CN108703001B - Method for constructing tree shape of large cherry - Google Patents
Method for constructing tree shape of large cherry Download PDFInfo
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- CN108703001B CN108703001B CN201810564866.3A CN201810564866A CN108703001B CN 108703001 B CN108703001 B CN 108703001B CN 201810564866 A CN201810564866 A CN 201810564866A CN 108703001 B CN108703001 B CN 108703001B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for constructing a large cherry tree shape, which comprises the following steps: a plurality of rows of upright columns which are arranged in parallel are arranged, and a plurality of iron wires which are parallel to the ground are used for fixing the upright columns to form a fence frame surface; obliquely planting large cherry seedlings below the rack surface, and fixing the central stem on the rack surface to form an included angle of 45-60 degrees between the central stem and the ground; cultivating branches on the back of the central trunk year by year into small main branches, fixing the small main branches on a frame surface at an included angle of 60-120 degrees with the central trunk, fixing the branches on the back and the central trunk on the frame surface at an included angle of 45-60 degrees, and removing the branches on two sides; the method has the advantages that 2-bud and 3-bud competitive branches on the central trunk and the small main branches are removed every year, the length of a bearing branch group is 30-50 cm, branches behind the central trunk are cut into small branch groups in a shrinkage mode year by year, and the method can achieve the advantages of early flowering and fruiting, high yield in early stage, good ventilation and light transmission, good fruit quality, long service life of the branch groups, strong wind resistance, obvious labor saving effect and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tree form construction, in particular to a method for constructing a large cherry tree form.
Background
Cherry (Cerasus pseudocerasus) is a temperate fruit tree with bright appearance and beautiful flavor, is widely popular in all countries around the world, has extremely high economic value, and has the commodity selling price far higher than that of common fruit trees such as grapes, apples, pears, peaches and the like. Cherries are many in variety, but sweet cherries (cerasus. avium. Lindl.) and sour cherries (cerasus. vulgaris mill.) and Chinese cherries (cerasus. pseudocerasus Lindl.) are the most cultivated. The average single fruit weight of the European sweet cherry and the European sour cherry can reach 6-10 g, which is much larger than the average single fruit weight of the Chinese cherry by 2-3 g, so the European sweet cherry and the European sour cherry are also called as a large cherry, and the Chinese cherry is called as a small cherry.
At present, China has become the first large cherry producing country in the world, the cultivated large cherry is mainly a sweet cherry, and the main producing area is the area along Bohai Bay of the Ring and Bohai and the area along the Longhai railway. According to the data of the Chinese horticulture society, the total area of the Chinese large cherries in 2015 is 20 million hectares, the yield is 80 million tons, and the main cultivated varieties mainly comprise red light, Meizao, Labbins, Samituo, Zaodao and the like. Since the introduction of large cherries into China in the 19 th century, compared with other fruit trees, the large cherries are difficult to cultivate, the large cherries are slow to develop all the time, and a theory that cherries eat trees and are difficult to plant is provided in the folk porkers.
The large cherry fruit tree mainly has the following characteristics: (1) the tree vigor is vigorous, the growth amount is large, and the growth amount of large cherries is the largest in temperate fruit trees. On the arbor anvil, the growth of the large cherry young tree can reach more than 3 meters in the current year. The excessive vegetative growth consumes a large amount of nutrient substances, and affects flower bud differentiation, so that the large cherry saplings enter the full bearing period later, and the early benefits of the orchards are poor in many orchards even after 10 years; (2) the advantages of the top end are strong, the crown is high, the management is labor-consuming, the advantages of the top end and the dryness of the large cherry are strong, and the tree body is high. Generally, arbor trees taking mahalanobis and dyers woad leaf as rootstocks mostly adopt sparse layered or spindle shapes, the height of the trees is 5-6 meters, and the crown width is 4-6 meters. The Jasela series (Gisela) is used as a dwarfing stock cherry tree which is mostly in a high spindle tree shape, the height of the tree is 4 meters, and the crown width is about 3 meters. The trimming, flower and fruit management, disease and pest control and cherry picking are inconvenient, the labor consumption of an orchard is large, and the overall benefit is low; (3) the branches grow dipolar and differentiated, the branches are easy to bald, the tree bodies are easy to leave empty, and compared with other northern deciduous fruit trees, the large cherry germination rate is high and the branching force is weak. The vast majority of annual branches can sprout except for a few shrunken buds at the base. However, under the condition of natural growth, only 1-3 buds at the front end can extract strong vigorous branches, the rest are mostly medium-short branches, and the middle-rear part can not even be branched, so that a bald zone is very easy to form. Meanwhile, under the influence of the top advantages, the upright branches on the top and the back have strong growth vigor, the oblique branches on the lower part and the branches on the back have weak growth, and the large cherries have strong photophobia, so that the weak branches are usually withered and die due to insufficient illumination, the inner parts of the trees are empty, and fruiting parts move outwards; (4) wind, windy weather has great influence on cherries, branches, leaves and fruits are injured when the weather is light, tree bodies are injured when the weather is heavy, and crown lodging is caused when the root system of a large cherry tree is buried shallow and is only 20-40 cm; (5) the picking cost is high, the tree body is tall and the branches are dense due to the traditional sparse layered and spindle-shaped tree crowns, and the picking efficiency is greatly influenced. Large cherry production is typically a labor-intensive industry whose main manifestation is that fruit harvest costs are too high. The cherries are picked manually in all countries in the world, the yield of large cherries is 1500 kg/mu in full bearing period, 10g of each fruit is used, and the number of fruits per mu is 15 ten thousand, so that the picking is very labor-consuming, and the picking cost is very high under the condition that the labor cost is increasingly higher. In China, the average picking cost of cherries per mu is 600-800 yuan, and the method is one of the highest management links in the whole cultivation.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a method for constructing a large cherry inclined type wall-erected tree shape.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a method for constructing a large cherry tree shape comprises the following steps:
(1) a plurality of rows of upright columns which are arranged in parallel are arranged, and a plurality of iron wires which are parallel to the ground are used for fixing the upright columns to form a fence frame surface;
(2) obliquely planting large cherry seedlings below the hedge frame surface, and fixing a central stem on the hedge frame surface to form an included angle of 45-60 degrees between the central stem and the ground;
(3) culturing branches on the back of a central trunk into small main branches year by year along with the growth of the nursery stock, fixing the small main branches and the central trunk at an included angle of 60-120 degrees on the surface of the hedge frame, fixing the branches on the back of the central trunk and the central trunk at an included angle of 45-60 degrees on the surface of the hedge frame, and removing the branches on two sides of the central trunk;
(4) and thinning out 2-bud and 3-bud competitive branches on the central trunk and the small main branches every year, controlling the length of the fruiting branch group to be 30-50 cm, and cutting branches behind the central trunk into small branch groups year by year.
Preferably, the upright column in step (1) is vertical to the ground.
Preferably, the upright column in the step (1) is a log or cement upright column; the buried depth of the upright column is 50-70 cm.
Preferably, in the step (1), the distance between every two adjacent rows of the columns is 6-10 meters, and the distance between every two adjacent rows of the columns is 3.5-4 meters.
Preferably, 7 iron wires arranged in parallel are used for fixing the stand column in the step (1), and the distance between every two adjacent iron wires is 40-70 cm.
Preferably, the plant spacing of the seedlings in the step (2) is 2-4 m.
Preferably, in the step (3), one branch on the back of the central trunk is reserved every 40-70 cm and is cultured to be a small main branch year by year.
Preferably, the branches behind the central trunk in the step (3) are fixed on the face of the hedge frame at intervals of 40-70 cm.
Preferably, hormone treatment and bud carving technology are used in the step (4) to promote germination, and the number of fruiting branch groups is increased.
Preferably, the extending height of the small main branches is not higher than the face of the hedge frame.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the construction method provided by the invention, the top advantages of the large cherries are weakened through the oblique planting of the trees, the growth of auxin can be reduced, the trees and branches can be prevented from growing too vigorously, the formation of flower buds can be effectively promoted, the blossoming and fruiting are early, and the early high yield is realized; the tree form constructed by the method is good in ventilation and light transmission, all branches and fruits can fully see light, the fruit quality is good, and the service life of branch groups is long; the big branches of the tree form constructed by the method are all fixed on the surface of the frame, the branches and the fruits are not easily affected by wind disasters, and the wind resistance is strong; the tree-shaped rows constructed by the method are wide, the method is suitable for small-sized mechanical management, and the labor-saving effect is obvious; the tree structure constructed by the method is simple, the main branches are distributed in a semi-pinnate shape and are fixed on the surface of the frame, the shaping technology is easy to master, and the workload is small; the frame surface can be used for covering facilities such as an insect-proof net, a hail-proof net and the like, so that the effects of reducing natural disasters and preventing and treating pests are achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a large cherry tree shape;
fig. 2 shows the structure of the hedge frame and the sapling.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the present invention are described below clearly and completely, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some, not all embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The method for constructing the large cherry tree shape can construct an inclined hedge frame tree shape, and has the following advantages:
(1) early flowering and fruiting, and can realize early high yield
By obliquely planting the trees, the top advantages of the large cherries are weakened, the growth of auxin is reduced, the trees and branches are prevented from excessively growing, the formation of flower buds can be effectively promoted, and early bearing is promoted;
(2) good ventilation and light transmission, good fruit quality and long branch group service life
The tree shape well solves the relation between the cultivation density and the light energy utilization rate, the thickness of the leaf curtain is controlled to be 50-60 cm, light can be directly transmitted between rows, the inside and the outside of the crown are uniformly illuminated up and down, all branches and fruits can fully see light, and the phenomenon that the bearing branches are withered and die due to less light and less nutrition is avoided, so that the light energy utilization rate is high, the fruit quality is good, and the service life of the branch groups is long;
(3) strong wind resistance
The branches of the tree form are all fixed on the frame surface, so that the branches and the fruits are not easily affected by wind disasters, and particularly, the fruits are prevented from being rubbed and damaged by the branches and the leaves caused by the wind disasters;
(4) obvious labor-saving effect
The tree-shaped rows are wide, the small-sized mechanized management is suitable, and the orchard sprayer can be used for spraying pesticides and operating without hindrance between rows; water-saving irrigation equipment can be hung on the iron wire at the lowest layer for fertilization, so that water and fertilizer integration is realized; the fruit picking is thin in leaf curtain layer, narrow in crown width and shaped like a tree wall, arms can directly extend into the crown without branch obstruction, and the picking efficiency of the fruit picking is improved by 2-3 times compared with that of the traditional tree form, so that the labor cost can be greatly reduced in all aspects of management;
(5) the tree structure is simple, the shaping technology is easy to master, and the workload is small
The tree structure is simple, 8-10 main branches are distributed in a semi-pinnate shape and are all fixed on an iron wire fence frame, the main growth seasons of the pruning technology mainly include bud carving and pinching, growth regulators such as 'primulin' and branching agents are matched, the main growth seasons of the pruning technology mainly include retraction and truncation of fruiting branch groups in winter, the technology is simple and easy to master, and the pruning workload is small;
(6) the fence frame structure can also cover facilities such as insect-proof nets, hail-proof nets and the like, and the effects of reducing natural disasters and preventing and treating pests are achieved.
Example 1
A method for constructing a large cherry tree shape comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting logs with the diameter of 10 centimeters and the length of 4.2 meters to set a plurality of rows of upright columns which are arranged in parallel and are vertical to the ground, wherein the buried depth is 50 centimeters, the distance between every two adjacent upright columns in each row is 10 meters, and the distance between every two adjacent rows is 4 meters; fixing the upright posts by using 7 iron wires which are arranged in parallel from bottom to top to form a frame surface, wherein the distance between the lowest iron wire and the ground is 60 cm, and the distance between two adjacent iron wires is 50 cm;
(2) as shown in fig. 2, large cherry seedlings are planted obliquely below the surface of the hedge frame at a plant spacing of 4 m, and the central stem of the large cherry seedlings is fixed on the surface of the hedge frame, so that an included angle of 45 degrees is formed between the central stem and the ground;
(3) the branches on the back of the central trunk are reserved one by one every 40 centimeters along with the growth of the nursery stock, the branches are cultivated year by year to form small main branches, the small main branches and the central trunk are fixed on the surface of the hedge frame in an included angle of 120 degrees, the branches on the back of the central trunk are fixed on the surface of the hedge frame in an included angle of 45 degrees at intervals of 70 centimeters and the central trunk, and the branches on two sides of the central trunk are thinned;
(4) during shaping, 2 buds and 3 bud competitive branches on the central trunk and the small main branches are thinned out every year, bud carving is carried out before sprouting in spring every year, 3.6% propamolin 40-50 times liquid is used for aligning to bud spraying, and also the branching agent can be directly smeared, so that fruiting branches are promoted, the length of a fruiting branch group is controlled to be 30-50 cm, the branches behind the central trunk are shortened and cut into small branch groups year by year, and the extension height of the main branches is not higher than one uppermost iron wire.
Example 2
A method for constructing a large cherry tree shape comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting logs with the diameter of 12 centimeters and the length of 4.2 meters to set a plurality of rows of upright columns which are arranged in parallel and vertical to the ground, wherein the buried depth is 70 centimeters, the distance between every two adjacent upright columns in each row is 8 meters, and the distance between every two adjacent rows is 3.5 meters; fixing the upright posts by using 7 iron wires which are arranged in parallel from bottom to top to form a frame surface, wherein the distance between the lowest iron wire and the ground is 60 cm, and the distance between two adjacent iron wires is 60 cm;
(2) as shown in fig. 2, large cherry seedlings are planted obliquely below the surface of the hedge frame at a plant spacing of 2 m, and the central stem of the large cherry seedlings is fixed on the surface of the hedge frame, so that an included angle of 60 degrees is formed between the central stem and the ground;
(3) the branches on the back of the central trunk are reserved one by one every 60 centimeters along with the growth of the nursery stock, the branches are cultivated year by year to form small main branches, the small main branches and the central trunk are fixed on the surface of the hedge frame in an included angle of 90 degrees, the branches on the back of the central trunk are fixed on the surface of the hedge frame in an included angle of 60 degrees at intervals of 60 centimeters and the central trunk, and the branches on two sides of the central trunk are thinned;
(4) during shaping, 2 buds and 3 bud competitive branches on the central trunk and the small main branches are thinned out every year, bud carving is carried out before sprouting in spring every year, 3.6% propamolin 40-50 times liquid is used for aligning to bud spraying, and also the branching agent can be directly smeared, so that fruiting branches are promoted, the length of a fruiting branch group is controlled to be 30-50 cm, the branches behind the central trunk are shortened and cut into small branch groups year by year, and the extension height of the main branches is not higher than one uppermost iron wire.
Example 3
A method for constructing a large cherry tree shape comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting logs with the diameter of 12 centimeters and the length of 4.2 meters to set a plurality of rows of upright columns which are arranged in parallel and vertical to the ground, wherein the buried depth is 70 centimeters, the distance between every two adjacent upright columns in each row is 6 meters, and the distance between every two adjacent rows is 4 meters; fixing the upright posts by using 7 iron wires which are arranged in parallel from bottom to top to form a frame surface, wherein the distance between the lowest iron wire and the ground is 60 cm, and the distance between two adjacent iron wires is 60 cm;
(2) as shown in fig. 2, large cherry seedlings are planted obliquely below the surface of the hedge frame at a plant spacing of 4 m, and the central stem is fixed on the surface of the hedge frame, so that an included angle of 60 degrees is formed between the central stem and the ground;
(3) keeping one branch on the back of the central trunk every 70 centimeters along with the growth of the nursery stock, culturing the branch into small main branches year by year, fixing the small main branches and the central trunk on the surface of the hedge frame at an included angle of 60 degrees, fixing the branches on the back of the central trunk on the surface of the hedge frame at an included angle of 60 degrees with the central trunk every 40 centimeters, and thinning the branches on two sides of the central trunk;
(4) during shaping, 2 buds and 3 bud competitive branches on the central trunk and the small main branches are thinned out every year, bud carving is carried out before sprouting in spring every year, 3.6% propamolin 40-50 times liquid is used for aligning to bud spraying, and also the branching agent can be directly smeared, so that fruiting branches are promoted, the length of a fruiting branch group is controlled to be 30-50 cm, the branches behind the central trunk are shortened and cut into small branch groups year by year, and the extension height of the main branches is not higher than one uppermost iron wire.
As shown in figure 1, the tree shape constructed by the method can enable large cherries to bear fruits for 3 years, achieve high yield for 4 years, achieve 800 kilograms per mu yield, achieve 1500 kilograms per mu yield for 5-7 years, and remarkably improve early economic benefits of orchards.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for constructing a large cherry tree shape is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) a plurality of rows of upright columns which are arranged in parallel are arranged, and a plurality of iron wires which are parallel to the ground are used for fixing the upright columns to form a fence frame surface;
(2) obliquely planting large cherry seedlings below the hedge frame surface, and fixing a central stem on the hedge frame surface to form an included angle of 45-60 degrees between the central stem and the ground;
(3) the method comprises the following steps that (1) one branch on the back of a central trunk is reserved every 40-70 cm along with the growth of nursery stocks, the branch is cultivated year by year to be a small main branch, the small main branch and the central trunk are fixed on the surface of a hedge frame in an included angle of 60-120 degrees, the branch on the back of the central trunk and the central trunk are fixed on the surface of the hedge frame in an included angle of 45-60 degrees, and branches on two sides of the central trunk are thinned;
(4) and thinning out 2-bud and 3-bud competitive branches on the central trunk and the small main branches every year, controlling the length of the fruiting branch group to be 30-50 cm, and cutting branches behind the central trunk into small branch groups year by year.
2. The method for constructing a large cherry tree according to claim 1, wherein the vertical columns are perpendicular to the ground in step (1).
3. The method for constructing a large cherry tree form according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the columns in step (1) are logs or cement columns; the buried depth of the upright column is 50-70 cm.
4. The method for constructing a large cherry tree form according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step (1), the distance between adjacent columns in each row is 6-10 m, and the distance between adjacent two rows is 3.5-4 m.
5. The method for constructing a large cherry tree form according to claim 1, wherein 7 parallel iron wires are used for fixing the upright in the step (1), and the distance between two adjacent iron wires is 40-70 cm.
6. The method for constructing a large cherry tree form according to claim 1, wherein the row spacing of the seedlings in step (2) is 2-4 m.
7. The method for constructing a large cherry tree form according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the branches at the back of the central stem are fixed on the trellis surface at intervals of 40-70 cm.
8. The method for constructing a large cherry tree form according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), hormone treatment and bud carving technology are used for promoting germination, and the number of resultant branch groups is increased.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the small boughs extend no higher than the trellis surface.
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| CN109496589A (en) * | 2018-12-27 | 2019-03-22 | 中国农业科学院果树研究所 | A kind of pears dense planting high photosynthetic efficiency is tree-like and its shaping and trimming method |
| CN113424740A (en) * | 2021-07-23 | 2021-09-24 | 艾治国 | Inclined cultivation method for sweet cherries |
Citations (5)
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| CN108703001A (en) | 2018-10-26 |
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