CN108817728B - Flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive, flux-cored wire and additive metal component - Google Patents
Flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive, flux-cored wire and additive metal component Download PDFInfo
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- CN108817728B CN108817728B CN201810732471.XA CN201810732471A CN108817728B CN 108817728 B CN108817728 B CN 108817728B CN 201810732471 A CN201810732471 A CN 201810732471A CN 108817728 B CN108817728 B CN 108817728B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
- B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
- B23K35/0261—Rods, electrodes, wires
- B23K35/0266—Rods, electrodes, wires flux-cored
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
- B23K35/3073—Fe as the principal constituent with Mn as next major constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
- B23K35/406—Filled tubular wire or rods
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- Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive, a flux-cored wire and an additive metal component, and belongs to the technical field of electric arc additive materials. The flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive disclosed by the invention comprises main powder; the main medicinal powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.8-3.2% of nickel, 6-9% of manganese, 0.4-1.2% of silicon, 0.1-0.4% of cerium, 0.5-2.5% of molybdenum, 0.4-0.9% of chromium, 0.2-0.5% of zirconium, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities. The flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive has good manufacturability, stable electric arc, less slag and beautiful additive forming under wider process specifications. The additive is formed by adopting a tungsten electrode argon arc additive process, the metal components are stable, the yield strength is more than 430MPa, the tensile strength is more than 550MPa, the elongation is more than 23%, and the Charpy impact energy at minus 40 ℃ is more than 120J.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive, a flux-cored wire and an additive metal component, and belongs to the technical field of electric arc additive materials.
Background
An Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology is a rapid forming technology for Manufacturing a solid part by a material layer-by-layer accumulation method, driven by three-dimensional data of the part based on a discrete-accumulation principle. The forming method has the greatest advantages that the forming can be carried out without a traditional cutter, the working procedures are reduced, the product manufacturing period is shortened, the forming method is particularly suitable for manufacturing low-cost and small-batch products, the more the product is a product with a complex structure and high added value of raw materials, the more remarkable the advantage of rapid and efficient forming is, and the forming method has wide application prospects in the fields of aerospace, biomedicine, energy chemical industry, micro-nano manufacturing and the like. In the past decades, a powder-based metal additive manufacturing technology using laser and electronic book as heat sources is mainly researched, and parts with complex structures are continuously prepared layer by not melting or sintering metal powder, but due to the characteristics of raw materials and heat sources, the metal powder-based laser and electron beam additive manufacturing technology is limited to certain extent when forming certain specific structures or specific component components, so that the raw materials and time cost are high, and the technology has many defects.
With the rapid development of scientific technology, the low-cost and high-efficiency arc additive manufacturing technology developed based on the surfacing technology becomes a hot spot concerned by researchers. Research on related technologies for arc additive manufacturing is also increasing. The electric arc additive manufacturing technology takes electric arc as energy-carrying beam, a metal solid component is manufactured by adopting a layer-by-layer surfacing mode, a formed part is formed by a full weld joint, the compactness is high, the size of a formed part is not limited by an open forming environment, the forming speed can reach several kg/h, but the formed electric arc additive component is often distributed with air holes and cracks, and has the problems of pilling, uneven components and the like, the problems are closely related to the process parameters of electric arc additive and the filling material of electric arc additive, the strength and the low-temperature impact toughness of the electric arc additive component are seriously influenced, and the application of the electric arc additive manufacturing technology is limited.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive with high strength and good low-temperature impact resistance.
The invention also provides a flux-cored wire for arc additive and an additive metal component prepared by adopting the flux-cored wire.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive disclosed by the invention is as follows:
a flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive comprises a main powder; the main medicinal powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.8-3.2% of nickel, 6-9% of manganese, 0.4-1.2% of silicon, 0.1-0.4% of cerium, 0.5-2.5% of molybdenum, 0.4-0.9% of chromium, 0.2-0.5% of zirconium, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive disclosed by the invention is good in manufacturability, low in cost, stable in electric arc under a wider process specification, less in slag and attractive in additive forming. The additive metal formed by the argon tungsten-arc additive process has stable metal components, the yield strength of more than 430MPa, the tensile strength of more than 550MPa, the elongation of more than 23 percent and the Charpy impact energy of more than 120J at the temperature of minus 40 ℃.
The design basis of the components in the flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive disclosed by the invention is as follows:
the nickel in the flux-cored wire powder mainly aims at improving the low-temperature toughness of weld metal and then improving the tensile strength; the nickel as an alloy element has the functions of strengthening and toughening the matrix of the alloy. When the amount of nickel is controlled to be 1.8-3.2%, the tensile strength and low-temperature toughness matching performance of the additive metal are good, and the material cost is increased due to the excessively high amount of nickel.
Manganese in the flux-cored wire powder mainly plays a role in deoxidation, and particularly can play a good deoxidation role when being combined with silicon and iron; meanwhile, manganese element is transited into the weld metal, so that the tensile strength of the weld metal is improved; when the addition amount is too small, pores are easily generated due to insufficient deoxidation, and when the content is too high, the plasticity and toughness of the additive are reduced.
The cerium element in the flux-cored wire powder enhances the non-uniform nucleation effect in the additive metal, and the cerium element is gathered in a crystal boundary, so that the surface tension of the alloy is reduced, the driving force for crystal growth is reduced, the growth of crystal grains is inhibited, and the effect of refining the crystal grains is achieved.
The molybdenum in the flux-cored wire powder mainly has the effects of improving the tensile strength of weld metal and reducing the tempering brittleness of additive metal.
The chromium in the flux-cored wire powder can be a transition element chromium in weld metal, and forms a balance element with the contents of molybdenum, iron and manganese elements, so that the low-temperature impact toughness of the flux-cored wire is ensured on the basis of ensuring the mechanical property of the additive.
The zirconium in the flux-cored wire powder mainly aims at spheroidizing slag inclusion and improving the shape and distribution state of the slag inclusion in the additive metal, and when the addition amount is 0.2-0.5%, the slag inclusion in the additive metal is distributed in a spherical and discrete state, has small size and is beneficial to the performance stability of the additive metal.
Preferably, the flux-cored wire powder also comprises an arc stabilizer. The arc stabilizer has the function of keeping stable combustion of the electric arc and ensuring good formation of welding seams.
Preferably, the mass of the arc stabilizer is 0.1-0.3% of the mass of the flux-cored wire powder.
Preferably, the arc stabilizer is at least one of potassium permanganate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate. K is generated by thermal decomposition of potassium permanganate2O、MnO2MnO and the like can stabilize electric arc, contribute to forming slag and improve the forming of a material increase molten pool, the addition amount is too small to achieve the due effect, the addition amount is too large to be beneficial to the stability of the material increase process, and the optimal addition amount is 0.1-0.3%.
The flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive disclosed by the invention can be prepared according to the preparation method of the flux-cored wire powder in the prior art. The preparation method of the flux-cored wire powder for arc additive comprises the following steps: mixing nickel powder, manganese powder, rare earth ferrosilicon powder, molybdenum powder, ferrochromium powder, ferrozirconium powder and iron powder according to the composition and proportion of the main medicinal powder. For the flux-cored wire powder also comprising the arc stabilizer, the arc stabilizer needs to be uniformly mixed with nickel powder, manganese powder, rare earth ferrosilicon powder, molybdenum powder, ferrochrome powder, ferrozirconium powder and iron powder during preparation.
Preferably, the granularity of the adopted nickel powder, manganese powder, rare earth ferrosilicon powder, molybdenum powder, ferrochrome powder, zirconium ferropowder and iron powder is not more than 80 meshes.
Preferably, the particle size of the potassium permanganate is not more than 120 meshes.
Preferably, in the rare earth ferrosilicon powder, the mass percent of rare earth elements is 30-34%, the mass percent of Si elements is not less than 40%, and the balance is iron elements and inevitable impurities.
Preferably, in the ferrochrome powder, the mass percent of chromium is not less than 63%, and the balance is iron and inevitable impurities.
Preferably, in the zirconium iron powder, the mass percent of zirconium element is not less than 71%, and the balance is iron element and inevitable impurities.
The flux-cored wire for electric arc additive adopts the technical scheme that:
a flux-cored wire for electric arc additive comprises a metal outer sheath and flux-cored wire powder wrapped in the metal outer sheath, wherein the flux-cored wire powder comprises main powder; the main medicinal powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.8-3.2% of nickel, 6-9% of manganese, 0.4-1.2% of silicon, 0.1-0.4% of cerium, 0.5-2.5% of molybdenum, 0.4-0.9% of chromium, 0.2-0.5% of zirconium, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The flux-cored wire for electric arc additive has the characteristics of stable electric arc, excellent manufacturability, difficult generation of falling at the edge, uniform and stable additive forming and the like, and has larger market popularization prospect and good economic benefit.
Preferably, the flux-cored wire powder also comprises an arc stabilizer.
Preferably, the mass of the arc stabilizer is 0.1-0.3% of the mass of the flux-cored wire powder.
Preferably, the arc stabilizer is at least one of potassium permanganate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate.
Preferably, the powder accounts for 21-23% of the mass of the flux-cored wire.
Preferably, the metal outer wrapper is low-carbon steel.
Preferably, the diameter of the flux-cored wire is 0.8-1.2 mm.
The flux-cored wire can be prepared by adopting the prior art, such as a preparation method of the flux-cored wire, which comprises the following steps: wrapping the medicinal powder with metal outer wrapping substrate, and rolling. The preparation method has simple process, flexible adjustment of deposited metal chemical components in a certain range, environmental protection compared with solid welding wire production, and low cost.
The preparation method of the flux-cored wire also comprises the step of uniformly mixing the components according to the formula to prepare the medicinal powder.
The wrapping is to make the metal outer wrapping substrate into a U shape, and weld the U-shaped opening after the medicinal powder is put into the U-shaped wrapping substrate.
Preferably, the metal outer cladding substrate is a steel strip. The steel strip is low-carbon steel.
The preparation method of the flux-cored wire further comprises the steps of reducing the diameter of the rolled material and coiling the rolled material. The coiled flux-cored wire can be packaged and put in storage.
The additive metal component adopts the technical scheme that:
an additive metal component prepared by the flux-cored wire for arc additive.
The additive metal component is prepared by the flux-cored wire for electric arc additive, and has the advantages of uniform forming, high tensile strength, high elongation, high yield strength and good low-temperature impact resistance. The additive metal component of the present invention may be prepared according to prior art methods.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
In the process of implementing the technical scheme of the invention, each component of the flux-cored wire powder is inevitably carried with some impurity elements during material selection, and in order to avoid the influence of the impurity elements on the performance of the flux-cored wire, the introduction of the impurity elements should be reduced as much as possible, for example, components with different impurity element contents such as P and the like should be selected as much as possible to reduce the transition of the components into additive metals, improve the purity of the additive metals, and be beneficial to the stability of the additive metal performance.
For example, in the selected nickel powder, the sum of the mass percentages of Ni element and Co element is not less than 95%, the mass percentage of C element is not more than 0.05%, the mass percentage of S element is not more than 0.005%, and the mass percentage of P element is not more than 0.005%.
In the selected manganese powder, the mass percent of Mn element is not less than 97%, the mass percent of Si element is not more than 0.4%, the mass percent of Fe element is not more than 2%, the mass percent of S element is not more than 0.02%, and the mass percent of P element is not more than 0.03%.
For example, in the selected molybdenum powder, the mass percent of Mo element is not less than 99%, the mass percent of C element is not more than 0.015%, the mass percent of S element is not more than 0.1%, and the mass percent of P element is not more than 0.08%.
For example, in the selected ferrochrome powder, the mass percent of Cr element is not less than 63%, the mass percent of C element is not more than 0.02%, the mass percent of S element is not more than 0.1%, and the mass percent of P element is not more than 0.08%.
In the selected ferrozirconium powder, the mass percent of Zr element is not less than 71%, the mass percent of C element is not more than 0.03%, the mass percent of S element is not more than 0.05%, and the mass percent of P element is not more than 0.06%.
In the selected iron powder, the mass percent of Fe element is not less than 98%, the mass percent of C element is not more than 0.05%, the mass percent of S element is not more than 0.02%, and the mass percent of P element is not more than 0.02%.
The nickel powder, the manganese powder, the molybdenum powder, the ferrochrome powder and the iron powder adopted in each embodiment are selected according to the above conditions, and the particle sizes of the nickel powder, the manganese powder, the rare earth ferrosilicon powder, the molybdenum powder, the ferrochrome powder, the zirconium iron powder and the iron powder are not more than 80 meshes; the granularity of the adopted potassium permanganate is not more than 120 meshes, and the purity is not less than 97%.
The metal outer cladding adopted in the specific embodiment is low-carbon steel.
Example 1
The flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive manufacturing of the embodiment is composed of main powder and an arc stabilizer; the main medicinal powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.8% of nickel, 9% of manganese, 0.4% of silicon, 0.2% of cerium, 2.5% of molybdenum, 0.4% of chromium, 0.3% of zirconium and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities; the adopted arc stabilizer is potassium permanganate, and the mass of the arc stabilizer is 0.1 percent of that of the flux-cored wire powder.
The preparation method of the flux-cored wire powder comprises the following steps: taking nickel powder, manganese powder, rare earth ferrosilicon powder, molybdenum powder, ferrochrome powder, ferrozirconium powder and iron powder according to the composition and proportion of the main powder, and taking potassium permanganate according to the mass percentage of the arc stabilizer in the powder of the flux-cored wire; and then mixing the ferronickel powder, the manganese powder, the rare earth ferrosilicon powder, the ferromolybdenum powder, the ferrochromium powder, the ferrozirconium powder and the potassium permanganate uniformly to obtain the ferronickel-manganese.
The flux-cored wire for arc additive of the embodiment has a diameter of 1.2mm, and comprises a metal outer sheath and flux-cored wire powder of the embodiment; the flux-cored wire powder accounts for 21% of the mass of the flux-cored wire for arc additive manufacturing; the metal outer coating is low-carbon steel.
The preparation method of the flux-cored wire for arc additive of the embodiment comprises the following steps:
rolling the low-carbon steel strip to enable the cross section of the low-carbon steel strip to be in a U shape, adding the flux-cored wire powder into the U-shaped structure, welding the U-shaped opening to enable the flux-cored wire powder to be wrapped in the U-shaped structure, drawing and reducing the diameter, and coiling, packaging and warehousing to obtain the low-carbon steel strip.
Examples 2 to 3 and comparative example
The flux-cored wire powder for arc additive of the embodiments 2-3 and the comparative example consists of main powder and an arc stabilizer; the composition and the proportion of the main powder are shown in table 1, and the mass percentage of the arc stabilizer in the flux-cored wire powder is shown in table 2.
Table 1 compositions and proportions (mass%)
Table 2 mass percentage (%) -of arc stabilizer in flux-cored wire powder of examples 2 to 3 and comparative example
| Example 2 | Example 3 | Comparative example | |
| Arc stabilizer | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
According to the preparation method of the flux-cored wire powder for arc additive in the embodiment 1, the flux-cored wire powder of the embodiments 2 to 3 and the comparative example is prepared according to the composition and the proportion of the main powder provided in the table 1.
According to the preparation method of the traditional Chinese medicine cored wire in the embodiment 1, the flux-cored wire powder for arc additive in the embodiments 2-3 and the comparative example is prepared into the flux-cored wire. In the flux-cored wires of examples 2 to 3 and the comparative example, the flux-cored wire powder accounts for 22%, 23%, and 22% by mass of the flux-cored wire, and the diameters of the flux-cored wires are all 1.2 mm.
In other embodiments of the flux cored wire, the only difference from embodiment 1 is that: the diameter of the flux-cored wire is 0.8mm or 1.0 mm.
Examples of the experiments
The flux-cored wires of examples 1-3 and the comparative example are subjected to metal component additive manufacturing, and the arc additive process parameters are as follows: the current is 160-200A, the welding voltage is 10-14V, the chemical components of the additive metal component obtained after deposition are shown in table 3, the mechanical performance of the additive metal component is shown in table 4, the tensile performance test is GB/T228.1-2010, and the impact performance test is GB/T229-2007.
TABLE 3 partial metal elements and percentage (wt%) in the additive metal member
| Examples | C | Si | Mn | Ni | Mo | Cr | S | P |
| Example 1 | 0.017 | 0.124 | 1.63 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.0028 | 0.007 |
| Example 2 | 0.013 | 0.130 | 1.62 | 0.41 | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.0026 | 0.010 |
| Example 3 | 0.016 | 0.132 | 1.60 | 0.46 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.0028 | 0.009 |
| Comparative example | 0.018 | 0.276 | 2.1 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.0027 | 0.011 |
TABLE 4 mechanical Properties of additive Metal Member
As can be seen from Table 4, the flux-cored wire of the present invention has excellent processing properties, can be applied to electric arc additive manufacturing, and has excellent performance of additive metal components.
Claims (9)
1. The flux-cored wire powder for electric arc additive is characterized in that: comprises main medicinal powder; the main medicinal powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.8-3.2% of nickel, 6-9% of manganese, 0.4-1.2% of silicon, 0.1-0.4% of cerium, 0.5-2.5% of molybdenum, 0.4-0.9% of chromium, 0.2-0.5% of zirconium, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
2. The flux-cored welding wire powder for arc additive of claim 1, wherein: also comprises an arc stabilizer; the mass of the arc stabilizer is 0.1-0.3% of that of the flux-cored wire powder.
3. The flux-cored welding wire powder for arc additive of claim 2, wherein: the arc stabilizer is at least one of potassium permanganate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate.
4. The flux-cored wire for electric arc additive comprises a metal outer sheath and flux-cored wire powder wrapped in the metal outer sheath, and is characterized in that: the flux-cored wire powder comprises main powder; the main medicinal powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 1.8-3.2% of nickel, 6-9% of manganese, 0.4-1.2% of silicon, 0.1-0.4% of cerium, 0.5-2.5% of molybdenum, 0.4-0.9% of chromium, 0.2-0.5% of zirconium, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
5. The flux cored welding wire for arc additive of claim 4, wherein: the flux-cored wire powder also comprises an arc stabilizer; the mass of the arc stabilizer is 0.1-0.3% of that of the flux-cored wire powder.
6. The flux cored welding wire for arc additive of claim 5, wherein: the arc stabilizer is at least one of potassium permanganate, potassium carbonate and calcium carbonate.
7. The flux-cored wire of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein: the flux-cored wire powder accounts for 21-23% of the mass of the flux-cored wire.
8. The flux-cored wire of any one of claims 4 to 6, wherein: the metal outer wrapper is low-carbon steel.
9. An additive metal component made with the flux-cored wire of claim 4.
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| CN108817728A (en) | 2018-11-16 |
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