gentle slope;
B. constructing a ditch: reserving and reforming the original drainage system of the waste rock yard and newly building a water supply and power supply facility as a reclaimed drainage, water supply and power supply facility according to the renovation plan;
C. and (3) slope reinforcement: arranging a retaining wall, a foot protection wall, a drainage ditch and/or a catch basin on a side slope which is easy to cause soil and water flow;
D. covering and ploughing the planting soil: covering the compacted platform and side slope with reclaimed heap surface soil stripped in the iron ore open-pit mining with the thickness of at least 40cm, and naturally settling after leveling;
E. and (3) nursery construction: building a sprinkling irrigation facility by utilizing the platform covered with the plowed planting soil, covering humus soil with the thickness of at least 5cm on the surface layer of the plowed planting soil, and then planting common urban greening tree species, wherein the common urban greening tree species are ficus microcarpa, bougainvillea spectabilis, pistacia chinensis bunge and/or sophora japonica;
F. planting in forest land: digging tree planting pits with the row spacing of at least 1.5m multiplied by 1.5m and not less than 0.6m multiplied by 0.6m on the rest platforms, the upper gentle slopes and the lower gentle slopes, then covering and flattening the bottoms of the tree planting pits by mixing clay and waste stones with the diameter of less than 5cm to form an anti-seepage layer with the thickness of not less than 10cm, backfilling humus soil with the thickness of at least 15cm at the upper part of the anti-seepage layer, and finally planting the fast-growing forest trees.
2. The comprehensive reclamation method for land reclamation of iron ore waste rock sites as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step C, a latticed water blocking net, a water blocking ridge or a fish scale pit is built on the middle steep slope.
3. The comprehensive reclamation method for iron ore waste rock farm land reclamation according to claim 1, wherein in the step A, a drainage ditch and/or a catchment ditch is/are arranged at the root part of the lower gentle slope, and the slope toe of the middle steep slope is piled with large stones.
4. The comprehensive reclamation method for the iron ore waste rock field land in the claim 1, wherein the side part of the tree planting pit in the step F is provided with an open pore geomembrane, and the humus soil in the step E and/or the step F is a mixture of reclaimed pile surface soil and decomposed organic fertilizer according to the weight ratio of 100: 1-4.
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| CN110665959A (en) * | 2019-11-11 | 2020-01-10 | 佛山科学技术学院 | Bare soil ecological restoration method |
| CN113789793A (en) * | 2021-08-31 | 2021-12-14 | 国能宝日希勒能源有限公司 | Refuse dump slope remodeling method and refuse dump slope |
| CN115075292A (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2022-09-20 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Method for developing and utilizing logistics storage space of waste open-air sand pit |
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