CN108519257A - Method and apparatus for the preparation of soil sample containing root and shearing strength detection - Google Patents
Method and apparatus for the preparation of soil sample containing root and shearing strength detection Download PDFInfo
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- CN108519257A CN108519257A CN201810188042.0A CN201810188042A CN108519257A CN 108519257 A CN108519257 A CN 108519257A CN 201810188042 A CN201810188042 A CN 201810188042A CN 108519257 A CN108519257 A CN 108519257A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N1/00—Sampling; Preparing specimens for investigation
- G01N1/28—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q
- G01N1/286—Preparing specimens for investigation including physical details of (bio-)chemical methods covered elsewhere, e.g. G01N33/50, C12Q involving mechanical work, e.g. chopping, disintegrating, compacting, homogenising
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/24—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady shearing forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
- G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/0069—Fatigue, creep, strain-stress relations or elastic constants
- G01N2203/0075—Strain-stress relations or elastic constants
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/026—Specifications of the specimen
- G01N2203/0284—Bulk material, e.g. powders
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of method and apparatus prepared for soil sample containing root and shearing strength detects, its slide is installed on ball spout upper end, shear box is connected on slide, vertical pressure rod is provided with above shear box, the side of shear box is connect with horizontal push, the other side and transmission rod connect, and load cell is provided on transmission rod.The invention also discloses a kind of preparation facilities of soil sample containing root simultaneously, sample preparation box includes lower plate, side panel and top board, lower plate and side panel, which are fixedly connected with each other, surrounds a cavity, top board is slidably installed in cavity, multiple slots are provided on lower plate, it is detachably connected in each slot and wears root steel pipe, be provided on top board for avoiding the avoid holes for wearing root steel pipe.The configuration of the present invention is simple, easy to use, improved shearing test device can overcome traditional shearing test device, and the calculated shearing force of data of the difficulty, acquisition that reduce test specimen machine-shaping is more accurate.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of shearing instrument being suitable for detecting the shearing strength of soil containing root and its mating computation of cutting force are public
Formula and corresponding soil sample containing root manufacture craft and making apparatus, more particularly to a kind of shearing that can adjust sample dimensions
Instrument and the calculation formula for considering shear surface real-time change.
Background technology
Plant is widely used in the Green Protection engineering of various types side slope, and the interaction of root system of plant and soil is
Increase the key factor that side slope surface soil layer is stablized, and soil classifiction containing root is the important Con trolling index of soil layer stability,
At present there has been no being specially adapted for measuring the test apparatus of the shearing strength of soil containing root and experiment preparation process, can only be cut using tradition
Experimental rig is cut to measure.However traditional shearing test device is disadvantageous in that：1, the standard size of sample is sheared very
Small, preparation soil sample containing root is more difficult, cracky when sample is cut；2, conventional trimmers are applied to the most flood on shear surface
Flat-pushing power is limited, can not shear harder test specimen；3, when testing the shearing strength of soil-in-root, since root system is in soil
Diffusivity distribution situation causes sample varying cross-section different with the root density at height, and shearing strength has differences, conventional
The shear test block area and the too small distribution length for leading to root system of height of size are limited, and root system is difficult to body to the booster action of the soil body
It is existing.4, the existing shear strength calculation formula for shearing test does not fully consider the real-time change of shear surface area.In addition, containing
Root soil shear sample making there are Root Distributions it is uneven, test block is broken the problems such as.Therefore, it is necessary to improve shearing test
Device and its mating calculation formula, while the production method of the shearing sample of soil containing root is designed, preferably to detect the soil containing root
Shearing strength provides technical support for the research of vegetation slope pavement.
Invention content
Technical problems to be solved：For sample dimensions, the internal diameter and height of shear test block should be able to be adjusted freely；Shear surface
Thrust and the load range of vertical pressure should increase, and can precisely adjust；It is cut caused by the real-time dynamic change of shear surface
Shearing stress calculates error and should eliminate；It is difficult to solve the problems, such as prepared by sample containing root.
In order to solve the above technical problems, present invention employs such a preparation facilities of soil sample containing root, including reaction frame,
Jack, oil pump and sample preparation box, the sample preparation box are fixed in the reaction frame, the jack be set to the reaction frame and
Between the sample preparation box, the sample preparation box includes lower plate, side panel and top board, and the lower plate and the side panel are mutual
Affixed to surround a cavity, the top board is slidably installed in the cavity, the cross-sectional shape of the cavity with it is described
The cross-sectional shape of top board is corresponding, and multiple slots are provided on the lower plate, are removably connected in each slot
It is connected to and wears root steel pipe, be provided on the top board for avoiding the avoid holes for wearing root steel pipe.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, the top board includes pressure plate, compacting hammerhead jib and compacting hammer, institute
Stating compacting hammerhead jib one end, the affixed, other end hammers affixed, the spacing etc. between the compacting hammer into shape with the compacting with the pressure plate
In the diameter for wearing root steel pipe.
The invention also discloses a kind of preparation methods of soil sample containing root, and it uses the preparation facilities of soil sample containing root.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, include the following steps：1) lower plate is placed on to smooth ground
On, root steel pipe will be worn and be sequentially inserted into slot fixed, root system penetrates every and wears in root steel pipe successively；2) use group cartridge screw by side
Plate is fixed on lower plate, assembled sample preparation box is placed on reaction frame bottom plate fixed；3) ready soil sample is poured into system
In sample box, lubricant is spread in the compacting hammer both sides of top board, then top board is installed in place；4) jack is placed on upper pressure
It on plate, is pressed using oil pump control jack pair top board, compacting load is hammered into shape by the compacting of the pressure plate, top board of top board
Arm compacting hammer is transmitted on the compacting hammer of top board, and adjacent steel pipe wears the compacting between root steel pipe and hammers compacted samples into shape to defined compacting
Degree；5) step 3-5 is repeated up to the specimen height of design requirement, is then taken out and is worn root steel pipe, filling is worn at root steel pipe wall
Gap, removes compacting hammerhead jib and compacting is hammered into shape, and pressure plate and soil sample top surface is made to be in direct contact, and then specimen surface carries out whole compacting
To defined compactness；6) test block containing root being compacted is taken out, the root that test block bottom is exposed is cut flat with along surface, then test block is cut
It is cut into the size of requirement of experiment.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, soil containing root has been used to detect test specimen as shearing strength, and utilize
A kind of shear carries out shearing strength test to the soil containing root detection test specimen.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, a kind of shear includes horizontal push, shear box, power transmission
Bar, slide, ball spout, vertical pressure rod and terminal, the slide are slidably installed on the ball spout
It holds, is connected with the shear box on the slide, the vertical pressure rod, the shear box are provided with above the shear box
Side connect with the horizontal push, the other side is connect with the transmission rod, the horizontal push and the different axis of the transmission rod
It arranges, load cell is provided on the transmission rod.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, the shear box includes two half box bodys being arranged symmetrically, described
It is provided with vertical load plate on one and half box bodys, each half box body includes coaxially arranged shearing inner box and shearing outer box,
Sample bottom plate is slidably connected with by elevating lever in the shearing outer box, the shearing inner box be fixed in it is described vertical plus
In support plate, the shearing outer box rotate in a circumferential direction the Limit screw that is arranged symmetrically and can radially move along it.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, cross sectional shape and the detection test specimen of soil containing root of the shearing inner box
Cross sectional shape is corresponding.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is disposed in the shearing outer box for fixing the sample bottom plate
Positioning bolt.
In a kind of preferred embodiment of the present invention, concrete operation step includes：1) test specimen is detected according to soil containing root
The shearing inner box that size selection adapts to adjusts the height of sample bottom plate in lower box with elevating lever, is used in combination positioning bolt by sample bottom
Plate is fixed to the height of design, with native knife is repaiied by the equating of sample two sides, then moves in shearing inner box；2) it is adjusted with elevating lever
The height of sample bottom plate in box is allowed to completely attach to sample top surface, and the Limit screw between fastening shearing inner and outer box makes inside and outside
Relative displacement does not occur between box, the shear box for installing sample is placed in slide；3) it unclamps positioning bolt and locks lifting
Bar sets variable vertical stress according to different requirement of experiment on computers, is accurately applied to by oil pump and is cut examination
The top of sample；4) horizontal thrust being applied by computer control oil pump, slide is pushed to be rolled in ball spout, shearing starts,
As horizontal thrust continues to increase, sample is gradually sheared destruction, when shear displacemant, which changes over time, no longer to be increased, stops adding
Horizontal thrust is carried, shear displacemant and stress use computer real-time automatic collecting；5) sample destroyed is taken out, is repeated the above experiment；
Pass through formulaWithAccurately calculate actual shearing face
Product and shear stress；The wherein area of S-shear surface, the radius of R-shear surface, when L-clips to complete destruction, upper and lower shear box
Axial changing of the relative positions distance, the weight of σ-shear surface direct stress, G-shearing sample, the vertical load of F-shearing sample, h1With
h2The respectively height of shear surface upper and bottom section test specimen.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：It is the configuration of the present invention is simple, easy to use, improved shearing test device can with gram
The deficiency of the traditional shearing test device of clothes, is in particular in：1) horizontal shear force has a very wide distribution, and is suitable for the rock of varying strength
The soil body.2) vertical load is applied by computer control oil pump, vertical stress size can flexible modulation.3) shear test block size can
It adjusts, is influenced caused by being reduced in size effect, reduce the difficulty of test specimen machine-shaping.4) consider the section of shear in shear history
Variation, it is more accurate by the calculated shearing force of the data of acquisition.5) sample processed by the producing device of sample containing root contains
Root rate evenly, ratio of briquetting higher, sample integrality it is more preferable.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the shear box structure sectional view of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the shear box structural front view of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the shear structural schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is the structural schematic diagram of the sample preparation box of the present invention；
Fig. 5 is the structural schematic diagram of the compaction apparatus of the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
In order to make the purpose , technical scheme and advantage of the present invention be clearer, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments, right
The present invention is further elaborated.It should be appreciated that described herein, specific examples are only used to explain the present invention, not
For limiting the present invention.
Traditional shearing test device is reasonably improved, the calculation formula of shear strength has been redefined, has devised and contain
The production method and making apparatus of root soil sample.The main distinction of improved experimental rig and traditional shearing test device is
The dynamic electron acquisition of the shear box of redesign, the horizontal loading system of enhancing, adjustable vertical stress loading system, data
System.Devise the dedicated sample preparation box of sample containing root and the compaction apparatus of sample containing root simultaneously.
Fig. 1, Fig. 2 show the shear box of redesign, including vertical load plate, elevating lever, scale slot, positioning bolt,
Limit screw, shear surface, sample bottom plate, cut groove outer wall, shearing inner box, shearing outer box.The effect of each component part of shear box
It is described as follows：Elevating lever supports the sample bottom plate in shearing outer box, and the height of test specimen can freely be adjusted by the lifting of bottom plate,
And bottom plate is fixed to accurate height by available positioning bolt and scale slot；It shears inner box and is used for fixed shear test specimen, in shearing
Box is made of dismountable two parts up and down, and Limit screw shears inner box for stationary annular, during making entire shearing test
There is no relative displacement, the diameter of test specimen that can be adjusted by the shearing inner box of different inner diameters between shearing inner box and shearing outer box.At this
In patent, height of specimen adjustable extent is 50mm to 200mm, and internal diameter adjustable extent is 20mm to 100mm.
Fig. 3 shows the shear of integral arrangement, including oil pump, horizontal push, transmission rod, slide, ball spout, perpendicular
Straight pressure rod, load cell, force-measuring support, terminal.The effect of each component part of shear is described as follows：Test specimen
It installs, first release Limit screw and elevating lever is locked before shearing, when shearing, oil pump is controlled by terminal, passes through water
Flat-pushing bar pushes slide that axial displacement is moved and acquired along ball spout, is tried to shearing by vertical pressure rod and vertical load plate
Sample applies vertical load and acquires vertical compressed value；The horizontal shear load being subject on test specimen is transmitted to dynamometry branch by transmission rod
On frame, the load cell on terminal control force-measuring support is measured and acquires horizontal shear load in real time.
Fig. 4 shows the sample preparation box of the sample containing root, including compacting hammerhead jib, compacting hammer, wear root steel pipe, wear root steel pipe slot,
Pressure plate, bottom plate.The effect of each component part of sample preparation box is described as follows：It is distributed on sample preparation box plate and wears root steel pipe slot, made
It will wear in root steel pipe insertion groove and fix before sample, root system penetrates in root steel pipe, and compacting load passes through pressure plate and compacting hammerhead jib passes
It is delivered on compacting hammer, successively compacted samples are hammered in the compacting between adjacent steel pipe into shape.
Fig. 5 shows the compaction apparatus of the sample containing root, including reaction frame, jack, sample preparation box, group cartridge screw, hand
Oil pump.The effect of each component part of compaction apparatus is described as follows：Sample box piecemeal is installed and is fixed with group cartridge screw, after dress soil
Sample box is placed on reaction frame, the pressure plate pressure at the top of hand oil pump control jack pair sample preparation box.
Using Mathematical Method, by fully considering for the dynamic change to effective section of shear, it can show that shearing is strong
The improvement calculation formula of degree is as follows：
The area of S-shear surface, the radius of R-shear surface, when L-clips to complete destruction, the axial direction of upper and lower shear box
Changing of the relative positions distance
The weight of σ-shear surface direct stress, G-shearing sample, the vertical load of F-shearing sample, h1 and h2 difference
For the height of shear surface upper and bottom section test specimen
It should be understood that these are only the specific implementation mode of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to
In this, any technical person familiar with the field within the technical scope disclosed by the invention, the variation that can readily occur in or is replaced
It changes, should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of preparation facilities of soil sample containing root, including reaction frame (26), jack (27), oil pump (30) and sample preparation box (28),
The sample preparation box (28) is fixed in the reaction frame (26), and the jack (27) is set to the reaction frame (26) and described
Between sample preparation box (28), it is characterised in that：The sample preparation box (28) includes lower plate (25), side panel (29) and top board
(31), the lower plate (25) and the side panel (29), which are fixedly connected with each other, surrounds a cavity, and the top board (31) is slidably matched
It is installed in the cavity, the cross-sectional shape of the cavity is corresponding with the cross-sectional shape of the top board (31), described
It is provided with multiple slots (23) on lower plate (25), is detachably connected in each slot (23) and wears root steel pipe (22),
It is provided on the top board (31) for avoiding the through-hole for wearing root steel pipe (22).
2. one kind preparation facilities of soil sample containing root according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The top board (31) includes
Pressure plate (24), compacting hammerhead jib (20) and compacting hammer (21), the compacting hammerhead jib (20) one end and the pressure plate (24) it is affixed,
The other end hammers that (21) are affixed into shape with the compacting, and the spacing between the compacting hammer (21), which is equal to, described wears the straight of root steel pipe (22)
Diameter.
3. a kind of preparation method of soil sample containing root, it is characterised in that：It has used such as claim 1-2 any one claim institute
The preparation facilities of soil sample containing root stated.
4. one kind preparation method of soil sample containing root according to claim 3, it is characterised in that：Include the following steps：
1) lower plate (25) is placed on smooth ground, root steel pipe (22) will be worn and be sequentially inserted into slot (23) fixed, root
System penetrates every and wears in root steel pipe (22) successively；
2) side panel (29) is fixed on lower plate (25) with group cartridge screw, assembled sample preparation box is placed on reaction frame (26)
It is fixed on bottom plate；
3) ready soil sample is poured into sample preparation box, spreads lubricant in compacting hammer (21) both sides of top board (31), then will
Top board (31) is installed in place；
4) jack (27) is placed on top board (31), top board (31) is applied using oil pump (30) control jack (27)
Pressure, compacting load are transmitted by the pressure plate (24) of top board (31), compacting hammerhead jib (20) the compacting hammer (21) of top board (31)
Onto the compacting hammer (21) of top board (31), adjacent steel pipe wears the compacting between root steel pipe (22) and hammers (21) compacted samples into shape to defined
Compactness；
5) step 3-5 is repeated up to the specimen height of design requirement, is then taken out and is worn root steel pipe (22), root steel pipe (22) is worn in filling
Gap at tube wall removes compacting hammerhead jib (20) and compacting hammer (21), so that pressure plate (24) and soil sample top surface is in direct contact, then
Specimen surface carries out entirety and is densified to defined compactness；
6) test block containing root being compacted is taken out, the root that test block bottom is exposed is cut flat with along surface, then test block is cut into experiment and is wanted
The size asked.
5. a kind of method for detecting the shearing strength of soil sample containing root, it is characterised in that：It has used according to claim 4
The soil containing root produced of the preparation method of soil sample containing root detect test specimen as shearing strength, and a kind of shear pair is utilized
The detection of soil containing the root test specimen carries out shearing strength test.
6. a kind of method for detecting the shearing strength of soil sample containing root according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：It is described
A kind of shear includes horizontal push (12), shear box, transmission rod (13), slide (14), ball spout (15), vertical pressurization
Bar (16) and terminal (19), the slide (14) are slidably installed in the ball spout (15) upper end, the cunning
It is connected with the shear box on seat (14), the vertical pressure rod (16), the shear box are provided with above the shear box
Side connect with the horizontal push (12), the other side is connect with the transmission rod (13), the horizontal push (12) and institute
The different axis arrangement of transmission rod (13) is stated, load cell (17) is provided on the transmission rod (13).
7. a kind of method for detecting the shearing strength of soil sample containing root according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：It is described
Shear box includes two half box bodys being arranged symmetrically, and is provided with vertical load plate (1) on one half box body, and described each half
Box body includes coaxially arranged shearing inner box (9) and shearing outer box (10), passes through elevating lever (2) cunning in the shearing outer box (10)
Dynamic to be connected with sample bottom plate (7), the shearing inner box (9) is fixed in the vertical load plate (1), outside the shearing
Box (10) rotates in a circumferential direction the Limit screw (5) that is arranged symmetrically and can radially move along it.
8. a kind of method for detecting the shearing strength of soil sample containing root according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：It is described
The cross sectional shape for shearing inner box (9) is corresponding with the detection cross sectional shape of test specimen of soil containing root.
9. a kind of method for detecting the shearing strength of soil sample containing root according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：It is described
The positioning bolt (4) for fixing the sample bottom plate (7) is disposed in shearing outer box (10).
10. a kind of method for detecting the shearing strength of soil sample containing root according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：Its
Concrete operation step includes：
1) the shearing inner box that sample dimensions selection adapts to is detected according to soil containing root, sample bottom plate in lower box is adjusted with elevating lever (2)
(7) height is used in combination positioning bolt (4) that sample bottom plate (7) is fixed to the height of design, is repaiied sample two sides with native knife is repaiied
It is flat, it then moves in shearing inner box (9)；
2) height for using sample bottom plate (7) in box in elevating lever (2) adjusting is allowed to completely attach to sample top surface, fastening shearing
Limit screw (5) between inner and outer box makes that relative displacement does not occur between inner and outer box, the shear box for installing sample is placed on cunning
In seat (14),
3) it unclamps positioning bolt (4) and locks elevating lever (2), set variable erect on computers according to different requirement of experiment
To stress, accurately it is applied to by the top for cutting sample by oil pump；
4) horizontal thrust is applied by computer control oil pump, slide (14) is pushed to be rolled in ball spout (15), shearing is opened
Begin, as horizontal thrust continues to increase, sample is gradually sheared destruction, when shear displacemant, which changes over time, no longer to be increased, stops
Only loading level thrust, shear displacemant and stress use computer real-time automatic collecting；
5) sample destroyed is taken out, is repeated the above experiment；Pass through formula
WithAccurately calculate actual shearing area and shear stress；The wherein area of S-shear surface, R-shear surface
Radius, when L-clips to complete destruction, the axial changing of the relative positions distance of upper and lower shear box, σ-shear surface direct stress, G-shearing examination
The weight of sample, the vertical load of F-shearing sample, h1And h2The respectively height of shear surface upper and bottom section test specimen.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810188042.0A CN108519257B (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2018-03-07 | Method and device for preparing root-containing soil sample and detecting shear strength |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810188042.0A CN108519257B (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2018-03-07 | Method and device for preparing root-containing soil sample and detecting shear strength |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN108519257A true CN108519257A (en) | 2018-09-11 |
| CN108519257B CN108519257B (en) | 2020-09-08 |
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| CN201810188042.0A Expired - Fee Related CN108519257B (en) | 2018-03-07 | 2018-03-07 | Method and device for preparing root-containing soil sample and detecting shear strength |
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| CN109682693A (en) * | 2019-02-27 | 2019-04-26 | 沈阳众和检测有限公司 | Architectural vibration-insulation rubber tube tangential displacement test device |
| CN110160890A (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2019-08-23 | 辽宁科技大学 | A kind of radical operators axial direction shearing strength measuring device and method |
| CN112177064A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-01-05 | 燕山大学 | Shear box device for simulating foundation pit wall soil interface |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN109682693A (en) * | 2019-02-27 | 2019-04-26 | 沈阳众和检测有限公司 | Architectural vibration-insulation rubber tube tangential displacement test device |
| CN110160890A (en) * | 2019-06-12 | 2019-08-23 | 辽宁科技大学 | A kind of radical operators axial direction shearing strength measuring device and method |
| CN112177064A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2021-01-05 | 燕山大学 | Shear box device for simulating foundation pit wall soil interface |
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