CN108795126A - A kind of aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

A kind of aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN108795126A
CN108795126A CN201810794137.7A CN201810794137A CN108795126A CN 108795126 A CN108795126 A CN 108795126A CN 201810794137 A CN201810794137 A CN 201810794137A CN 108795126 A CN108795126 A CN 108795126A
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graphene
floor paint
parts
super abrasive
aqueous super
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CN108795126B (en
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肖波
甘建福
封子江
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Xiamen Zhongkai New Material Graphene Technology Co Ltd
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Xiamen Zhongkai New Material Graphene Technology Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D4/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond ; Coating compositions, based on monomers of macromolecular compounds of groups C09D183/00 - C09D183/16
    • C09D4/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond in combination with a macromolecular compound other than an unsaturated polymer of groups C09D159/00 - C09D187/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C09D5/08—Anti-corrosive paints
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
    • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
    • C09D7/61—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic
    • C09D7/62—Additives non-macromolecular inorganic modified by treatment with other compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
    • C09D7/40—Additives
    • C09D7/70—Additives characterised by shape, e.g. fibres, flakes or microspheres

Abstract

A kind of aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene of present invention offer and preparation method thereof, the floor paint includes the ingredient of following weight proportion：60~75 parts of polyurethane resin, 8~11 parts of modified graphene, 7~11 parts of hydroxyethyl cellulose, 15~20 parts of dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, 5~9 parts of nano zine oxide, 9~17 parts of nano silicon dioxide, 15~26 parts of curing agent, 0.5~1.5 part of dispersant, 0.9~1.8 part of levelling agent, 0.4~0.8 part of antifoaming agent, 3~5 parts of reactive diluent, 30~60 parts of color stuffing, 15~30 parts of water.The aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene provided by the invention, enhances the wear-resisting property and mechanical performance of coating paint film, and preparation process is simple, and product obtained meets environmental-friendly requirement, and safety and environmental protection is applied widely.

Description

A kind of aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The present invention relates to floor paint technical field, more particularly to the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene and its preparation side Method.
Background technology
Graphene is the tightly packed single layer of carbon atom at two-dimentional six side's honeycomb crystal lattice structures, between each carbon atom with sp2Hybrid form is connected.On microcosmic, single-layer graphene film is not two-dimensional flat structure, but has " on nanoscale " The single layer structure of stable wavy is presently found unique existing Two Dimensional Free state atomic crystal；Macroscopically, graphene It can be warped into the fullerene of zero dimension, be rolled into one-dimensional carbon nanotube or be stacked to three-dimensional graphite.Graphene unique two The presence for tieing up the carbon hexatomic ring stablized in period honeycomb lattice structure, imparts its excellent performance：The thickness of single-layer graphene Degree is only 0.35nm, is to be currently known most light most thin material；Its electron mobility at room temperature is 2 × 105cm2·V-1· s-1, it is the 1/300 of the light velocity, theoretical specific surface area can reach 2630m2·g-1, all band light absorption only has 2.3%, thermal conductivity Up to 5000Wm-1·K-1, Young's modulus is more than 1100GPa, and tensile strength is more than 130GPa, and toughness is very good, works as application When external mechanical force, carbon atom can be bent and deformed to adapt to external force, without making carbon atom rearrange, be maintained in this way The stabilization of structure.Therefore, graphene is a kind of carbon material that application potential is very extensive, novel reaction separation, new material, There is huge application prospect in numerous industries such as energy conservation and environmental protection.
Floor paint is generally used for the ground construction of the environment such as factory floor, laboratory, has beautiful, wear-resisting, waterproof, anti-corrosion The advantages that.According to the difference of the effect of each component of composition floor paint, main film forming substance is can be generally divided into, such as polyurethane tree Fat, epoxy resin；Subsidiary film forming matter, such as pigment, filler；And auxiliary film forming matter, including plasticizer, antifoaming agent, wetting Agent, curing agent etc..Floor paint according to the difference of its coating characteristic can be divided mainly into corrosion-resistant ground floor paint, antistatic floor paint, can The plurality of classes such as load-carrying floor paint, anti-skidding floor paint, abrasion-proof terrace paint, wherein wearability floor paint has preferable bearing capacity And wearability, suitable for having load-carrying vehicle or pulling the factory floor and warehouse of process.
Floor paint can also be divided into solvent type floor paint and aqueous floor paint at present, and solvent type floor paint is in construction to base material Humidity and ambient humidity are more demanding, and a large amount of VOC is contained in coating, can send out during use Toxic a large amount of outward Matter damages environment and human body, while its burn-proof and explosion prevention performance is poor, and there are some potential safety problemss；Aqueous floor paint There is no too big requirement, and its burn-proof and explosion prevention excellent performance to base material and ambient humidity in construction, in production and transport storage construction etc. Environment is safer, and since it does not add organic solvent, very friendly to environment and human body.But compare solvent type terrace The shortcomings of paint, aqueous floor paint have compact in paint film low, and application property is poor.
For super abrasive floor paint field, due to the hardness of paint film, flexibility, anti-impact force, bearing capacity etc. have compared with High requirement, and it is made to be not particularly suited for super abrasive floor paint field, therefore super abrasive floor paint at present the shortcomings that water paint Essentially solvent based coating, it is very unfriendly to environment and human body, in order to improve the properties of aqueous floor paint, the prior art In have by adding grapheme material in aqueous floor paint to enhance the scheme of its mechanical performance, but graphene is since its is larger Specific surface area, agglomeration is easy to happen in coating, reinforcement efficiency is had an impact, while simply being added in coating Add grapheme material, promotion wearability floor paint hardness of film, the effect of anti-impact force be not fairly obvious, in practical application In the performance of wearability floor paint is integrally promoted it is smaller.
Invention content
Grapheme material reinforcement efficiency is added to solve aqueous wear-resistant floor paint existing in the prior art mentioned above Low, the unconspicuous problem of effect, a kind of aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene of present invention offer and preparation method thereof, the present invention carries The aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene of confession solves graphene and exists by adding grapheme material modified in coating The problem of easily reuniting in coating the wearability of floor paint is made to be greatly improved.
The present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：
A kind of aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene, includes the ingredient of following weight proportion：
Wherein, the preparation method of modified graphene includes：
Step 1: carrying out oxidation processes to graphene using Hummers methods, graphene oxide is made；By graphene oxide Powder is dispersed in polyethylene glycol and the mixed solution of n,N-Dimethylformamide, with the rate of 300 turns/min~350 turn/min It stirs and is warming up to 80 DEG C~90 DEG C, lasting 20min~30min；
Step 2: being passed through nitrogen on the basis of step 1, polyvinylpyrrolidone and tetraethyl amine bromide is added, rises Temperature continues to stir with the rate of 300 turns/min~350 turn/min to 150 DEG C~160 DEG C, constant temperature reflux 110min~150min；
Step 3: vinyl carbazole and hydrazine hydrate are added on the basis of step 2,60 DEG C~80 DEG C are cooled to, with 400 Turn/rate of min~500 turn/min stir and seals reaction 2h~2.5h, and membrane filtration is used after cooling, it washs to be dried to obtain and changes Property graphene.
Further, the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of the graphene includes the ingredient of following weight proportion：
Further, the levelling agent is ethylene-oxide-modified dimethyl silicone polymer or epoxy pronane modification poly dimethyl One or both of siloxanes compounds.
Further, the antifoaming agent is one kind in higher alcohols antifoaming agent, organic silica antifoaming agent.
Further, the reactive diluent is butyl glycidyl ether, tert-butyl-phenyl glycidol ether or epoxy third At least one of alkane butyl ether.
Further, the color stuffing includes silica flour, talcum powder, blanc fixe, titanium dioxide, polytetrafluoroethylwax wax.
Further, the dispersant is one kind in polycarboxylate sodium, polyacrylic acid sylvite, polyacrylic acid sodium salt.
Further, the polyurethane curing agent is hexamethylene diisocyanate, toluene di-isocyanate(TDI) or different Fo Er One kind in ketone diisocyanate.
The present invention also provides the preparation methods of the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene described in more than one, including：
Step 1: polyurethane resin, hydroxyethyl cellulose are mixed with water, with the rate of 800 turns/min~950 turn/min Stirring, while dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dispersant, reactive diluent is added, mixing time is 70min~100min；
Step 2: by the product input grinder of step 1, nano zine oxide, nano silicon dioxide and modified stone is added Black alkene continues 90min~120min with the rate stirring of 1800 turns/min~2200 turn/min；
Step 3: by the product input blender of step 2, levelling agent, antifoaming agent, color stuffing, curing agent is added, with The rate stirring of 1000 turns/min~1200 turn/min continues 50min~60min, and it is aqueous super that filtering can be obtained the graphene Abrasion-proof terrace paint.
The present invention is first modified graphene, and graphene is carried out oxygen first in the preparation process of modified graphene Change, then graphene oxide powder is dispersed in polyethylene glycol and the mixed solution of n,N-Dimethylformamide and is heated up and is stirred It mixes, stone is aoxidized black alkene powder, and tentatively in the solution, polyethylene glycol primarily serves lubrication and iris action wherein for dispersion；Exist again Polyvinylpyrrolidone and tetraethyl amine bromide are added under the protection of nitrogen, stirs and carries out constant temperature reflux, add ethylene Base carbazole and hydrazine hydrate cool down and seal reaction, be modified and restore to graphene surface, by modified graphene with Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate coordinates, and there is the double bond activated by ester group in dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, is easy and modified stone Amino addition on black alkene surface, to make modified graphene chemisorption on dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, while part Dimethylaminoethyl acrylate is generated since curing agent acts on occurs segment growth, and absorption is made to be formed with the modified graphene ridden Long chain structure, and graphene sheet is as lamellar structure, lamellar structure continuous and being laminated greatly strengthens the machine of coating paint film Tool performance and wear-resisting property, while can also effectively inhibit infiltration of the liquid to coating, improve antiseptic property, and acrylic acid two Methylamino ethyl ester is formed by the compactness that backbone also further improves film.
Modified graphene and nano-filled object combine, and improve the compactness of paint film and the application property of coating, paint film it is soft The mechanical performances such as toughness, anti-impact force are enhanced, floor paint obtained have outstanding wear-resisting, scratch-resistant mechanical property and Chemical stability, comprehensive performance are greatly improved.
The aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene provided by the invention, by adding modified graphene and acrylate Ethyl ester solves the problems, such as that graphene is easy to reunite in coating, while enhancing the wear-resisting property of coating paint film and other machines Tool performance, preparation process is simple, and product obtained meets environmental-friendly requirement, and safety and environmental protection is applied widely.
Specific implementation mode
It in order to make the object, technical scheme and advantages of the embodiment of the invention clearer, below will be in the embodiment of the present invention Technical solution be clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiments are some of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than Whole embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art are not making creative work premise Lower obtained every other embodiment, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Embodiment provided by the invention is shown in Table 1：
Table 1
Specific preparation method is as follows：
Embodiment 1：
Step 1: 68 parts of polyurethane resins, 7.8 parts of hydroxyethyl celluloses are mixed with 23 parts of water, with the speed of 900 turns/min Rate stirs, while 16 parts of dimethylaminoethyl acrylates, 0.8 part of dispersant, 3.6 portions of reactive diluents are added, and mixing time is 80min；
Step 2: by the product input grinder of step 1,6.6 parts of nano zine oxides, 11 parts of nanometer titanium dioxides are added Silicon and 10 parts of modified graphenes continue 100min with the rate stirring of 2000 turns/min；
Step 3: by the product of step 2 input blender, be added 1.1 parts of levelling agents, 43 parts of color stuffings, 0.5 part disappear Infusion, 18 parts of curing agent continue 50min with the rate stirring of 1050 turns/min, and it is aqueous super that filtering can be obtained the graphene Abrasion-proof terrace paint.
Embodiment 2：
Step 1: 68 parts of polyurethane resins, 8.5 parts of hydroxyethyl celluloses are mixed with 27 parts of water, with the speed of 900 turns/min Rate stirs, while 16 parts of dimethylaminoethyl acrylates, 0.8 part of dispersant, 4.1 portions of reactive diluents are added, and mixing time is 80min；
Step 2: by the product input grinder of step 1,7.2 parts of nano zine oxides, 15 parts of nanometer titanium dioxides are added Silicon and 9.8 parts of modified graphenes continue 100min with the rate stirring of 2000 turns/min；
Step 3: by the product input blender of step 2,1.4 parts of levelling agents, 0.6 part of antifoaming agent, 51 parts of face are added Filler, 19 parts of curing agent continue 50min with the rate stirring of 1050 turns/min, and it is aqueous super that filtering can be obtained the graphene Abrasion-proof terrace paint.
Embodiment 3：
Step 1: 66 parts of polyurethane resins, 7.6 parts of hydroxyethyl celluloses are mixed with 22 parts of water, with the speed of 900 turns/min Rate stirs, while 17 parts of dimethylaminoethyl acrylates, 1 part of dispersant, 4.5 portions of reactive diluents are added, and mixing time is 80min；
Step 2: by the product input grinder of step 1,7.5 parts of nano zine oxides, 13 parts of nanometer titanium dioxides are added Silicon and 10.1 parts of modified graphenes continue 100min with the rate stirring of 2000 turns/min；
Step 3: by the product input blender of step 2,1.5 parts of levelling agents, 0.7 part of antifoaming agent, 48 parts of face are added Filler, 22 parts of curing agent continue 50min with the rate stirring of 1050 turns/min, and it is aqueous super that filtering can be obtained the graphene Abrasion-proof terrace paint.
Wherein, the embodiment of the specific preparation method of modified graphene is as follows, and wherein number is parts by weight：
Step 1: carrying out oxidation processes to graphene using Hummers methods, 1 part of graphene oxide is made；1 part is aoxidized Graphene powder is dispersed in 2.4 parts of polyethylene glycol and the mixed solution of 5.5 parts of n,N-Dimethylformamide, with 300 turns/min Rate stir and be warming up to 90 DEG C, continue 25min；
Step 2: being passed through nitrogen on the basis of step 1,0.4 part of polyvinylpyrrolidone and 0.8 part of tetrem is added Base amine bromide is warming up to 150 DEG C, continues to stir with the rate of 300 turns/min, constant temperature reflux 140min；
Step 3: 1.1 parts of vinyl carbazoles and 2.1 parts of hydrazine hydrates are added on the basis of step 2,60 DEG C are cooled to, with The rate of 450 turns/min stirs and seals reaction 2.5h, and membrane filtration, washing is used to be dried to obtain modified graphene after cooling.
To detect the practical application performance of the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene provided by the invention, inventor is provided with pair Ratio 1 and comparative example 2, it is specific as follows：
Comparative example 1：Common commercially available wear-resisting solvent type floor paint, that is, be not added with the wearability floor paint of common graphite alkene；
Comparative example 2：Amino modified graphene in embodiment 1 is changed to common graphite alkene, wherein common graphite alkene adds Parts by weight it is identical as the parts by weight of amino modified graphene added in embodiment 1, wearability floor paint obtained.
Inventor carries out performance survey under the same conditions to embodiment 1, embodiment 2, embodiment 3, comparative example 1, comparative example 2 Examination, test result are as shown in table 2：
Table 2
Wherein the bioassay standard of adhesive force is GB/T 1720-79 (89).
It can be obtained by the experimental result of table 2, the hardness (pencil of the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene provided by the invention Method) reach 5H, wearability (750g/500r, g) has reached 0.010, clearly demarcated with ten compared with common wearability floor paint Aobvious raising illustrates the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of the graphene provided by the invention not only spy with aqueous floor paint Environmental Safety Point, while the low disadvantage of common water borne floor paint compact in paint film is also solved, properties compare more common solvent type Wearability floor paint is more outstanding.
Finally it should be noted that：The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention., rather than its limitations；To the greatest extent Present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments for pipe, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that：Its according to So can with technical scheme described in the above embodiments is modified, either to which part or all technical features into Row equivalent replacement；And these modifications or replacements, various embodiments of the present invention technology that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution The range of scheme.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene, which is characterized in that include the ingredient of following weight proportion：
Wherein, the preparation method of modified graphene includes：
Step 1: carrying out oxidation processes to graphene using Hummers methods, graphene oxide is made；By graphene oxide powder It is dispersed in polyethylene glycol and the mixed solution of n,N-Dimethylformamide, is stirred with the rate of 300 turns/min~350 turn/min And 80 DEG C~90 DEG C are warming up to, continue 20min~30min；
Step 2: being passed through nitrogen on the basis of step 1, polyvinylpyrrolidone and tetraethyl amine bromide is added, is warming up to 150 DEG C~160 DEG C, continue to stir with the rate of 300 turns/min~350 turn/min, constant temperature reflux 110min~150min；
Step 3: vinyl carbazole and hydrazine hydrate are added on the basis of step 2, be cooled to 60 DEG C~80 DEG C, with 400 turns/ The rate of min~500 turn/min stirs and seals reaction 2h~2.5h, and membrane filtration, washing is used to be dried to obtain modification after cooling Graphene.
2. the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene according to claim 1, which is characterized in that match including following weight The ingredient of ratio：
3. the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that：The levelling agent It is compounded for one or both of ethylene-oxide-modified dimethyl silicone polymer or epoxy pronane modification dimethyl silicone polymer.
4. the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that：The antifoaming agent For one kind in higher alcohols antifoaming agent, organic silica antifoaming agent.
5. the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that：The activity is dilute It is at least one of butyl glycidyl ether, tert-butyl-phenyl glycidol ether or epoxy propane butyl ether to release agent.
6. the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that：The color stuffing Including silica flour, talcum powder, blanc fixe, titanium dioxide, polytetrafluoroethylwax wax.
7. the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that：The dispersant For one kind in polycarboxylate sodium, polyacrylic acid sylvite, polyacrylic acid sodium salt.
8. the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of a kind of graphene according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that：The curing agent For one kind in hexamethylene diisocyanate, toluene di-isocyanate(TDI) or isophorone diisocyanate.
9. a kind of preparation method of the aqueous super abrasive floor paint of graphene as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that system Preparation Method includes：
Step 1: polyurethane resin, hydroxyethyl cellulose are mixed with water, stirred with the rate of 800 turns/min~950 turn/min It mixes, while dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dispersant, reactive diluent is added, mixing time is 70min~100min；
Step 2: by the product input grinder of step 1, nano zine oxide, nano silicon dioxide and modified graphite is added Alkene continues 90min~120min with the rate stirring of 1800 turns/min~2200 turn/min；
Step 3: by the product input blender of step 2, levelling agent, antifoaming agent, color stuffing, curing agent is added, with 1000 Turn/stirring of the rate of min~1200 turn/min continues 50min~60min, filtering can be obtained the aqueous super abrasive of the graphene Floor paint.
CN201810794137.7A 2018-01-27 2018-07-19 Graphene water-based super-wear-resistant floor paint and preparation method thereof Active CN108795126B (en)

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