CN108426788B - Rock direct shear experiment test piece, test piece clamp and shear test method thereof - Google Patents
Rock direct shear experiment test piece, test piece clamp and shear test method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000010008 shearing Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000013142 basic testing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/24—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady shearing forces
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/025—Geometry of the test
- G01N2203/0256—Triaxial, i.e. the forces being applied along three normal axes of the specimen
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/23—Dune restoration or creation; Cliff stabilisation
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Abstract
A rock direct shear experiment test piece, a test piece clamp and a shear test method thereof belong to the technical field of rock mechanics test. This test piece can directly be used for triaxial test machine, including the cuboid body, body downside left part is provided with first grooving, and first grooving is followed the avris and is followed the horizontal direction and is extended to the body inside, still includes the second grooving, and first grooving is central symmetry with the second grooving and distributes as the center with the body center, and grooving length is the same with the avris length of its place cuboid body, and grooving width is not longer than half of bottom surface avris. The device has the advantages that the device is simple and portable in structure, can be used for carrying out a direct shear test of rock on a triaxial mechanical testing machine which can only carry out compression, enriches the test purposes of the triaxial mechanical testing machine, provides the surface compressive stress of a test piece through confining pressure loading provided by a confining pressure oil source, has more uniform compressive stress distribution compared with axial concentrated load loading selected by the traditional direct shear test, improves the uniformity of stress distribution, can be used for carrying out a high-temperature rock direct shear test subsequently, and is suitable for carrying out a rock direct shear test research.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of rock mechanics tests, and relates to a rock direct shear test specimen, a specimen clamp, a pressure head unit for a rock shear test and a shear test method based on the specimen, which can be used for a conventional triaxial tester.
Background
The shear damage is a damage phenomenon caused by shear stress, such as dislocation or expansion of rock mass at two sides of a shear plane, and is one of main modes of main instability and damage of engineering rock mass. Under shear load, the maximum shear stress of a rock against shear failure is called the shear strength of the rock. The shear strength of rock represents the ability of rock to resist shear failure and sliding, so it is of great research importance to study the shear strength of rock. At present, the method for researching the shear strength of the rock is divided into two main types of tests, namely a room test and a field test, wherein the room test generally adopts a direct shear test, a wedge shear test, a triaxial shear test and the like to measure the shear strength of the rock, and the field test mainly adopts the direct shear test.
Traditional rock direct shear tests are mainly carried out by adopting a horizontal pushing method. The test instrument is a direct shear apparatus, which mainly comprises an upper rigid box and a lower rigid box. The dimensions of the test piece in the plane are defined as 150cm by 15cm to 30cm by 30cm, and the thicknesses of the rock above and below the shearing surface are respectively about 1/2 of the cross section dimension, and generally, the dimension of 5cm by 5cm can be used. When the test piece is prepared, the test piece is required to be cut into a groove shape along the periphery of the test piece, the prepared test piece is placed between an upper box and a lower box of a shearing instrument, and the dislocation surfaces of the upper box and the lower box are shearing surfaces of rock. Direct shear test the test piece is sheared in a selected plane. In each test, a vertical load P is firstly applied to the test piece, then a horizontal shearing force T is gradually applied in the horizontal direction until the maximum Tmax is reached, and the shearing strength of the rock test piece is calculated. The traditional rock direct shear test has simple steps, is easy to operate, does not need other special equipment to carry out auxiliary measurement, and can measure the shear strength among different rocks besides measuring the integral shear strength and the weak structural surface strength of the rock. However, the conventional direct shear test method requires a specific shear device capable of providing loading forces in two directions, and has high cost and single function. The wedge shear test technology can also realize rock shear strength test, but when the test method is used, the surface forward pressure of a test piece, tangential thrust and other proportion increase, and rock shear failure behavior (namely a shear stress-displacement curve of the test piece) under a certain forward pressure cannot be obtained.
The triaxial press is basic testing equipment for testing the breaking behavior and strength of rock, and is widely used in China at present; the triaxial press is utilized to test the shear strength and the shear failure behavior of the rock very commonly, but the prior art cannot test the shear strength of the rock under specific forward pressure, and cannot acquire the relationship between the shear stress and the shear displacement of the rock; especially for transverse isotropic rock, the traditional technology for carrying out the shear strength test of the rock by using a triaxial press is difficult to determine the accurate shear failure surface, the cohesive force and the internal friction angle of the rock cannot be calculated, and the shear strength test of the transverse isotropic rock is not facilitated to be carried out. In addition, since the triaxial press cannot provide shearing force for the direct shear test, it is difficult to directly put the test piece of the prior art on the conventional triaxial test machine to perform the direct shear test of the rock.
Therefore, there is a need for a rock mass direct shear test piece, a test piece clamp, a pressure head unit for rock shear test and a test method based on the components, which can be used for a conventional triaxial test machine, so that rock shear strength and shear behavior test can be carried out by combining the conventional triaxial test machine, a shear stress-shear displacement curve can be drawn, the additional value of the rock triaxial press can be improved, and a new method can be added for the rock shear test technology. In addition, by combining with novel measuring means such as loading CT scanning, the method can be used for further exploring the generation, expansion and penetration processes of macroscopic and microscopic cracks of a rock mass test piece in the direct shearing process, and can be used for carrying out high-temperature rock direct shearing tests by combining with the confining pressure oil heating function of a triaxial tester, so that a novel way is provided for scientific research of rock shearing destructive behaviors.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of overcoming the defects of the existing rock shearing test technology and provides a rock direct shearing test piece, a test piece clamp, a pressure head unit for rock shearing test and a shearing test method based on the components.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is as follows: the utility model provides a rock direct shear test piece, this test piece can be directly used for triaxial test machine, including the cuboid body, body downside left part is provided with first grooving, and first grooving extends to the inside extension of body along the horizontal direction from the avris, still includes the second grooving, and first grooving is central symmetry with the second grooving and distributes as the center with the body center, and grooving length is the same with the avris length of its place cuboid body, and grooving width is not longer than half of bottom surface avris.
Specifically, the body is H, the side lengths of the bottom surfaces are A, B, H is more than or equal to A and more than or equal to B, the thickness of the cutting groove is D, and D is less than 0.04A.
The other technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: the rock direct shear test specimen clamp comprises a left semi-cylindrical member and a right semi-cylindrical member, wherein the two semi-cylindrical members are relatively detachably arranged, a containing cavity for placing a rock direct shear test specimen is arranged between the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member, the cross section of the containing cavity is hexagonal, and the containing cavity is communicated with the bottom surface and the top surface of the clamp body.
Further, the test piece also comprises drag reduction pieces which are respectively arranged between the test piece and the left semi-cylindrical component and the right semi-cylindrical component, and the material of the drag reduction pieces is polytetrafluoroethylene.
Specifically, a groove is formed in the side plane of the left semi-cylindrical member, a protrusion matched with the groove is formed in the side plane of the right semi-cylindrical member, and the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member are clamped together through the groove and the protrusion; the space between the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member is 0.5-2 mm except the accommodating cavity part, and the accommodating cavity part is the position where the accommodating cavity is located.
Specifically, the cylindrical member formed by the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member is 1-2 mm lower than the test piece.
The invention solves the technical problems by adopting the following technical scheme: the pressure head unit for the rock shearing test is characterized by comprising an upper pressure head, a lower pressure head and the rock direct shearing test piece clamp, wherein the outer diameters of the upper pressure head, the lower pressure head and the rock direct shearing test piece clamp are consistent, and the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head are respectively cylindrical members.
Further, a thin steel sheet is arranged between the position, where the non-test piece is positioned, of the top of the test piece clamp and the upper pressure head.
Specifically, the test piece clamp is made of rigid steel materials.
The invention solves the technical problems by adopting the following technical scheme: the rock shear test method based on the components comprises the following steps:
A. recording the size of a test piece, attaching drag reduction pieces on two sides of a confining pressure compression surface of the test piece, placing the test piece into a clamp accommodating cavity, and attaching the other sides of the two drag reduction pieces to the inner sides of the clamp respectively;
B. Placing the clamp and the test piece on the lower pressing head, aligning the axes of the test piece and the lower pressing head, lightly placing the upper pressing head above the test piece, aligning the axes of the test piece and the upper pressing head, and adding a steel sheet outside a gap between the upper pressing head and the test piece to finish the manufacturing of a pressing head unit;
C. sleeving the heat shrinkage film from top to bottom to cover the whole pressure head unit, and heating and blowing the heat shrinkage film until the heat shrinkage film is attached to the surface of the pressure head unit;
D. The whole pressing head unit attached with the thermal shrinkage film is placed on a triaxial test machine, a machine pressing head is lowered to enable the machine pressing head to slightly contact with the surface of the pressing head on the pressing head unit, a triaxial cabin is lowered, oil is filled into a triaxial cylinder, confining pressure is firstly added, then axial pressure is added until the triaxial cylinder is damaged, and the peak axial pressure P cr when a test piece is damaged is recorded;
E. Based on the peak axial pressure P cr and the specimen size, the shear strength τ=p cr/(B×H0 of the tested rock is calculated, where B is the width of the specimen bottom surface and H 0 is the spacing between the two kerfs.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the vertical shear test device has the advantages that the vertical shear test device is simple and portable in structure, small in size and convenient to manufacture and manufacture, can be used for carrying out a vertical shear test of rock on a triaxial mechanical testing machine which can only be used for compression, enriches test purposes of the triaxial mechanical testing machine, provides test piece surface compressive stress through confining pressure loading provided by confining pressure oil sources, is more uniform in compressive stress distribution than axial concentrated load loading selected by the traditional vertical shear test, and can better solve the problems that stress distribution of a shear surface of a test piece in the traditional rock vertical shear test is uneven, and the requirement precision of a horizontal force application direction is higher and errors are easy to generate. The invention is suitable for developing the rock direct shear test by utilizing the rock triaxial press.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a rock direct shear test specimen in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a rock direct shear test specimen under compression in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a left side view of a rock direct shear test specimen in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a front view of a rock direct shear test specimen in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural view of a test piece fixture for rock direct shear test in the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a top view of a rock direct shear test specimen grip of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a room test using a rock direct shear test specimen and a clamp in accordance with the present invention;
The device comprises a pressing head unit 1, a cuboid body 2, a first grooving 3, a second grooving 4, a drag reducing piece 5, a left semi-cylindrical component 6, a right semi-cylindrical component 7, an upper pressing head 8, a lower pressing head 9, a strain gauge 10 and a clamp 11.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The rock direct shear test piece shown in fig. 1 to 4 can be directly used for a triaxial test machine and comprises a cuboid body 2, wherein the bottom surface of the cuboid body is rectangular, and can be square under special conditions, so that the test piece can be tightly attached to an upper pressing head and a lower pressing head. If the bottom surface is rectangular, the side lengths of the bottom surface are A, B respectively, and A is more than or equal to B; based on the balance of the forces in all directions and the use universality of the test piece, a cuboid body with a square bottom surface is preferable, and the side length A of the square is more than or equal to 25mm and less than or equal to 50mm; the height of the body is H, H is more than or equal to A, preferably 25mm is more than or equal to H and less than or equal to 200mm.
The body downside left part is provided with first incision 3, first incision 3 extends to the body inside along the horizontal direction from the avris, the extension department link up the body, first incision 3 trend is parallel with the top surface of body, still include second incision 4, first incision 3 and second incision 4 are central symmetry and distribute with the body center as the center, incision length is the same with the avris length B of its place cuboid body, the incision length must run through the test piece promptly, as shown, incision length is B, the incision width is the incision width from the avris along the distance that horizontal direction to the inside extension of body, the incision width is not longer than half of bottom surface avris. The value range of the grooving thickness D is less than 0.04A, wherein D=1-2 mm is preferable, and if the grooving is too thick, other forces are also applied in the process of rock direct shearing, so that the experimental result is influenced; the width of the cutting groove is preferably A/2, and the vertical distance from the first cutting groove to the ground is H 1,0.25H≤H1 -0.4H so as to improve the stress balance. The shape and the size of the two cutting grooves are the same, so that the shearing force applied by the test piece is uniformly cut, the axial force applied by the upper part of the machine is converted into the shearing force applied by the test piece, the shape of the cutting grooves is preferably rectangular, the shearing force is conveniently calculated, and if the other shapes and the trend are the same, the axial force applied by the machine cannot be completely converted into the shearing force on one hand, and the shearing force received by the test piece cannot be well calculated on the other hand. The test piece is designed so as to be directly used for a conventional triaxial test to carry out a direct shear test, and the phenomenon of uneven stress in the conventional direct shear test is improved.
The manufacturing method of the test piece comprises the following steps: processing a core or a rock block selected from the field into a cuboid body of a test piece with a slightly larger size than required by a cutting machine, processing the upper end face and the lower end face of the cuboid body by a grinding machine according to the processing precision requirement of the end face of a rock compression test piece in engineering rock mass test method standard, wherein the included angle range of any two adjacent faces of the processed test piece is controlled to be 90+/-0.5 degrees, the size of any position of the body is uniform enough, and the deviation of the body is not more than 0.2mm; then cutting grooves on two sides of the test piece by using a diamond grinding wheel, and gradually grinding the surfaces of the grooves to form the test piece required by the invention. Specifically, the test piece is processed by a cuboid body with the side length of the bottom surface being A, B and the height being H, a first cutting groove with the thickness D penetrating through the inside of the test piece is formed in the left side of the cuboid body and away from the top H 1, the first cutting groove extends parallel to the top surface, the length is half of the side length of the bottom surface, a second cutting groove penetrating through the inside of the test piece is also formed in the right side of the cuboid body and away from the bottom H 1, and the length, the width and the thickness of the second cutting groove are the same as those of the first cutting groove, so that the whole test piece forms a central symmetrical structure.
The phenomenon of uneven stress of a sheared surface often occurs in the traditional direct shear test during compression, the phenomenon is mainly caused by the fact that point force P is often utilized as axial loading when a vertical load is applied to a test piece, and the phenomenon of uneven stress often occurs in the process that the point force is applied to the surface force due to insufficient rigidity of a clamp and a pressure head, so that an experimental result is influenced. This problem can be overcome by using the following jig.
As shown in fig. 5 to 6, the clamp for clamping a rock direct shear test specimen comprises a left semi-cylindrical member 6 and a right semi-cylindrical member 7, wherein the two semi-cylindrical members are detachably arranged relatively, for example, a groove is formed in a side plane of the left semi-cylindrical member 6, namely, a surface of the left semi-cylindrical member, which is contacted with the right semi-cylindrical member, is provided with a protrusion matched with the groove, the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member are clamped together through the groove and the protrusion, and in addition, the left semi-cylindrical member 6 and the right semi-cylindrical member 7 can be detachably connected in other detachable fixing modes. And a containing cavity for placing a rock direct shear test piece is arranged between the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member, the cross section of the containing cavity is hexagonal, and the containing cavity is communicated with the bottom surface and the top surface of the clamp main body. In order to improve the uniformity of the stress, the cross section is preferably regular hexagon. The hexagonal test piece is designed into a hexagon, and the left surface and the right surface of the hexagonal prism formed by the hexagon can be tightly attached to the left surface and the right surface of the test piece, so that even axial force can be applied to the test piece through the two tightly attached surfaces when the triaxial test machine applies confining pressure, a little gap exists between the four surfaces, and a strain gauge is arranged in the test piece to measure the displacement change condition of the test piece in the loading process. If square is used, the strain gauge is pressed during the confining pressure compaction (the strain gauge is not a compression member, preferably not subjected to pressure); if a rectangle is adopted, a bending moment is generated in the middle of the temporary surface in the process of applying confining pressure, and the stress is uneven; if a circular shape is used, pressure cannot be applied to the left and right sides of the test piece. The space between the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member is 0.5-2 mm except for the accommodating cavity part, the accommodating cavity part is the position where the accommodating cavity is located, in addition, the space can not be arranged at the clamping part, and the clamping part is the position where the groove and the bulge are clamped. Because when the triaxial tester applies confining pressure, the left and right semi-cylindrical components can be further closed towards the middle by the confining pressure force, and a certain interval is arranged, the problem that the pressure of a test piece is small due to the fact that no gap exists between the two semi-cylindrical components when the confining pressure is applied can be avoided, and experimental errors are caused.
Considering service life, the device can bear corresponding pressure and uniformly apply the pressure on a test piece, preferably the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member are made of rigid steel materials, and the whole device is made of high-strength solid steel materials.
In addition, the fixture 11 further comprises two cuboid-shaped damping plates 5, wherein the damping plates are respectively arranged between the test piece 1 and the left semi-cylindrical member 6 and the right semi-cylindrical member 7, and the thickness of the damping plates is not too thick, and the size of the damping plates is slightly larger than that of the test piece so as to reduce the friction force born by the confining pressure in the confining pressure applying process. The material is preferably polytetrafluoroethylene in view of low cost and effect. While the conventional rock direct shear test in the prior art does not use drag reducing tablets.
The following examples illustrate the specific fabrication process of the fixture as follows: the steel is used for casting a solid cylinder, the height of the cylinder is slightly lower than the height of a test piece by 1-2 mm, the solid cylinder is cut into two semicircular cylinders along the radius direction, then each semicircular cylinder is parallel to the diameter direction and cut into thin slices with a certain thickness of 0.5mm, one semicircular cylinder is symmetrically cut into a strip-shaped notch with the length of 4mm in the upper area and the lower area of the top view and spliced on the corresponding position of the other semicircular cylinder, and then a hexagonal groove is cut in the middle of the two semicircular cylinders, wherein the groove is required to be capable of just accommodating a drag reducing slice and the test piece.
In the same way, the pressure head unit for the rock shearing test can overcome the defect of uneven stress distribution of the sheared surface. As shown in fig. 7, the whole pressure head unit is placed on a triaxial test machine for use, the pressure head unit comprises an upper pressure head 8, a lower pressure head 9 and the rock direct shear test specimen clamp, the radiuses of the three components are consistent, the radius is not strictly defined, the clamp can be completely installed in the triaxial compression chamber as long as the outer diameter of the clamp is matched with the triaxial compression chamber, and the preferred radius is 120mm. The upper pressure head is a cylindrical component, the shape is flat, the height is smaller, such as 20 mm-60 mm, preferably 20mm, so that the influence of dead weight on a rock test piece is reduced as much as possible, the lower pressure head is also a cylindrical component, the height has no special requirement, the height of the lower pressure head is not smaller than that of the upper pressure head, and the heights of the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head are preferably the same. A thin steel sheet is arranged between the position, where the non-test piece is positioned, of the top of the test piece clamp and the upper pressure head, so that oil can be blocked and a heat shrinkage film can be supported in a specific test process.
The rock shearing test method based on the components comprises the following steps:
(1) Sampling from the field and processing, so that the required test piece size requirement can be met, and recording the test piece size;
(2) The anti-drag pieces are attached to two sides of the confining pressure compression surface of the test piece, in order to be capable of measuring other multiple parameters during shearing damage, strain gauges 10 are connected to two sides which are not subjected to direct force and used for monitoring the test piece, the test piece is placed into the clamp accommodating cavity, a small amount of lubricating oil is added at the notch, the other sides of the two anti-drag pieces are attached to the inner side of the clamp respectively, and the clamp is pressed by hands to enable the two anti-drag pieces to be attached tightly;
(3) Placing the clamp and the test piece on the lower pressing head, aligning the axes of the test piece and the lower pressing head, lightly placing the upper pressing head above the test piece, aligning the axes of the test piece and the lower pressing head, adding a circle of steel sheet outside a gap between the upper pressing head and the test piece, realizing the effects of subsequent oil blocking and heat shrinkage film supporting, and completing the manufacture of a pressing head unit main body;
(4) A heat-shrinkable film with the diameter slightly larger than that of the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head is selected, sleeved into the whole pressure head unit body from top to bottom, a heat-shrinkable film blower is adjusted to a certain temperature, and the heat-shrinkable film is heated and blown until the heat-shrinkable film is attached to the surface of the pressure head unit;
(5) And (3) integrally placing the pressure head unit attached with the heat shrinkage film on a triaxial test machine, lowering a machine pressure head to ensure that the machine pressure head is slightly contacted with the surface of the pressure head on the pressure head unit, lowering a triaxial cabin, filling oil into a triaxial cylinder, setting the loading process of the machine, setting the loading speed and the loading mode, firstly adding confining pressure, and then adding axial pressure until the damage. The experiment starting machine automatically loads according to a set loading mode, and records the peak axial pressure P cr when a test piece is damaged;
(6) Based on the peak axial pressure P cr and the specimen size, the shear strength τ=p cr/(B×H0 of the tested rock is calculated, where B is the width of the specimen bottom surface and H 0 is the spacing between the two kerfs.
Examples
A rock shear test method comprising the steps of:
(1) The method is characterized in that a marble rock core of a water diversion tunnel in a mall underground laboratory with the buried depth of 2400m is selected, the machining cost is that the bottom surface of the test piece is square, the side length of the test piece is 50mm, the height of the test piece is 150mm, a cutting groove penetrating through the internal thickness of the test piece and 1mm is arranged at the position 34mm away from the top on the left side of the test piece during machining, the cutting groove is parallel to the top surface and 25mm long, a cutting groove penetrating through the internal thickness of the test piece and 1mm is also arranged at the position 34mm away from the bottom on the right side of the cuboid test piece, the whole test piece is made into a central symmetrical graph, and the distance H 0 = 80mm between the two cutting grooves.
(2) A solid steel direct shear clamp with the radius of 120mm, the diameter of a middle hexagonal groove of 50mm and the height of 148mm is selected, polytetrafluoroethylene drag reduction pieces are padded on the left side and the right side around a test piece, strain gauges are stuck on the front side and the rear side by 502 glue, and the strain gauges are further fixed by resin. And then the test piece is placed in the middle of the clamp groove clamp, a little lubricating oil is added at the strip-shaped notch, and the steel clamp is extruded by hands to be tightly attached. And placing the clamp and the test piece on the lower pressing head, aligning the axes of the test piece and the lower pressing head, slightly placing the upper pressing head above the test piece, aligning the axes of the test piece and the upper pressing head, and adding a steel sheet outside a gap between the upper pressing head and the test piece to finish the manufacture of the pressing head unit.
(3) And (3) selecting a heat-shrinkable film with the diameter of 125mm, sleeving the heat-shrinkable film into the whole pressure head unit body from top to bottom, adjusting the temperature of a heat-shrinkable film blower to 280 ℃, and heating and blowing the heat-shrinkable film until the heat-shrinkable film is attached to the surface of the pressure head unit.
(4) The testing machine adopted in the experiment is a MTS815 Flex Test GT rock mechanics experiment system, and the testing method comprises the following steps: and integrally placing the manufactured device on a triaxial test machine, lowering a machine pressure head to ensure that the machine pressure head is slightly contacted with the surface of the pressure head on the device, lowering a triaxial cabin, and filling oil into a triaxial cylinder. Setting a loading mode of a machine: the confining pressure is firstly loaded to 4MPa at the speed of 2MPa/min, after the confining pressure is stable, the axial pressure is loaded at the speed of 20kN/min, the axial pressure is added until the damage is caused, and the peak axial pressure P cr = 124.03kN when the device is damaged is recorded.
(5) The shear strength of the test piece at the confining pressure of 4MPa is calculated to be tau= 124.03 kN/(80 mm×50 mm) =31.01 MPa.
To improve the accuracy of the results, multiple measurements may be averaged.
The test can be carried out by fixing the rock direct shear test piece on the triaxial mechanical testing machine through the special clamp, and the direct shear test of the rock can be carried out on the triaxial mechanical testing machine which can only be compressed based on the test piece, the clamp and the pressure head unit, so that the test piece can be used as a supplement for the test purpose of the triaxial mechanical testing machine. The triaxial tester is a conventional triaxial mechanical tester, and is provided with novel measuring equipment such as loading type CT scanning and the like, for example, a MTS815 Flex Test GT rock mechanical experiment system. The simulation method can obtain the shear strength characteristics of the rock explored by a conventional triaxial tester, fully utilizes the functions of the rock triaxial tester, can be combined with novel measurement means such as loading CT scanning and the like on the conventional triaxial mechanical tester, is convenient for exploring the generation, expansion and penetration processes of macroscopic and microscopic cracks of a rock test piece in the direct shearing process, and realizes the aim of diversified measurement; the surface compressive stress of the test piece is provided through confining pressure loading, so that the problem that the stress distribution of the sheared surface of the test piece in the traditional rock direct shear experiment is uneven, the accuracy required by the horizontal force application direction is high, and errors are easy to generate is solved. The method can be used for shear test of rock materials, and also can be used for shear strength measurement of other brittle and quasi-brittle materials (such as concrete, ceramics and the like).
Claims (5)
1. The rock direct shear test specimen clamp is characterized by comprising a left semi-cylindrical member and a right semi-cylindrical member, wherein the two semi-cylindrical members are arranged in a relatively detachable manner, a containing cavity for placing a rock direct shear test specimen is arranged between the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member, the cross section of the containing cavity is hexagonal, and the containing cavity is communicated with the bottom surface and the top surface of the clamp main body; the damping piece is respectively arranged between the test piece and the left semi-cylindrical component and the right semi-cylindrical component, and is made of polytetrafluoroethylene; the side plane of the left semi-cylindrical member is provided with a groove, the side plane of the right semi-cylindrical member is provided with a protrusion matched with the groove, and the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member are clamped together through the groove and the protrusion; the space between the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member is 0.5-2 mm except for the accommodating cavity part, and the accommodating cavity part is the position where the accommodating cavity is located; the height of the cylindrical member formed by the left semi-cylindrical member and the right semi-cylindrical member is lower than that of the test piece by 1-2 mm.
2. The pressure head unit for the rock shearing test is characterized by comprising an upper pressure head, a lower pressure head and the rock direct shearing test piece clamp as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer diameters of the upper pressure head, the lower pressure head and the rock direct shearing test piece clamp are consistent, and the upper pressure head and the lower pressure head are respectively cylindrical members.
3. The ram unit of claim 2, further comprising a steel sheet disposed between the upper ram and a location on the top of the test piece holder where the test piece is not located.
4. A ram unit as claimed in claim 2, characterised in that the test piece holder is of a rigid steel material.
5. The rock shearing test method is characterized in that the rock shearing test piece based on the pressure head unit of the rock shearing test of any one of claims 2-3 comprises a cuboid body, wherein a first cutting groove is arranged at the left part of the lower side of the body, extends from the side to the inside of the body along the horizontal direction, and further comprises a second cutting groove, the first cutting groove and the second cutting groove are symmetrically distributed with the center of the body as the center, the length of the cutting groove is the same as the length of the side of the cuboid body where the cutting groove is positioned, and the width of the cutting groove is not longer than half of the side length of the bottom surface; the height of the body is H, the side lengths of the bottom surfaces are A, B respectively, H is more than or equal to A and more than or equal to B, the thickness of the cutting groove is D, and D is less than 0.04A; the method comprises the following steps:
A. recording the size of a test piece, attaching drag reduction pieces on two sides of a confining pressure compression surface of the test piece, placing the test piece into a clamp accommodating cavity, and attaching the other sides of the two drag reduction pieces to the inner sides of the clamp respectively;
B. Placing the clamp and the test piece on the lower pressing head, aligning the axes of the test piece and the lower pressing head, lightly placing the upper pressing head above the test piece, aligning the axes of the test piece and the upper pressing head, and adding a steel sheet outside a gap between the upper pressing head and the test piece to finish the manufacturing of a pressing head unit;
C. sleeving the heat shrinkage film from top to bottom to cover the whole pressure head unit, and heating and blowing the heat shrinkage film until the heat shrinkage film is attached to the surface of the pressure head unit;
D. The whole pressing head unit attached with the thermal shrinkage film is placed on a triaxial test machine, a machine pressing head is lowered to enable the machine pressing head to slightly contact with the surface of the pressing head on the pressing head unit, a triaxial cabin is lowered, oil is filled into a triaxial cylinder, confining pressure is firstly added, then axial pressure is added until the triaxial cylinder is damaged, and the peak axial pressure Pcr of a test piece when the test piece is damaged is recorded;
E. Based on the peak axial pressure Pcr and the specimen size, the shear strength τ=pcr/(b×h0) of the rock to be tested is calculated, where B is the width of the specimen bottom surface and H0 is the spacing between the two kerfs.
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