CN108458929A - A method of measuring material true stress - Google Patents
A method of measuring material true stress Download PDFInfo
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- CN108458929A CN108458929A CN201810239302.2A CN201810239302A CN108458929A CN 108458929 A CN108458929 A CN 108458929A CN 201810239302 A CN201810239302 A CN 201810239302A CN 108458929 A CN108458929 A CN 108458929A
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of methods measuring material true stress, belong to materials science field.The present invention considers poisson effect and volume expansion of the material in flexible deformation section, while considering the height localization that material deforms in plastic history, i.e., completes plastic deformation by the formation of shear band and sliding.Therefore during whole deformation, effective loaded area can be accurately calculated in conjunction with the original size of exemplar, so as to measure the born true stress of exemplar like clockwork using the load displacement curve of uniaxial loading, this is to having great significance and being worth determining material basic mechanical performance parameter using uniaxial loading.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to materials science fields, more specifically to a kind of method measuring material true stress.
Background technology
In order to weigh, assess and compare the mechanical property of material (especially structural material), the most simply and easily test
Method is to be uniaxially stretched and uniaxial compression calculates stress-then according to the geometric dimension of load-displacement curves combination sample
Strain stress relation, the particularly important performance ginseng of Young's modulus, yield strength, fracture strength and elongation percentage four to obtain material
Number.For the stress state of more accurate response material internal, come generally according to the engineering stress-strain curve obtained in experiment
True stress and strain curve is calculated, calculation formula has derivation and explanation in pertinent texts：
εt=ln (1+ εe) (1)
σt=σe(1+εe) (2)
σ e in formula, ε e, σ t and ε t are respectively engineering stress, engineering strain, true stress and logarithmic strain.And engineering strain
ε e and engineering stress σ e are given by：
F in formula, Δ l, A0 and l0 are respectively load, deflection, the initial cross sectional product and length of sample.True stress σ t
Then to consider the instant cross-sectional area A of sample：
Obtaining the relationship (2) of true stress σ t and engineering stress σ e by formula (4) and formula (5), there are one basic premises
Condition：The volume size of sample material be afterwards before being deformed it is constant, i.e.,：
A0l0=Al (6)
L is the instant length of sample in formula.
Even if however, material simple stress effect under, volume be also can it is changed, unless its Bulk modulus K without
Limit big or Poisson's ratio μ=0.5.But for all true materials, K is limited；In addition to some special rubber and
Composite material, the Poisson's ratio μ of most materials<0.5.Therefore, formula (2) cannot generally be set up.
In addition, for some materials, plastic deformation is height localization, such as glassy metal.The modeling of this kind of material
Property deformation concentrate on the region that thickness is about 1 μm, which is referred to as " shear band ".The plastic deformation of glassy metal is mainly logical
The carry out and traditional material uniform plastic deformation caused by processing hardening that slides for crossing shear band has essential distinction.Therefore,
Above formula is all not applicable, so can not true stress be measured and be calculated.
Invention content
1. to solve the problems, such as
In order to solve the problems, such as mentioned in above-mentioned background technology, i.e. the local of the expansion properties of material and plastic deformation
Change, the present invention provides a kind of method measuring material true stress.The present invention is no longer by material during flexible deformation
Volume is considered as constant, it is contemplated that the poisson effect of material, this makes it possible to the cross-sectional area for correctly calculating tested exemplar,
The true stress that exemplar is born just can be accurately measured on this basis；Considering plastic period answers And of Varying Depth simultaneously
The situation of localization just calibrates the cross-sectional area of exemplar stress in plastic deformation start time, and then utilizes load essence
Really calculate the true stress that exemplar is born.
2. technical solution
To solve the above-mentioned problems, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is as follows：
A method of material true stress is measured, includes the steps that in detail below：
(1) static method or dynamic method is used to measure the Poisson's ratio μ of material；
(2) it is l to original length0, original cross-sectional area A0Exemplar uniaxial compression or be uniaxially stretched, obtain
The relationship of load F and deflection Δ l；
(3) in flexible deformation section, deformation is true stress σ uniform, that material is bornrFor：
It can easily be seen that as Poisson's ratio μ=0.5, it is (2) that above formula, which is degenerated, and consistent described in background technology part；
(4) enter plastic deformation section：
If (i) plastic deformation is true stress σ uniform, that material is bornrFor：
Wherein leAnd AeRespectively in elastic limit exemplar length and cross-sectional area, Δ lpFor amount of plastic deformation；
(ii) if plastic deformation is carried out by the shear band of height localization, it is assumed that shear surface and loading direction
Angle is θ, when the cross section of exemplar used is round, then the true stress σ that exemplar is bornrFor：
Wherein reFor the radius of exemplar cross section in elastic limit,It is transversal when exemplar used
When face is rectangular, then the true stress σ that exemplar is bornrFor：
Wherein a and b is respectively the width and length of exemplar cross section in elastic limit.
3. advantageous effect
Compared with the prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention are：
(1) method of measurement material true stress of the invention, when being uniaxially stretched to exemplar or uniaxial compression,
Poisson effect and the volume expansion of material are considered, while considering the height local that material deforms in plastic history
Change, i.e., plastic deformation is completed by the formation of shear band and sliding, according to load-displacement relationship, in conjunction with the original size of exemplar,
The effective bearing area of exemplar can be precisely calculated, to accurately measure the true stress that material is born, Jin Erneng
Enough accurate some Mechanical Characteristics parameters, such as yield strength for determining material；
(2) method of measurement material true stress of the invention, material therein can be metal alloy, plastics, glass
Etc., especially amorphous alloy (also known as glassy metal) has a wide range of application, has very strong market popularization value；
(3) method of measurement material true stress of the invention, Poisson's ratio μ use static method or dynamic method, method letter
It is single, it is currently used method；
(4) method of measurement material true stress of the invention carries out uniaxial pressure using omnipotent test machine for mechanism to exemplar
It contracts or is uniaxially stretched, in the quasi-static lower load-displacement relationship for measuring exemplar, load can be controlled effectively, avoid the occurrence of load
The interior tissue of the excessive situation of lotus, exemplar will not be destroyed, and ensure the accuracy measured.
Description of the drawings
Technical scheme of the present invention is described in further detail below with reference to drawings and examples, but should
Know, these attached drawings only design for task of explanation, therefore not as the restriction of the scope of the invention.In addition, except non-specifically
It points out, these attached drawings are meant only to conceptually illustrate structure construction described herein, without to be drawn to scale.
Fig. 1 is that pole shape exemplar is plastically deformed by shear band sliding, and dash area is effective bearing area.
Fig. 2 is that rectangular exemplar is plastically deformed by shear band sliding, and dash area is effective bearing area.
Fig. 3 is that original length is the glassy metal Zr that 4.20mm radiuses are 1.09mm50Cu44Al6(at.%) circle rod-like samples
By deformed stereoscan photograph, arrow meaning is shear band, and shear surface and loading direction angle are 41 °.
Fig. 4 is stress-engineering strain curve of sample shown in Fig. 3, σe、σtAnd σrRespectively engineering stress, according to tradition
The true stress that method calculates and the true stress measured according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is the enlarged drawing of elastic part in Fig. 4.
Fig. 6 is the enlarged drawing that part is plastically deformed in Fig. 4.
Fig. 7 is the Al being heat-treated after rolling0.3CoCrFeNi (at.%) high-entropy alloy sample to be tensioned, rolling reduction are
75%, annealing temperature is 800 DEG C, and annealing time is 1 hour.
Fig. 8 is that the sample in Fig. 7 is uniaxially stretched the overall pattern after total deformation is 10%, it can be seen that plastic strain is simultaneously
Certain is not concentrated on.
Fig. 9 is stress-engineering strain curve of high-entropy alloy sample in Fig. 8.σe、σtAnd σrRespectively engineering stress, according to
The true stress that conventional method calculates and the true stress measured according to the present invention.For clarity, illustrating only engineering in figure
Strain stress<5% part.
Figure 10 is the enlarged drawing that part is plastically deformed in Fig. 9.
Specific implementation mode
Hereafter to the detailed description of exemplary embodiment of the present invention with reference to attached drawing, which forms one of description
Point, it has been shown as example enforceable exemplary embodiment of the invention in the figure.Although these exemplary embodiment quilts
Fully describe in detail so that those skilled in the art can implement the present invention, it is to be understood that can realize other embodiment and
Can without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention to the present invention various changes can be made.Hereafter to the embodiment of the present invention
More detailed description is not limited to required the scope of the present invention, and just to be illustrated and do not limit pair
The description of the features of the present invention and feature to propose to execute the best mode of the present invention, and is sufficient to make those skilled in the art
It can implement the present invention.Therefore, the scope of the invention is only defined by the appended claims.
Hereafter detailed description of the present invention and example embodiment are more fully understood in combination with attached drawing, wherein the present invention
Element and feature are identified by reference numeral.
It should be noted that：Be uniaxially stretched or uniaxial compression test in, at present measure material bear really
For the method for stress there are one the basic premise not conformed to the actual conditions, i.e. material volume in deformation process is constant, therefore existing
Method can not provide accurate true stress.
Embodiment 1
Following examples are directed to as cast condition Zr50Cu44Al6(at.%) pole shape amorphous alloy sample.
The measurement as cast condition Zr of the present embodiment50Cu44Al6(at.%) method of non-crystaline amorphous metal true stress, including in detail below
The step of：
(1) dynamic method (acoustic method) measurement is utilized to obtain as cast condition Zr50Cu44Al6Poisson's ratio μ=0.37 of non-crystaline amorphous metal；
(2) Zr of pole shape (cross section is circle)50Cu44Al6The original length l of non-crystaline amorphous metal0It is for 4.20mm, radius
1.09mm carries out uniaxial compression to sample using omnipotent test machine for mechanism, load-displacement curves is obtained, in conjunction with sample size meter
Calculation obtains engineering stress-strain curve, then utilizes the formula (1) and (2) conventionally to calculate true stress-and answers
Varied curve；
(3) determine that elastic strain limit is 2.16% according to engineering stress-strain curve；Using scanning electron microscope to deformation after
Sample observed, it is found that its plastic deformation is to slide to carry out by shear band, therefore plastic strain is height localization
, as shown in Figure 3；
(4) formula (7) is utilized respectively to elastic part and plastic deformation part and formula (9a) carries out true stress
Calculating, the results are shown in Figure 4；Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 is respectively the amplification diagram of elastic part and plastic deformation part in Fig. 4.
Embodiment 2
Following examples are for the Al being heat-treated after rolling0.3CoCrFeNi (at.%) high-entropy alloy, rolling reduction are
75%, annealing temperature is 800 DEG C, and annealing time is 1 hour.
The measurement Al of the present embodiment0.3The method of CoCrFeNi (at.%) high-entropy alloy true stress, including in detail below
The step of：
(1) static method (mechanical means) measurement is utilized to obtain above-mentioned Al0.3The Poisson's ratio μ of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys=
0.30；
(2) Al of plate (cross section is rectangular)0.3The original length l of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys0For 12.70mm, thickness
For 0.50mm, width 3.2mm, as shown in Figure 7；Sample is uniaxially stretched using omnipotent test machine for mechanism, obtains load-
Engineering stress-strain curve is calculated in conjunction with sample size in displacement curve, then utilize the formula (1) and (2) according to
Conventional method calculates true stress and strain curve；
(3) by σ on engineering stress-strain curve0.2Determine that elastic strain limit is 0.74%；Using microscope to becoming
Sample after shape is observed, and finds its plastic deformation modes as traditional Ductile Metals, plastic strain is equably
It is distributed in entire sample, as shown in Figure 8；
(4) formula (7) is utilized respectively to elastic part and plastic deformation part and formula (8) carries out true stress
It calculates, the results are shown in Figure 9；Figure 10 is the amplification diagram of plastic deformation part in Fig. 9.
Schematically the present invention and embodiments thereof are described above, description is not limiting, institute in attached drawing
What is shown is also one of embodiments of the present invention, and actual structure is not limited to this.So if the common skill of this field
Art personnel are enlightened by it, without departing from the spirit of the invention, are not inventively designed and the technical solution
Similar frame mode and embodiment, are within the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. a kind of method measuring material true stress, which is characterized in that include the steps that in detail below：
(1) the Poisson's ratio μ of material is measured；
(2) it is l to original length0, original cross-sectional area A0Exemplar carry out uniaxial loading, obtain load F and deflection Δ l
Relationship；
(3) in flexible deformation section, true stress σ that material is bornrFor：
(4) enter plastic deformation section：
If (i) plastic deformation is true stress σ uniform, that material is bornrFor：
Wherein F is load, leAnd AeRespectively in elastic limit exemplar length and cross-sectional area, Δ lpFor amount of plastic deformation；
(ii) if plastic deformation is carried out by the shear band of height localization, it is assumed that the angle of shear surface and loading direction
For θ, when the cross section of exemplar used is round, true stress σ that exemplar is bornrFor：
Wherein reFor the radius of exemplar cross section in elastic limit,When the cross section of exemplar used is side
When shape, true stress σ that exemplar is bornrFor：
Wherein a and b is respectively the width and length of exemplar cross section in elastic limit.
2. the method according to claim 1 for measuring material true stress, which is characterized in that Poisson's ratio μ uses static method
Or dynamic method measurement obtains.
3. the method according to claim 2 for measuring material true stress, which is characterized in that utilize omnipotent test machine for mechanism
Uniaxial compression is carried out to exemplar or is uniaxially stretched, in the quasi-static lower load-displacement relationship for measuring exemplar.
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Cited By (3)
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| CN111428319A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-07-17 | 湖南师范大学 | Circular cross section equal strength supporting beam with evenly distributed load at intervals |
| CN112033805A (en) * | 2020-08-13 | 2020-12-04 | 五邑大学 | Method and device for monitoring concrete uniaxial compression cross section area in real time |
| CN112485113A (en) * | 2020-11-17 | 2021-03-12 | 核工业西南物理研究院 | Method and device for testing material tensile property of small-size sample |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111428319A (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2020-07-17 | 湖南师范大学 | Circular cross section equal strength supporting beam with evenly distributed load at intervals |
| CN111428319B (en) * | 2020-05-07 | 2024-04-02 | 湖南师范大学 | Round cross section equal strength supporting beam subjected to interval uniform load distribution |
| CN112033805A (en) * | 2020-08-13 | 2020-12-04 | 五邑大学 | Method and device for monitoring concrete uniaxial compression cross section area in real time |
| CN112485113A (en) * | 2020-11-17 | 2021-03-12 | 核工业西南物理研究院 | Method and device for testing material tensile property of small-size sample |
| CN112485113B (en) * | 2020-11-17 | 2023-04-21 | 核工业西南物理研究院 | Method and device for testing tensile property of material of small-size sample |
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