Background technique
In modern product, more and more large-scale curved parts need to process its surface, are especially embodied in aviation
The fields such as space flight, microelectronics need to process complexity in certain component surfaces to meet some special functional requirements
Surface texture, for example, aviation satellite antenna house, rebecca antenna house micro-structure etching and mold cavity three-D grain
Line etc. is lost, how the ideal surface texture that processes on three-dimension curved surface of high-efficiency high-accuracy proposes current processing and manufacturing ability
New requirement is gone out.
Laser processing technology as an advanced manufacturing technology, energy density is high, collimation is good, focal beam spot often
Micron accuracies can be reached.Therefore, the cutter in tradition machinery processing is replaced with specific laser Machining head, is swashed using focusing
The characteristics of light high-energy, by the three-dimensional interpolation positioning function of multi-axle motor, scanning marking to space curve or curved surface is realized
The modification or removal of material have become an important means of high-precision manufacture field.
The laser numerical control device of five-axle linkage is widely applied in foreign countries.German DMG company is at present in DMU system
It is integrated with surface laser texture processing technology on column numerical control machining center, realizes and carries out milling and laser on same a machine tool
Processing.The lathe makes outgoing beam reach complex part surface using the control mode that laser focuses processing head cooperation five-axle linkage
Machining area, laser head is mounted on lathe by HSK knife handle, and the texture processing of mold can be completed in clamped one time.Switzerland
The LASER P 1200U of Archie Xia meter Er company is a dedicated laser process equipment, it directly focuses light using laser head
Beam simultaneously acts on workpiece surface, by the motion mode of five-axle linkage realize efficiently and repeatable texture processing, carve with
And micro-structural processing, and complicated two-dimentional or three-dimensional marking is done to object.Processing method described above is inserted with traditional five axis
The motion mode of benefit realizes the surface texture etching of curved surface part, and processing efficiency is lower, and machining accuracy is limited to five axes interpolation
Precision.
It is domestic at present in laser three-D curved surface etching field there are no set of laser 5-shaft linkage numerical control lathe, therefore it is right
In carrying out how on the especially large-sized part of three-dimension curved surface, the research for processing high quality texture is to be highly desirable
, can the fields such as aerospace, microelectronics, mold be played with certain impetus.
The Chen Lianghui et al. of Hai Muxing laser Science and Technology Ltd., Shenzhen carries out three-dimension curved surface laser processing technology
The laser incising of die surface complex texture is realized in research by the technological means such as Surface Texture Mapping and Dividing Curve Surface processing
Erosion, but due to its Surface Texture Mapping technology used be only applicable to parameterisable expansion curved surface part, for curvature compared with
Greatly, complex-shaped curved surface is not applicable.
Central China University of Science and Technology Cao Yu et al. proposes " a kind of suitable for complex-curved laser processing and device ", specially
Benefit number is 102151984 B of CN.This method passes through the piecemeal processing to curved surface part and swears to each segmented areas along Central Point Method
Direction parallel projection, and it is sent to scanning galvanometer system by obtained, then using lathe five-axle linkage to each point of curved surface
Block region successively positions the laser scanning for realizing each region, is finally completed the processing of entire part.What the etching system used
Method realizes for the processing of texture compared to the mode of laser five axes interpolation, no matter efficiency or in precision will height very
It is more, but there is also some defects for this method: 1, it can only for the part with to be processed surface texture feature, in this way
Just undoubtedly increase the design difficulty of piece surface texture, when texture changes also can limit feature significantly flexibility system
It makes.2, part due to processing need, especially large-scale part processing when, inevitably encounter part (or scanning vibration
Mirror) rotation or the problem of beat, cause the figure processed that can generate angle change therefrom, to be unable to get accurate line
Manage figure.
Summary of the invention
Can only be directed to present invention aim to address existing three-dimension curved surface laser processing has had work surface
The part of textural characteristics, the figure processed can generate angle change, so that the problem of being unable to get accurate textures figure, proposes
A kind of laser three-D curved surface lithographic method, this method contain piece surface texture mapping, curved surface figure Texture Segmentation, projection
The angle calculation in direction, the key technologies such as plane projection of curved surface figure, can realize curved surface part by these key technologies
Grain design and laser three-D surface texture etching.
The technical scheme is that
A kind of three-dimension curved surface laser etching method, comprising the following steps:
1) X-Y scheme is mapped to the corresponding position of three-dimensional surface model;
2) figure segmentation is carried out according to the machining area of scanning galvanometer and laser depth of focus, and calculated in segmentation area
Heart point method swears coordinate;
3) determine scanning galvanometer in the machining locus of each cut zone;
3.1) lathe AC axis surrounds X-axis and Z axis rotation respectively, obtains corresponding spin matrix according to rotation amount, passes through rotation
Postrotational scanning galvanometer coordinate system is calculated in torque battle array, obtains figure to be processed in scanning galvanometer coordinate system after rotation
Each coordinate;
3.2) the curved surface figure after conversion coordinate system is obtained by each coordinate on figure to be processed;
3.3) for the method arrow point coordinate determined using step 2) as coordinate origin, direction vector is the Z-direction of projected coordinate system, when
XY direction of the scanning galvanometer direction coordinate system XY of preceding machining area as projected coordinate system, according to the projecting direction by surface chart
Shape is projected as planar graph, and obtained planar graph is scanning galvanometer machining locus;
4) the Central Point Method arrow coordinate obtained step 2) obtains step 3) as the aiming spot of lathe 5-axis movement
Graphics processing row scanning machining of the scanning galvanometer machining locus arrived as each cut zone, completes the laser incising of curved surface part
Erosion processing.
Further, step 3.1) is specially
If origin and representing the unit vector of XYZ axial coordinate positive direction on scanning galvanometer coordinate system OcXcYcZc and being respectively
Po, Px, Py, Pz, lathe AC axis surround X-axis and Z axis rotation respectively, and rotation amount is respectively α, γ, corresponding spin matrix point
It is not
Lathe AC axis post exercise scanning galvanometer coordinate system Oc ' Xc ' Yc ' Zc ' is calculated by above-mentioned spin matrix, each axis is sat
Target unit vector is respectively Po ', Px ', Py ', Pz ', then the coordinate of point to be processed are as follows: '
Further, step 1) specifically includes the following steps:
1.1) according to the size for being mapped X-Y scheme, three-dimensional surface model is divided into muti-piece textures region, every piece of patch
Graph region includes a textures central point and mapping coordinates system;
The mapping coordinates system is the coordinate system X-axis institute using the normal vector of textures central point region as coordinate system Z axis
Straight line it is parallel with the X/Y plane of three-dimensional surface model coordinate system, the Y-axis of coordinate system is true by the vector multiplication cross of Z axis and X-axis
It is fixed;
1.2) X-Y scheme being mapped is projected to by each textures center position and mapping coordinates system piecemeal
In three-dimensional surface model.
Further, step 2) specifically includes the following steps:
2.1) region segmentation: three-dimensional surface model is carried out according to the range of work and laser depth of focus condition of scanning galvanometer
Multiple tri patch affiliated in each cut zone are found in the division of cut zone;
2.2) boundary search: the tri patch found according to step 2.1) searches for the periphery sides of tri patch, the periphery
While being the boundary of the cut zone;
2.3) plane parameter is sought: being obtained boundary according to step 2.2), is calculated the center point coordinate of the cut zone, root
According to the tri patch where the center point coordinate search center point, and using the normal vector of the tri patch as the cut zone
Central Point Method swears coordinate.
Further, step 4) specifically includes the following steps:
4.1) five-axis machine tool control scanning galvanometer is run at the method arrow point in region to be processed, and the work of scanning galvanometer is sat
The Z-direction of mark system is overlapped with law vector direction;
4.2) machining locus of the scanning galvanometer obtained according to step 3) is carried out as the graphics processing of each cut zone
Scanning machining;
4.3) five-axis machine tool control scanning galvanometer is moved to next machining area;
4.4) it repeats 4.1) to 4.3), until entire part completes the process.
Compared with prior art, the present invention having following technical effect that
1. the method for the present invention is by obtaining the rotationally-varying knots modification that galvanometer coordinate system angle occurs of AC axis, to obtain
Actual angle posture of the galvanometer on lathe after the rotation of AC axis, with this is corrected for due to scanning galvanometer rotation or beat and is caused
Original processing figure and the problem of actual graphical angular deviation, improve the accuracy of laser processing.
2. the method for the present invention is applicable to the curved surface part of any curvature based on the texture mapping method that piecemeal projects, and zero
The flexibility degree of part design is high, can arbitrarily change texture graphics as needed, and solve in process due to part
Or caused by the rotation of scanning galvanometer texture graphics angulation change problem.
Specific embodiment
The contents of the present invention are described in further detail below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments:
Present device is existing laser process equipment, is mainly joined by laser, two-dimensional scanning mirrors and five axis of XYZAC
The components composition such as dynamic numerically-controlled machine tool.This method realizes two-dimensional scanning mirrors before processing by the 5-axis movement of XYZAC axis
The positioning of various positions and angle on part to be processed is then turned on the scanning etching that laser completes machining area.Due to scanning
The machining area of galvanometer is limited, if part to be processed is larger, scanning galvanometer can only once process the partial region of part, therefore right
It in the processing of substantially curved surface part, needs according to machining area successively to position scanning galvanometer, scan, until entire part is completed
Processing.
Three-dimension curved surface laser etching method of the present invention is as follows, firstly, planar grains are mapped to complete in three-dimensional surface model
At the grain design of parts to be processed;Secondly, carrying out figure segmentation according to scanning galvanometer machining area and laser depth of focus, and count
Calculate the Central Point Method arrow coordinate of each cut zone;Again, it is obtained in each cut zone according to specific structure type
The posture of scanning galvanometer projects each patch according to the coordinate system to obtain the projected coordinate system of each piecemeal patch
At the planar graph processed for scanning galvanometer;Finally, swearing that coordinate, plane projection figure are raw according to the Central Point Method of segmentation area
At five-axis machine tool and the processing program of scanning galvanometer, processed by the laser ablation that the program completes curved surface part.
As shown in Figure 1, three-dimension curved surface laser etching method of the present invention specifically includes the following steps:
1) X-Y scheme is mapped to threedimensional model corresponding position;
This step may be simply referred to as " textures " process, need to be incited somebody to action according to the textures point and selected coordinate system of STL threedimensional model
For processed a period of time the reflection of graphics into model, STL is intended to indicate that the file of closed curved surface or body, this document triangle
Shape grid or binary form indicate, this representation of triangular mesh is only discussed in the methods of the invention;
1.1) first according to the size of the planar graph of quilt " textures " before " textures ", by the threedimensional model of STL format
Be divided into muti-piece " textures " region, a textures central point and " textures " coordinate system are all contained in every piece of region, paste
The geometric center in the textures region that figure central point refers to, wherein " textures " coordinate system is with the normal direction of the region of textures central point
Vector is the Z axis of the coordinate system, and the straight line where coordinate system X-axis is parallel with the X/Y plane of threedimensional model coordinate system, and direction can
It is manually set, the Y-axis of coordinate system is determined by Z axis and the vector multiplication cross of X-axis;
1.2) will " textures " planar graph according to each " textures " center position and " textures " coordinate system this two
A constraint condition piecemeal projects in three-dimensional surface model;
2) figure segmentation is carried out according to scanning galvanometer machining area and laser depth of focus;
Planar graph to be processed projects to after three-dimensional surface model, needs the range of work to model according to scanning galvanometer
And the principle of laser depth of focus carries out the division of machining area, and calculates the method arrow coordinate of machining area hereafter, leads here
To include three steps: region segmentation, boundary search and plane parameter are sought;
2.1) region segmentation: drawing for region is split according to restrictive conditions such as the range of work of scanning galvanometer and depths of focus
Point, find multiple tri patch affiliated in each cell domain;
2.2) boundary search: the tri patch found according to cutting procedure, it is outer for searching for which side of these tri patch
The side enclosed, that is, tri patch which side be the region boundary;
2.3) plane parameter is sought: according to the boundary found during boundary search, calculating the center of the cut zone
Point coordinate, according to the tri patch where the center point coordinate search center point, and using the normal vector of the tri patch be used as this
The normal vector of cut zone;
3) determine scanning galvanometer in the machining locus of each cut zone;
After the completion of machining area segmentation, since there are the plane coordinate systems of itself for scanning galvanometer, when lathe five-axle linkage
Due to the rotation and swing of AC axis, scanning galvanometer coordinate system is caused also to change therewith, in order to guarantee the correct of graphics processing
Property, after the Central Point Method for obtaining each machining area swears coordinate, it is also necessary to determine scanning galvanometer in each machining area
Posture.
3.1) scanning galvanometer needs for curved surface figure to be projected as planar graph before processing for processing, and scanning galvanometer
The athletic posture of (part) is the movement with five-axle number control machine tool and changes, to meet scanning galvanometer in different positions all
X-Y scheme can be correctly processed, the projected coordinate system to each segmented areas is needed to calculate, does plane projection in figure
Scanning galvanometer is obtained in the angle value of each machining area, and according to the angle by the trajectory calculation of five axis of lathe first before
Value calculates the direction of projection, and calculation method is as follows:
If origin and representing the unit vector of XYZ axial coordinate positive direction on scanning galvanometer coordinate system OcXcYcZc and being respectively
Po, Px, Py, Pz, and since the translation of the XYZ axis of lathe does not influence the figure direction that galvanometer is processed, it only examines herein
Consider the rotation of AC axis, the determination of projecting direction angle can swear the structure of coordinate and five axis of lathe according to each region Central Point Method
Form obtains scanning galvanometer in the angle change of each method arrow point, to obtain the projecting direction of each piecemeal figure;Lathe AC
Axis is rotated respectively around X-axis and Z axis, and setting its rotation amount is respectively α, γ, therefore its corresponding spin matrix is respectively
Lathe AC axis post exercise scanning galvanometer coordinate system Oc ' Xc ' Yc ' Zc ' can be calculated by above-mentioned spin matrix, it is each
The unit vector of axial coordinate is respectively Po ', Px ', Py ', Pz ', as the AC axis of lathe distinguishes rotation alpha, γ, final coordinate are as follows:
3.2) each coordinate of figure to be processed is calculated by formula (8) and is found out, and passes through each point on figure to be processed
The curved surface figure after conversion coordinate system can be obtained in coordinate, thus solves the rotation of scanning galvanometer coordinate system work in-process appearance
Problem;
3.3) for the method arrow point XYZ coordinate determined using step 3.2) as coordinate origin, direction vector is the side Z of projected coordinate system
To XY direction of the scanning galvanometer direction coordinate system XY of current machining area as projected coordinate system will according to the projecting direction
Curved surface figure is projected as planar graph, which is the machining locus of scanning galvanometer;
4) machining path and 5-axis movement program are generated, the laser ablation processing of curved surface part is completed;
Parts to be processed is by also needing the method arrow point coordinate planning processing rail according to each cut zone after handling above
Mark simultaneously generates corresponding processing program, starts the processing that numerical control device completes part, main working process after this are as follows:
4.1) five-axis machine tool control scanning galvanometer is run at the method arrow point in region to be processed, and the work of scanning galvanometer is sat
The Z-direction of mark system is overlapped with law vector direction;
4.2) machining locus of the scanning galvanometer obtained according to step 3) is carried out as the graphics processing of each segmented areas
Scanning machining;
4.3) five-axis machine tool control scanning galvanometer is moved to next machining area;
4.4) it repeats 4.1) to 4.3), until entire part completes the process.
As shown in Fig. 2, the used system of embodiment of the present invention method is by gantry fixed column lathe and five-shaft movement mechanism, laser
The modules such as device, cooling-water machine, optic path system, scanning galvanometer processing head, smoke purifier and digital control system composition.
Gantry fixed column lathe and five-shaft movement mechanism, lathe bed structure use gantry post structures, and X-axis driving workbench does vertical
To movement, Y-axis drives laser on gantry beam and optic path system does transverse movement, and Z axis does transverse direction on Y-axis slide plate
Movement, C axis and A axis are mounted on Z axis lower end and do movement in vertical direction, and scanning galvanometer processing head is mounted on A axis front end.
Laser includes a femto-second laser and a nanosecond laser, and wavelength 1064nm, laser beam is by optical path
Energy is converged to composite material casing surface by Transmission system, and metallic film is vaporized and is removed, and realizes lithography.Cooling-water machine is used
In cooling laser, stablize laser works.Optic path system is real to scanning galvanometer processing head by laser beam accurate conduction
Existing lithography.
The laser beam of importing is efficiently focused on workpiece surface according to etched features by scanning galvanometer, realizes lithography,
Its range of work can reach 100mm*100mm.Smoke purifier removes the dust that lithography process generates.
Digital control system includes five axis control systems, five-axle numerical control system, figure piecemeal software, etching software and analogue simulation
Software etc..
In embodiments of the present invention, it using above-mentioned laser process equipment and laser three-D curved surface lithographic method, is plated on surface
To do laser ablation on the curved surface part of composite material, detailed process is described as follows at copper-based bottom:
1) mapping on planar grains to three-dimensional surface model;
The planar grains figure foundation of DXF format is intended on the point coordinate projection to three-dimensional surface model of mapping position, from
And the three-dimensional surface model to be processed with surface texture is obtained, the direction of projection can sets itself as needed;
2) figure segmentation is carried out according to scanning galvanometer machining area and laser depth of focus;
This routine uses the scanning range of scanning galvanometer system for 100mm × 100mm, laser depth of focus be 1mm, according to this two
A principle to STL three-dimensional surface model carry out region segmentation, and calculate cut zone Central Point Method arrow coordinate (x, y, z, i,
J, k), Central Point Method swear coordinate can according to the cumulative of various point locations coordinate (Cx, Cy, the Cz) component on boundary and and boundary item
Number obtains the average value (Cx ', Cy ', Cz ') of three components of Central Point Method arrow, is then obtained by the tri patch where it
The i of the point, j, tri- angle components of k;
3) angle for calculating projecting direction, obtains scanning galvanometer machining locus;
Since there are the plane coordinate systems of itself for scanning galvanometer, the rotation and pendulum when lathe five-axle linkage due to AC axis
It is dynamic, cause scanning galvanometer coordinate system also to change therewith, in order to guarantee the correctness of graphics processing, obtains each processing district
After Central Point Method arrow coordinate (x, y, z, i, j, k) in domain, it is also necessary to determine scanning galvanometer in the posture of each machining area;
The determination of projecting direction angle can swear the structure type of coordinate and five axis of lathe according to each region Central Point Method
Scanning galvanometer is obtained in the angle change of each method arrow point, to obtain the projecting direction of each piecemeal figure, according to being projected out
Machining locus of the planar graph come as scanning galvanometer;
4) machining path and 5-axis movement program are generated, the laser ablation processing of curved surface part is completed;
Aiming spot of the Central Point Method arrow coordinate obtained by step 2) as lathe 5-axis movement, generates the fortune of lathe
Dynamic program, and the machining locus for the scanning galvanometer that step 3) is obtained is as the graphics processing of each segmented areas, main work
Make process are as follows:
4.1) five-axis machine tool control scanning galvanometer is run at the method arrow point in region to be processed, and the work of scanning galvanometer is sat
The Z-direction of mark system is overlapped with law vector direction;
4.2) it is etched by the scanning that the shutter that control system controls laser completes current machining area;
4.3) five-axis machine tool control scanning galvanometer is moved to next machining area;
4.4) it repeats 4.1) to 4.3), until entire part completes the process.