CN108507785B - Device and method for testing dynamic characteristics of main shaft in rotation state - Google Patents

Device and method for testing dynamic characteristics of main shaft in rotation state Download PDF

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CN108507785B
CN108507785B CN201810317073.1A CN201810317073A CN108507785B CN 108507785 B CN108507785 B CN 108507785B CN 201810317073 A CN201810317073 A CN 201810317073A CN 108507785 B CN108507785 B CN 108507785B
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main shaft
actuator
piezoelectric actuator
piezoelectric
signal
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CN108507785A (en
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曹宏瑞
魏江
陈雪峰
张兴武
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Xian Jiaotong University
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01MTESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M13/00Testing of machine parts
    • G01M13/02Gearings; Transmission mechanisms
    • G01M13/025Test-benches with rotational drive means and loading means; Load or drive simulation

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a dynamic characteristic testing device and a method under a main shaft rotation state, wherein the device comprises a main shaft, a frame, a fixed sleeve and the like; the main shaft is arranged on the frame, one end of the main shaft fixing sleeve is arranged on the frame, the other end of the main shaft fixing sleeve is connected with one end of the connecting support, and the end cover is arranged at the other end of the connecting support; the cutter handle assembly comprises a cutter handle, a bearing and a bearing box, wherein the bearing and the bearing box are sequentially sleeved on the cutter handle from inside to outside; the actuator assembly comprises a piezoelectric actuator, three mounting holes are sequentially formed in the side surface of the connecting support perpendicular to the axial direction of the main shaft, and the piezoelectric actuator, the acceleration sensor and the displacement sensor of the actuator assembly are respectively mounted in the three mounting holes. The method adopts the piezoelectric actuator to apply excitation and the tool holder assembly to realize loading, and can accurately and conveniently test the dynamic characteristics of the main shaft in the rotation process.

Description

Device and method for testing dynamic characteristics of main shaft in rotation state
Technical Field
The invention relates to a device and a method for testing dynamic characteristics of a main shaft in a rotation state.
Background
The machine tool spindle is one of the core components of the ultra-precision machine tool, the dynamic characteristic and stability of the machine tool spindle determine the machining performance and the machining efficiency of the machine tool to a great extent, and the machine tool spindle has important influence on the service life, the reliability and the safety of the whole machining system, so that the research on the dynamic characteristic of the electric spindle is very important. The method for testing the dynamic characteristics of the main shaft in engineering is usually carried out by adopting a method of vibration excitation of a vibration exciter or knocking of a force hammer when the main shaft is static, but in the actual working condition of the main shaft, the dynamic characteristics can be changed due to the influence of cutting force, rotating speed, working temperature rise, thermal expansion, centrifugal force and gyro moment. Therefore, the dynamic characteristic in the actual rotation process of the main shaft is tested to be of great significance. The conventional method for exciting the force hammer and the vibration exciter can only be used for testing the main shaft in a static state, and loading is difficult to realize in a rotating state.
At present, partial scholars at home and abroad test the dynamic characteristics of the main shaft in a rotation state by improving an experiment scheme or designing a novel experiment device. The main loading modes are powerful hammer excitation, electromagnetic excitation and air film force loading. Ozturk et al [ investment of spindle bearing preload on dynamics and stability limit indexing ] install a standard part at the front end of the spindle to replace the actual tool, and test the dynamic characteristics of the spindle under different pre-tensions by knocking the standard part. However, the use of standard parts instead of tools for testing results in certain errors in the final result, and because the energy and frequency band range of the force hammer excitation are limited, especially for large machines, all the modes of the machine cannot be excited. Chowdhury et al, university of Bimingham, England, originally used an electromagnetic loading device to test a lathe spindle at low rotational speeds, proving that spindle dynamics are affected by rotational speed, excitation amplitude and preload. Sawamura et al [ Development of Dynamic Loading Device for Rotating Spindle of Machine Tools ] of Kyoto university in Japan adopts an electromagnetic Loading Device to test the static stiffness of a milling Machine Spindle at different Rotating speeds, and because an electromagnetic field is easy to induce and generate an eddy current on the surface of a tested Spindle, the test result is influenced to a certain extent. In addition, von Ming et al (research and development of a high-speed spindle non-contact air film loading rigidity test bench) of Beijing scientific and technical university designs a device for loading an electric spindle by using a static pressure air film, and an air bearing and an air static pressure thrust bearing are adopted to realize the loading of the spindle in a rotating state, but only static load or slowly-varying load can be applied to the spindle, and the applied load force is small, so the application is limited.
In summary, the research on the dynamic characteristic test under the main shaft rotation state is relatively few at present, and various test methods have certain problems, so that the accurate test of the dynamic characteristic under the main shaft rotation state is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a device and a method for testing dynamic characteristics of a main shaft in a rotation state.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
a dynamic characteristic testing device under a main shaft rotation state comprises a main shaft, a frame, a fixing sleeve, a connecting support, an end cover, a cutter handle assembly, an actuator assembly, an acceleration sensor and a displacement sensor; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the main shaft is arranged on the frame, one end of the main shaft fixing sleeve is arranged on the frame, the other end of the main shaft fixing sleeve is connected with one end of the connecting support, and the end cover is arranged at the other end of the connecting support; the cutter handle assembly comprises a cutter handle, a bearing and a bearing box, wherein the bearing and the bearing box are sequentially sleeved on the cutter handle from inside to outside;
the actuator assembly comprises a piezoelectric actuator, three mounting holes are sequentially formed in the side surface of the connecting support perpendicular to the axial direction of the main shaft, and the piezoelectric actuator, the acceleration sensor and the displacement sensor of the actuator assembly are respectively mounted in the three mounting holes.
The invention is further improved in that the actuator assembly comprises a piezoelectric actuator, a piezoelectric force sensor, a pre-tightening screw and a U-shaped actuator support, wherein the piezoelectric actuator and the piezoelectric force sensor are sequentially arranged at the center of the actuator support, the pre-tightening screw is in threaded connection with the actuator support, one end of the pre-tightening screw penetrates through the actuator support and is in contact with one end of the piezoelectric force sensor, the other end of the piezoelectric force sensor is in threaded connection with the tail end of the piezoelectric actuator, and the head end of the piezoelectric actuator extends into a mounting hole in the side face of the connecting support and is in contact with the bearing box.
The invention has the further improvement that a plurality of groups of mounting holes are uniformly arranged on the side surface of the connecting bracket in the circumferential direction, and each group of mounting holes comprises three mounting holes.
A dynamic characteristic test method under the main shaft rotation state is based on the dynamic characteristic test device under the main shaft rotation state, and comprises the following steps:
1) firstly, connecting a dynamic characteristic testing device under a main shaft rotation state according to the steps, starting the main shaft, enabling a rotor of the main shaft to generate fixed rotating speed, driving a tool handle in a tool handle assembly and an inner ring of a bearing to rotate at the same rotating speed, and keeping an outer ring of the bearing in the tool handle assembly and a bearing box static;
2) the signal generator generates a sine frequency sweeping signal, the signal is output to the power amplifier, the piezoelectric actuator is controlled to generate sine frequency sweeping vibration and acts on a bearing box of the tool shank assembly, and then the tool shank of the tool shank assembly is excited, and at the moment, the tool shank generates corresponding vibration response;
3) when the piezoelectric actuator generates sine sweep frequency vibration, the acting force generated by the front end of the piezoelectric actuator on the bearing box is equal to the acting force generated by the rear end of the piezoelectric actuator on the piezoelectric sensor, and at the moment, an excitation force signal measured by the piezoelectric sensor is recorded by using a data acquisition unit and a computer;
measuring a vibration signal generated by the knife handle due to the excitation of the piezoelectric actuator by using a displacement sensor and an acceleration sensor, and recording the signal by using a data acquisition unit and a computer;
4) and (3) performing order tracking extraction by adopting vold-kalman filtering in a computer, filtering a vibration signal generated by the rotation of the tool holder to obtain a force signal and a response signal generated by the excitation of the piezoelectric actuator, and calculating the force signal and the response signal to obtain a frequency response function of the spindle in a rotation state.
The invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
1) in the excitation mode, a piezoelectric actuator is selected as an excitation element, and the piezoelectric actuator has the characteristics of small volume, high response speed, high precision, low power consumption and the like, so that the loading system is high in rigidity, accurate and efficient in loading, and large in amplitude and frequency range of loading force.
2) The tool handle assembly is used for realizing contact loading, the problem of difficulty in loading when the main shaft rotates is solved, the exciting force of the piezoelectric actuator can be accurately applied to the tool handle, and other interference cannot be generated, so that loading can be carried out at any rotating speed of the main shaft;
3) the piezoelectric force sensor is fixed at the tail part of the piezoelectric actuator, so that the problem that the force sensor is difficult to install is solved, and the measurement precision is high;
4) the loading device and the testing device are fixed by the connecting support and form a whole with the main shaft, so that the loading system is high in rigidity, the testing system is low in interference, and the testing can be carried out at any time.
In conclusion, the piezoelectric actuator is adopted for excitation, and the piezoelectric actuator has the characteristics of large rigidity, accurate and efficient loading, various excitation force forms and large amplitude and frequency range of the excitation force; the loading of the spindle is realized by utilizing the cutter handle assembly with the rolling bearing, the loading during the rotation of the spindle can be realized, the loading efficiency is high, and the interference is less; the piezoelectric force sensor is fixed at the rear end of the piezoelectric actuator, so that the measurement of the exciting force is realized, and the measurement precision is high; the loading device and the testing device are integrated into a whole by adopting the connecting bracket, so that the loading system has high rigidity and less interference to the testing system, and can be tested at any time.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a view of the shank assembly of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a structural view of a piezoelectric actuator assembly of the present invention;
in the figure: 1-a main shaft, 2-a frame, 3-a main shaft fixing sleeve, 4-a connecting support, 5-an end cover, 6-a tool shank component, 7-an actuator component, 8-an acceleration sensor and 9-a displacement sensor;
601-handle, 602-bearing, 603-bearing box;
701-piezoelectric actuator, 702-piezoelectric force sensor, 703-actuator bracket and 704-pre-tightening screw.
FIG. 5 shows the spindle rotation speed of 4000 r.min according to the present invention-1Voltage signal time-frequency relation of time;
FIG. 6 shows the spindle rotation speed of 4000 r.min according to the present invention-1An excitation force signal of time, wherein (a) is a measured original signal and (b) is a signal after filtering;
FIG. 7 shows the spindle rotation speed of 4000 r.min according to the present invention-1Acceleration response signal of time, wherein (a) is a measured raw signal and (b) is after filteringA signal;
FIG. 8 shows the spindle rotation speed of 4000 r.min according to the present invention-1A time frequency response and a coherence function, wherein (a) is the frequency response and the coherence function calculated according to the original signal, and (b) is the frequency response and the coherence function calculated according to the filtered signal;
FIG. 9 is a frequency response function of the spindle of the present invention at different rotational speeds;
fig. 10 is the spindle speed-natural frequency relationship of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the following figures and examples.
As shown in fig. 1 to 4, the dynamic characteristic testing device provided by the invention in a main shaft rotation state comprises a main shaft 1, a frame 2, a fixing sleeve 3, a connecting bracket 4, an end cover 5, a tool shank component 6, an actuator component 7, an acceleration sensor 8 and a displacement sensor 9; the main shaft 1 is arranged on the frame 2, one end of the main shaft fixing sleeve 3 is arranged on the frame 2, the other end of the main shaft fixing sleeve is connected with one end of the connecting support 4, and the end cover 5 is arranged at the other end of the connecting support 4; the cutter handle assembly 6 comprises a cutter handle 601, a bearing 602 and a bearing box 603 which are sequentially sleeved on the cutter handle 601 from inside to outside, the cutter handle assembly 6 is sleeved in the connecting bracket 4 and the main shaft fixing sleeve 3, one end of the cutter handle 601 is connected with the rotor of the main shaft 1, and the cutter point at the other end extends out of the end cover 5; actuator subassembly 7 includes piezoelectric actuator 701, and a plurality of groups mounting hole have evenly been seted up to circumference on the side of linking bridge 4, and every group mounting hole all includes three mounting hole, and actuator subassembly 7's piezoelectric actuator 701 and acceleration sensor 8 and displacement sensor 9 are installed respectively at three mounting hole.
The actuator assembly 7 comprises a piezoelectric actuator 701, a piezoelectric force sensor 702, a pre-tightening screw 704 and a U-shaped actuator support 703, wherein the piezoelectric actuator 701 and the piezoelectric force sensor 702 are sequentially arranged at the center of the actuator support 703, the pre-tightening screw 704 is in threaded connection with the actuator support 703, one end of the pre-tightening screw passes through the actuator support 703 and contacts with one end of the piezoelectric force sensor 702, the other end of the piezoelectric force sensor 702 is in threaded connection with the tail end of the piezoelectric actuator 701, and the head end of the piezoelectric actuator 701 extends into a mounting hole in the side face of the connecting support 4 and contacts with the bearing box 603.
The invention provides a method for testing dynamic characteristics of a main shaft in a rotation state, which comprises the following steps:
1) firstly, connecting a dynamic characteristic testing device under a main shaft rotation state according to the steps, starting the main shaft 1, enabling a rotor of the main shaft 1 to generate a fixed rotating speed, driving a tool handle 601 in a tool handle assembly 6 and an inner ring of a bearing 602 to rotate at the same rotating speed, and keeping an outer ring of the bearing 602 in the tool handle assembly 6 and a bearing box 603 static;
2) the signal generator generates a sine frequency sweeping signal, the signal is output to the power amplifier, the piezoelectric actuator is controlled to generate sine frequency sweeping vibration and acts on the bearing box 603 of the knife handle assembly, and then the knife handle 601 of the knife handle assembly is excited, and at the moment, the knife handle 601 generates corresponding vibration response;
3) when the piezoelectric actuator 701 generates sine sweep frequency vibration, the acting force generated by the front end of the piezoelectric actuator on the bearing box 603 is equal to the acting force generated by the rear end of the piezoelectric actuator on the piezoelectric sensor 702, and at the moment, a data acquisition unit and a computer are used for recording an excitation force signal measured by the piezoelectric sensor 702;
measuring a vibration signal generated by the knife handle due to the excitation of the piezoelectric actuator by using a displacement sensor and an acceleration sensor, and recording the signal by using a data acquisition unit and a computer;
4) since the vibration of the tool shank 601 includes the vibration generated by the rotation of the tool shank 601 and the vibration generated by the excitation of the piezoelectric actuator 701, the measured force signal and the acceleration and displacement response signals both contain interference components, which affect the final calculation result. The method comprises the steps of performing order tracking extraction by adopting vold-kalman filtering in a computer, filtering out a vibration signal generated by the rotation of a tool handle 601 to obtain a force signal and a response signal generated by the excitation of a piezoelectric actuator 701, and calculating the force signal and the response signal to obtain a frequency response function of a main shaft in a rotation state.
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the following examples:
1) the dynamic characteristic testing device under the main shaft rotation state is built in sequence, and comprises a loading system, a testing system and a signal analysis system, wherein the specific installation sequence is as follows: firstly installing a connecting support, then installing a cutter handle component and an end cover, then installing a piezoelectric actuator component and an acceleration and displacement sensor, finally connecting a signal analysis system, and debugging the whole system.
2) According to the figure 1, under a certain fixed rotating speed of a main shaft, a sine frequency sweeping signal is generated by a signal generator, so that a piezoelectric actuator generates corresponding excitation to the main shaft, a force signal is acquired by a piezoelectric force sensor, and corresponding response signals are acquired by an acceleration sensor and a displacement sensor and transmitted to a data acquisition unit;
the spindle is initially held stationary, the frequency response function of the spindle is tested in accordance with the above method, and then the spindle speed is increased by 2000 r.min each time-1The test is carried out once, and the highest test rotating speed is 20000 r.min-1. Carrying out frequency sweep excitation by adopting a sine signal with bias of 1.5V and amplitude of 3V, wherein the frequency sweep range is 1 mu Hz to 1500Hz, the frequency sweep time is 120s, and the frequency sweep mode is linear frequency sweep;
3) and filtering and extracting the sweep frequency excitation signal and the response signal in a computer, and solving a frequency response function of the spindle at a specific rotating speed by using a conventional frequency response function calculation method.
Because the main shaft can generate great interference on a test system when rotating, the acquired force signal and the response signal have great noise, and the final solving precision is influenced. The invention adopts the vold-kalman filtering method to extract the excitation and response signals, can extract the excitation force signal and the response signal generated by the sine sweep excitation, and filter the unnecessary interference signal. Since the vold-kalman filtering is performed by order tracking filtering according to a given time-frequency relationship, the time-frequency relationship of the frequency-sweep signal needs to be analyzed. Because the noise in the control voltage signal generated by the signal generator is less, the invention obtains the time-frequency relation of the sweep frequency signal by analyzing the voltage signal, thereby carrying out tracking filtering on the signal. The specific method comprises the following steps: first, a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) is performed on an input voltage signal to obtain a time-frequency relationship of a frequency sweep signal, such asFIG. 5 is a schematic view; and then inputting the frequency-time function into a vold-kalman filtering algorithm, extracting a response signal of a corresponding frequency at each time point, and filtering interference signals of other frequency components at the time point, so that only a force signal and a response signal generated by sine sweep excitation are obtained finally, and interference components such as impact, harmonic waves and the like are filtered. As shown in FIG. 6, the main shaft is at 4000 r.min-1The raw and filtered signals of the time-excitation force, and fig. 7 the raw and filtered signals of the acceleration response, it can be seen that the filtered signals interfere less. FIG. 8 shows the spindle speeds at 4000 r.min-1The frequency response function and the coherent function obtained by calculating the original signal and the filtered signal can be seen to have little noise after filtering, and the coherent function is ideal, so that the vold-kalman filtering algorithm can well extract the sine frequency sweeping signal.
According to the excitation and response signals obtained by filtering, frequency response functions of the spindle at different rotating speeds are calculated and obtained, and are shown in fig. 9. Table 1 shows the third order natural frequency values of the frequency response function of the main shaft at different rotating speeds, the overall rule is shown in FIG. 10, and it can be seen that the third order natural frequency shows a gradual decrease trend with the increase of the rotating speed, especially in 12000 r.min-1Thereafter, the natural frequency showed a tendency of rapidly decreasing at 18000 r.min-1The trend then slows down. And it can be seen that 20000 r.min-1Natural frequency ratio of time 0 r.min-1The natural frequency of the time is less than 55.2Hz, and the dynamic characteristic of the main shaft in a rotating state is proved to be greatly different from that of the static state.
TABLE 1 natural frequencies tested at different rotational speeds of the spindle
According to the examples, the method provided by the invention can well test the dynamic characteristics of the main shaft in the rotation state, has the characteristics of high efficiency, rapidness and high accuracy, can test at any time according to actual requirements, and has a good application prospect.

Claims (3)

1. A dynamic characteristic testing device under a main shaft rotation state is characterized by comprising a main shaft (1), a frame (2), a fixing sleeve (3), a connecting support (4), an end cover (5), a cutter handle assembly (6), an actuator assembly (7), an acceleration sensor (8) and a displacement sensor (9); wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the main shaft (1) is arranged on the frame (2), one end of the main shaft fixing sleeve (3) is arranged on the frame (2), the other end of the main shaft fixing sleeve is connected with one end of the connecting support (4), and the end cover (5) is arranged at the other end of the connecting support (4); the cutter handle assembly (6) comprises a cutter handle (601), and a bearing (602) and a bearing box (603) which are sequentially sleeved on the cutter handle (601) from inside to outside, the cutter handle assembly (6) is sleeved in the connecting support (4) and the main shaft fixing sleeve (3), one end of the cutter handle (601) is connected with a rotor of the main shaft (1), and a cutter point at the other end extends out of the end cover (5);
the actuator assembly (7) comprises a piezoelectric actuator (701), three mounting holes are sequentially formed in the side face of the connecting support (4) perpendicular to the axial direction of the spindle (1), and the piezoelectric actuator (701), the acceleration sensor (8) and the displacement sensor (9) of the actuator assembly (7) are respectively mounted in the three mounting holes; the actuator assembly (7) further comprises a piezoelectric force sensor (702), a pre-tightening screw (704) and a U-shaped actuator support (703), wherein the piezoelectric actuator (701) and the piezoelectric force sensor (702) are sequentially arranged at the center of the actuator support (703), the pre-tightening screw (704) is in threaded connection with the actuator support (703), one end of the pre-tightening screw penetrates through the actuator support (703) and is in contact with one end of the piezoelectric force sensor (702), the other end of the piezoelectric force sensor (702) is in threaded connection with the tail end of the piezoelectric actuator (701), and the head end of the piezoelectric actuator (701) extends into a mounting hole in the side face of the connecting support (4) and is in contact with the bearing box (603);
when the piezoelectric actuator (701) generates sine frequency sweeping vibration, the acting force generated by the front end of the piezoelectric actuator to the bearing box (603) is equal to the acting force generated by the rear end to the piezoelectric force sensor (702), and at the moment, the data acquisition unit and the computer are utilized to record an excitation force signal measured by the piezoelectric force sensor (702); measuring a vibration signal generated by the knife handle due to the excitation of the piezoelectric actuator by using a displacement sensor and an acceleration sensor, and recording the signal by using a data acquisition unit and a computer; the method comprises the steps of performing order tracking extraction by adopting vold-kalman filtering in a computer, filtering vibration signals generated by the rotation of a tool handle (601), obtaining force signals and response signals generated by the excitation of a piezoelectric actuator (701), and calculating the force signals and the response signals to obtain a frequency response function of a main shaft in a rotation state.
2. The device for testing the dynamic characteristics of the main shaft in the rotating state according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of groups of mounting holes are uniformly formed in the circumferential direction on the side surface of the connecting support (4), and each group of mounting holes comprises three mounting holes.
3. A method for testing dynamic characteristics of a main shaft in a rotating state, which is based on the device for testing dynamic characteristics of a main shaft in a rotating state of claim 1, and comprises the following steps:
1) firstly, connecting a dynamic characteristic testing device under a main shaft rotation state according to the steps, starting the main shaft (1), enabling a rotor of the main shaft (1) to generate a fixed rotating speed, driving a tool handle (601) in a tool handle assembly (6) and an inner ring of a bearing (602) to rotate at the same rotating speed, and keeping an outer ring of the bearing (602) in the tool handle assembly (6) and a bearing box (603) static;
2) the signal generator generates a sine frequency sweeping signal, the signal is output to the power amplifier, the piezoelectric actuator is controlled to generate sine frequency sweeping vibration and acts on a bearing box (603) of the knife handle assembly, and then the knife handle (601) of the knife handle assembly is excited, and at the moment, the knife handle (601) generates corresponding vibration response;
3) when the piezoelectric actuator (701) generates sine frequency sweeping vibration, the acting force generated by the front end of the piezoelectric actuator to the bearing box (603) is equal to the acting force generated by the rear end to the piezoelectric force sensor (702), and at the moment, the data acquisition unit and the computer are utilized to record an excitation force signal measured by the piezoelectric force sensor (702);
measuring a vibration signal generated by the knife handle due to the excitation of the piezoelectric actuator by using a displacement sensor and an acceleration sensor, and recording the signal by using a data acquisition unit and a computer;
4) the method comprises the steps of performing order tracking extraction by adopting vold-kalman filtering in a computer, filtering vibration signals generated by the rotation of a tool handle (601), obtaining force signals and response signals generated by the excitation of a piezoelectric actuator (701), and calculating the force signals and the response signals to obtain a frequency response function of a main shaft in a rotation state.
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