CN108318458B - Method for measuring outdoor typical feature pBRDF (binary RDF) suitable for different weather conditions - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for measuring an outdoor typical object polarization two-way reflection distribution function (pBRDF) suitable for different weather conditions, which comprises the following steps of: under the condition of no shielding, acquiring the polarization information of a typical object by using a polarization imaging detection system; under the condition of completely shielding direct sunlight, the polarization imaging detection system is utilized again to obtain the polarization information of the direct sunlight; subtracting the typical feature polarization information obtained by two times of measurement to obtain a polarized light Stokes vector obtained by reflecting the direct solar light and the sky scattered light by the feature; respectively measuring and calculating the distance and the detection direction between the shielding object and the detection system, and the posture and the size of the shielding object; measuring the optical thickness of the aerosol and the direct ground irradiance by using a sunlight meter, and selecting atmospheric model parameters by combining local meteorological conditions; inputting atmospheric model parameters into a radiation transmission model to obtain sky scattered light polarization information; selecting a proper typical feature parameter model, calculating a Stokes vector generated by sky scattered light reflected by a feature at a shielded part by combining the orientation of the shielding object, subtracting a part caused by the sky scattered light from the measured Stokes vector, and finally solving a pBRDF value of the surface reality of the typical feature by comparing the measured Stokes vector with a standard plate. The method obviously reduces the influence of sky scattered light on the measurement of the pBRDF value of the typical feature, and improves the measurement precision of the outdoor typical feature pBRDF in complex weather.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for measuring an outdoor typical ground object pBRDF (binary direct solution) in near-field remote sensing under different weather conditions, in particular to an atmospheric effect correction method combining a radiation transmission model and an artificial occlusion method.
Background
Polarization of light refers to a phenomenon in which the vibration direction of a light wave vector loses symmetry with respect to the propagation direction of light during the propagation of light. The polarization characteristic of light is a physical quantity capable of characterizing the intrinsic characteristics of an object, and polarization characteristics determined by their own properties are generated in the process of reflecting or transmitting electromagnetic waves for targets on the earth surface and in the atmosphere. Therefore, the research on the polarization characteristics of the light provides new information for the detection and identification of the target, and is helpful for improving the accuracy and speed of target detection. Since the 80 s in the 20 th century, research on imaging polarization detection is applied to the fields of identification of artificial targets, detection of concealed targets, detection of underwater targets and the like.
The polarization characteristic of light refers to the polarization state of light, and can be generally expressed by Jones vector and Stokes vector. Stokes vector is proposed in 1852 by g.g. Stokes to study partial polarized light, which uses a 4-row 1-column matrix to describe the polarization information of light, and the four parameters are all time averages of light intensity, which can be measured directly or indirectly by various imaging devices. The Stokes vector can represent not only fully polarized light, but also partially polarized light or even natural light, so that imaging polarization detection is generally represented by the Stokes vector.
Conventional remote sensing instruments generally determine the state and properties of an object in terms of radiation intensity, often dealing with polarization characteristics as a type of noise. With the development of quantitative remote sensing, researchers have noticed that after light is reflected, scattered and transmitted by a target on the earth surface or in the atmosphere, the polarization state of the light changes depending on the optical properties of the surface of the material, and such properties of the target are called the polarization properties of the target.
In order to accurately describe the polarization characteristics of the target, a polarization Bidirectional reflection Distribution Function (Polarimetric BRDF, pBRDF) is proposed on the basis of a Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function (BRDF) in the conventional remote sensing field. pBRDF means a conversion relationship between a Stokes vector representing incident light incident on a target surface in a given direction and a Stokes vector representing emergent light generated in a certain direction by being reflected by the target surface, and can be expressed as a function related to incident zenith and azimuth angles, emergent zenith and azimuth angles, wavelength and object surface characteristic parameters, and is usually expressed by means of a mueller matrix. In remote sensing measurement in near field, pBRDF is often used for research on subjects such as typical object classification and identification. The pBRDF model describing the polarization reflection characteristics of a typical object surface is generally related to the roughness, complex refractive index, etc. of the object surface. The pBRDF model which is commonly used at present mainly has a micro-planar meta model system.
Sunlight does not have polarization characteristics, and has polarization characteristics after being refracted by various aerosol particles after entering an atmosphere, so that light rays incident to the ground are partially polarized light. The partial polarized light forms the polarization state distribution of the sky light in the whole sky range, and a plurality of radiation transmission models are proposed to describe the polarization state distribution rule of the sky light, and commonly used radiation transmission models are RT3, SOSVRT, distor and the like. However, actual atmospheric aerosol information is difficult to obtain, and meanwhile, due to the fact that the aerosol optical thickness and the particle spectrum distribution function are not uniform under actual weather conditions, the existing model only has high precision on the polarization state precision of the sky light in the direction of a certain known related parameter, and the precision of the polarization state of the light in each direction in the whole sky range cannot be guaranteed.
In outdoor measurements of the typical object pBRDF, atmospheric scattered light from various directions within the hemispherical sky has a significant impact on the measurement accuracy. The conventional method for removing such atmospheric influences is called as a shielding method, and is to shield direct solar light by using a shielding object, subtract the result measured under the condition of no shielding from the result measured under the condition of shielding to obtain the polarization state of reflected light obtained by reflecting light rays in the direct solar light direction by a typical object, and compare the polarization state with the reflected light of a standard plate to obtain the true pBRDF of the ground object. The method considers that the shielded part of the direct solar light is unpolarized light, and has the advantages of high measurement precision and simple operation in sunny weather; however, in practical experiments, the standard plate and the object to be measured need to be shielded, which results in that the area of the shielding object is necessarily larger than the range of direct solar light, a part of the scattered light of the sky with partial polarization is also shielded, and in the weather of more cloud, the light in the direct solar direction is also partial polarized light due to multiple scattering of the cloud layer. In this case, a large error is generated when the block method is used to measure the pBRDF value of the typical feature. Aiming at the situation, the invention provides a measuring method based on the combination of a sky light polarization state model and artificial shading, and the measuring method can keep higher pBRDF measuring precision of a typical feature in cloudy weather.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: aiming at the problem that the prior art is not suitable under the complex weather conditions, the method is provided for measuring the outdoor typical ground object pBRDF under various weather conditions by combining the advantages of a sky light polarization state model and a traditional occlusion method, and the precision of measuring the typical ground object pBRDF under the complex weather is improved.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
Step 1, a polarization imaging detection system is used for respectively obtaining polarization state images of ground object reflected light under the conditions that the ground object to be detected does not shield direct solar light and shields direct solar light, and the polarization state of each pixel point is represented by a Stokes vector of multiplying 4 by 1. Subtracting the two images to obtain a Stokes vector generated by the incident light in the typical object reflection shielded direction.
Step 2.1, establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the center of the object to be measured as the circle center, wherein the radius direction is the cosine value mu of the zenith angle, and the range is 0 to 1; the angular direction is the azimuth angle phi, ranging from 0 to 360 deg.. Supposing that the azimuth angle of the sun relative to the object to be measured is 0 DEG, and the elevation angle is obtained through measurement; and measuring the azimuth angle and the altitude angle of the camera relative to the object to be measured.
And 2.2, when the shielding object is manufactured, selecting a center, and setting the height of the center of the shielding object relative to the ground as a fixed value H. And measuring the distance D between the center of the shelter and the center of the object to be detected in the horizontal direction, and calculating the height of each point of the edge of the shelter relative to the ground according to the shape of the shelter.
Step 2.3, solving the zenith angle cosine value of the center of the shelter
And (3) combining the results in the step 2.2 to obtain the zenith angle cosine values and the azimuth angles of all points on the edge.
And 2.4, showing the edge points in the step 2.3 in the polar coordinate system established in the step 2.1, wherein the area enclosed by the edge points is the area of the shelter relative to the whole sky.
And 3, measuring local solar direct irradiance and aerosol optical thickness by using a solar photometer, selecting a proper particle spectrum distribution function by combining the local aerosol type and weather conditions, and determining Legendre polynomial coefficients and single scattering albedo of each layer in the atmospheric radiation transmission model.
And 4, inputting the parameters in the step 3 into an atmospheric radiation transmission model, selecting points included in the range obtained in the step 2 from the output result, obtaining the polarization state distribution of the sky light in the shielded sky range, and simultaneously obtaining the proportion of the sky scattered light with the polarization characteristic in the direct solar radiation direction in the partial polarized light.
And 5, selecting a surface reflection model capable of describing the surface reflection characteristics of the typical object to be detected, combining the result of the step 4, obtaining a Stokes vector of the surface object reflection caused by the sky scattered light, subtracting the Stokes vector from the result in the step 1 to obtain the Stokes vector caused by the direct sunlight reflected only by the surface object, and comparing the Stokes vector with the reflection value of the standard version to obtain the real pBRDF value of the typical object.
Compared with other existing methods, the method for measuring the outdoor typical object pBRDF provided by the invention has the advantages that:
1. by introducing the radiation transmission model, the influence of sky scattered light on the measurement precision of the traditional occlusion method is effectively reduced, the measurement precision of the outdoor typical ground object pBRDF under the complex weather condition is improved, and the application range of the traditional occlusion method for measuring the ground object pBRDF under different weathers is widened.
2. The method only needs to calculate the polarization state of the sky light near the sun, and the aerosol information can be measured by a solar photometer, so that the error caused by uneven aerosol distribution is reduced, and the calculation accuracy of the polarization state of the sky light is improved.
3. The invention has lower requirements on the shape and the size of the shelter, can adopt a simple rectangular shelter to measure the outdoor typical feature pBRDF, reduces the difficulty and the cost of the shelter manufacture, and improves the operability.
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FIG. 1 is a flow chart of data processing according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the area occupied by the blocked part in the polar coordinate system.
Detailed Description
In order to explain the measuring method provided by the invention more clearly, the following specific steps are listed by referring to the embodiment and the accompanying drawings for explanation:
1) the flow of the whole set of method processing data is shown in figure 1, the imaging device for obtaining the pBRDF value of the ground object uses a full-polarization multi-spectral-band imaging system based on LCVR, and the system can directly output the Stokes vector image of the typical object to be detected. The system is used for collecting Stokes vectors S of typical objects under outdoor natural illumination1And Stokes vector S under the shade of the obstruction2Thus, the Stokes vector S ═ S generated by the light in the direction in which the ground object is reflected and blocked is obtained1-S2. S here can be written as S ═ SD+SR＝M(LD+LR) In which S isDRepresenting the Stokes vector of the direct solar light reflected by the ground object; sRRepresenting the Stokes vector of the sky scattered light after being reflected by the ground object; m represents pBRDF of a typical object, usually represented by a 4-row 4-column Mueller matrix; l isDA Stokes vector representing direct solar light within the blocked range; l isRA Stokes vector representing sky scattered light within the occluded range.
2) The method for manufacturing and placing the shelter comprises the following steps of manufacturing a rectangular shelter, fixing the lower part of the shelter by a thin rod, and enabling a rectangular surface to be perpendicular to the ground when the shelter is used. The direction and area of the shelter relative to the whole sky are shown in figure 2, a polar coordinate system is established by taking the center of the object to be detected as an origin to represent the hemispherical sky, the radius direction is the cosine value mu of the zenith angle, and the range is from 0 to 1; the angular direction is the azimuth angle phi, ranging from 0 deg. to 360 deg.. The coordinates of a point on the polar coordinate system are represented as (μ, Φ), and the outermost ring μ ═ 1 represents the horizon. And measuring the distance between the ground point of the thin rod and the center of the object to be detected, and then calculating the height angle and the azimuth angle of four corner points of the rectangular shielding object according to the length of the thin rod and the side length of the rectangular shielding object. The area occupied by the shelter in the polar coordinate system is shown in fig. 2, wherein the coordinates of four corner points are respectively a (0.863,350 °), B (0.863,10 °), C (0.522,17 °), and D (0.522,343 °), and the area surrounded by the four corner points is the area of the shelter relative to the whole sky range.
3) The sunshine photometer selects a Microtops II type sunshine photometer, the photometer outputs the optical thickness of aerosol and the direct irradiance of the sun received by the ground, a double-layer simplified atmosphere mode of a Rayleigh scattering layer and a meter scattering layer is selected by inquiring related documents and combining clear weather, the atmosphere particles of the meter scattering layer are approximately spherical particles with the effective radius of 0.5 mu m and the effective variance of 0.07, the spectral distribution function adopts exponential distribution, the aerosol refractive index adopts the refractive index of urban aerosol of 1.50, and the Legendre polynomial coefficient and the single albedo which represent the scattering characteristics are obtained by calculation.
4) The radiation transmission model adopts an RT3 model based on a double addition and accumulation method proposed by K.F. Evans. Inputting the result in 3) into the model, and combining the azimuth information in 2) to obtain the Stokes vector L of the shielded part of skylightD+LRAnd a polarization degree distribution. Determining the component L of the sky-scattered light with polarization characteristics according to the definition of the partial polarized lightR。
5) In this embodiment, the selected typical object to be measured is a metal plate coating, the selected surface reflection model is a pBRDF model provided by g.priest based on micro-planar theory, that is, M, and L obtained in 4) is combinedRThe component S generated by the scattered light of the sky reflected by the ground object can be calculatedR. This was subtracted from the measured value S of 1) to obtain a more accurate pBRDF value.
On the basis of the conventional outdoor typical feature pBRDF measuring method, aiming at the phenomenon that the precision of the traditional method is poor in complex weather, the problem that the measurement error is mainly caused by sky scattered light is considered, and the influence caused by the sky scattered light is corrected by adopting a radiation transmission model; considering the error of the existing radiation transmission model for simulating the polarization state of the sky light, which is mainly caused by uneven distribution of aerosol in space, only adopting the polarization degree information of the sky light near the incident direction of the sun, and measuring the optical thickness of the aerosol and the solar irradiance in the direction by using a solar photometer to ensure the simulation precision of the radiation transmission model for the polarization degree in the range; and finally, combining the advantages of the traditional measurement method and the radiation transmission model to realize the high-precision measurement of the outdoor typical object pBRDF.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced without these specific details.
Claims (2)
1. A method for measuring an outdoor typical object pBRDF suitable for different weather conditions is characterized in that:
step 1, using a polarization imaging detection system to respectively obtain polarization state images of ground object reflected light under the condition that a typical ground object to be detected does not shield direct solar light and shields direct solar light, representing the polarization state of incident light corresponding to each pixel point by using a Stokes vector, and subtracting the two images to obtain the Stokes vector generated by the light incident in the shielded direction reflected by the ground object;
step 2, establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the center of the object to be detected as an origin, measuring the azimuth relation among the sun, the shielding object and the lens, and the size and the azimuth of the shielding object, and solving the size and the azimuth of the shielded sky relative to the whole sky range;
step 3, measuring local solar direct irradiance and aerosol optical thickness by using a solar photometer, selecting a proper atmospheric mode by combining local aerosol type and weather conditions, setting atmospheric particle parameters of a rice scattering layer, further selecting a proper particle spectrum distribution function, inputting aerosol refractive index, and calculating and obtaining Legendre polynomial coefficients and single scattering albedo representing scattering characteristics of each layer in an atmospheric radiation transmission model;
step 4, inputting the parameters of the step 3 into an atmospheric radiation transmission model, selecting points included in the range obtained in the step 2 from the output result, obtaining the polarization state distribution of the sky light in the shielded sky range, and simultaneously obtaining the proportion of the sky scattered light with polarization characteristics in the direct solar radiation direction in partial polarized light;
and 5, selecting a surface reflection model capable of describing the surface reflection characteristics of the typical ground object to be detected, combining the result of the step 4, obtaining a Stokes vector of the ground object reflection caused by the sky scattered light, subtracting the Stokes vector from the result in the step 1 to obtain the Stokes vector caused by the direct solar light reflected only by the ground object, and comparing the Stokes vector with the reflection value of the standard version to obtain the real pBRDF value of the ground object.
2. The method for measuring the outdoor typical object pBRDF suitable for different weather conditions according to claim 1, characterized in that the specific steps in the step 2 are as follows:
step 2.1, establishing a polar coordinate system by taking the center of the object to be measured as the circle center, wherein the radius direction is the cosine value mu of the zenith angle, and the range is 0 to 1; the angular direction being the azimuth
In the range of 0 to 360 °; supposing that the azimuth angle of the sun relative to the object to be measured is 0 DEG, and the elevation angle is obtained through measurement; measuring the azimuth angle and the elevation angle of the camera relative to the object to be measured;
step 2.2, when the shelter is manufactured, selecting a center, and setting the height of the center of the shelter relative to the ground as a fixed value H; measuring the distance D between the center of the shelter and the center of the object to be detected in the horizontal direction, and calculating the height of each point of the edge of the shelter relative to the ground according to the shape of the shelter;
step 2.3, solving the zenith angle cosine value of the center of the shelter
Combining the results in the step 2.2 to obtain the zenith angle cosine values and azimuth angles of each point of the edge;
and 2.4, showing the edge points in the step 2.3 in the polar coordinate system established in the step 2.1, wherein the area enclosed by the edge points is the area of the shelter relative to the whole sky.
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| CN110807256B (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-10-30 | 中国人民解放军63921部队 | Method for manufacturing composite digital polarization scene |
| CN113176184A (en) * | 2021-04-16 | 2021-07-27 | 长春理工大学 | Simulation device for sea surface target pBRDF measurement and use method thereof |
| CN115296761B (en) * | 2022-10-10 | 2022-12-02 | 香港中文大学（深圳） | Channel prediction method based on electromagnetic propagation model |
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