CN108265866B - Column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system - Google Patents
Column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108265866B CN108265866B CN201810266805.9A CN201810266805A CN108265866B CN 108265866 B CN108265866 B CN 108265866B CN 201810266805 A CN201810266805 A CN 201810266805A CN 108265866 B CN108265866 B CN 108265866B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- column
- caps
- column caps
- beams
- radiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
- E04B5/14—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units with beams or girders laid in two directions
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/199—Details of roofs, floors or walls supported by the framework
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/19—Three-dimensional framework structures
- E04B2001/1993—Details of framework supporting structure, e.g. posts or walls
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system which comprises column caps, radiation beams and a special-shaped plate. The column caps are respectively arranged at the top of the upright column, the column caps are respectively arranged transversely and longitudinally, and each four column caps form a beam plate installation gap with a square structure; the radiation beams are arranged on the periphery of the column caps, plastic hinges are formed at connection points of the radiation beams and the column caps, the radiation beams comprise a plurality of inclined cross beams, the inclined cross beams are connected with the column caps to form a grid structure, and two ends of each inclined cross beam are respectively connected to diagonal lines of beam plate installation gaps formed by every four column caps; the abnormal plate is arranged between the adjacent two column caps and the oblique crossed beams on the diagonal line of the beam plate installation gap. The beam structure can effectively reduce the span of the beam, not only is definite in force transmission, but also can increase the net height of floors, the flat plate is divided into the irregular plates with longer circumferences by the arrangement of the radiation beams, the reinforcement quantity and the manufacturing cost of the floor are reduced, and the beam structure has more obvious economic advantages and convenient construction especially under the conditions of heavy load and large span.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of constructional engineering, in particular to a column cap radiation intersection Liang Xinxing floor system.
Background
At present, the building roof forms in the field of constructional engineering are beam slab systems, flat slab systems, reinforced hidden beams or exposed beam mixed systems arranged along the central line of a column cap, double beam systems arranged along the edge of the column cap, and various dense rib building roof systems, the difference between the consumption of steel bars and the consumption of concrete is not great, and the manufacturing cost difference is within 10%. The beam-slab system has the advantages of definite stress, large beam section and occupation of the floor clearance. The flat floor system, the reinforced hidden beam or the exposed beam mixed system arranged along the central line of the column cap and the double beam system arranged along the edge of the column cap have the advantages of increasing the floor clearance and the disadvantages of more concrete and steel bars. The dense rib floor system has the advantages of slightly increasing the net height of floors, high template cost, inconvenient construction and uneconomical comprehensive construction cost. The above various floors, in either form, have no obvious economic advantage.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims at overcoming the defects of the prior art, and provides the column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system which is reasonable in structure, definite in force transmission, simple in structure, convenient to construct and good in applicability, and the floor clearance can be increased.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a post cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system comprising
The column caps are respectively arranged at the top of the upright column, the column caps are respectively arranged transversely and longitudinally, and each four column caps form a beam plate installation gap with a square structure;
the radiation beam is arranged at the periphery of the column cap, a plastic hinge is formed at the connection point of the radiation beam and the column cap, the radiation beam comprises a plurality of oblique cross beams, the oblique cross beams are connected with the column cap to form a grid structure, and two ends of the oblique cross beams are respectively connected to diagonal lines of beam plate installation gaps formed by every four column caps;
and the abnormal plate is arranged between the two adjacent column caps and the oblique crossed beams on the diagonal line of the beam plate installation gap.
The radiation beam further comprises a forward crossing beam, the forward crossing beam is connected between two adjacent column caps, and two ends of the forward crossing beam are respectively connected with the midpoints of the column caps.
The side length of the column cap is 0.4-0.5 times of the span size of the column.
The cap may be rectangular, circular or polygonal; the structural material is reinforced concrete structure, steel structure or wood structure.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages: the beam has the advantages that the beam is reasonable in structure, the span of the beam is reduced by arranging the column cap on the column, force is transmitted definitely, floor clear height can be increased, the flat plate is divided into the abnormal plates with smaller span by arranging the radiation beam, the reinforcement quantity and the manufacturing cost of the floor are greatly reduced, and the beam has more obvious economic advantages and is convenient to construct and has strong applicability especially under the condition of heavy load and large span.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a plan view of an 8-10 meter column spacing beam, plate, cap of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a beam slab floor system;
FIG. 3 is a plan view of a 10-12 m column spacing beam, plate, cap of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective view of the invention without the profiled bars installed;
in the figure: 1. the column cap, 2, the abnormal plate, 3, the upright post, 4, the beam plate installation clearance, 5, the slant cross beam, 6, the plastic hinge, 7, the forward cross beam.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples in connection with the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
Referring to fig. 1 and 4, the cap radiation intersection Liang Xinxing floor system comprises a plurality of caps 1, radiation beams and a profiled plate 2. The economic span of this novel superstructure system is 8-12 meters, and when the span was 8-10 meters, can set up the slant cross beam at middle part district grid board.
The caps 1 are respectively installed at the tops of the columns 3, and the radiation beams are diagonal cross beams 5, and the diagonal cross beams 5 are installed at the periphery of the caps 1, wherein the caps 1 can be rectangular, circular or polygonal. The plurality of column caps 1 are divided into a transverse column cap and a longitudinal column cap, the transverse column caps and the longitudinal column caps are uniformly distributed, each four column caps 1 form a beam plate installation gap 4 with a square structure, two ends of an oblique cross beam 5 are respectively connected to diagonal lines of the beam plate installation gaps 4 formed by each four column caps 1, the abnormal plate 2 is installed in the beam plate installation gaps 4 and is respectively connected with two adjacent column caps 1 and the oblique cross beam 5, and the whole building cover system is connected with the column caps 1 through the oblique cross beam 5 to form a grid structure. The economic side length of the column cap 1 is about 0.4-0.5 times of the column span, thus obviously reducing the span of the beam, reducing the height of the beam and greatly reducing the reinforcement of the beam. Through the setting of slant cross beam 5, the girth of sketch plate 2 is longer, the span is littleer, realizes slant cross beam 5 and to floor district check reasonable division, has reduced the reinforcement volume and the cost of floor by a wide margin.
In addition, the connection point of the oblique cross beam 5 and the column cap 1 forms a plastic hinge 6, and compared with other existing various floor systems, the floor system provided by the invention has the advantages that the plastic hinge 6 beneficial to earthquake resistance and energy consumption is more easily formed at the beam end, so that the earthquake resistance requirement of the existing standard strong and weak beams is realized, and the floor system has good earthquake resistance. The building cover system is suitable for large-span public buildings such as large-scale shops, parking garages, office buildings, multi-layer industrial workshops, libraries, warehouse buildings, underground garages, civil air defense projects and the like.
Example two
Referring to fig. 3, the cap radiation intersection Liang Xinxing floor system comprises a plurality of caps 1, radiation beams and profiled plates 2. The other is the same as the first embodiment except that: the economic span of this novel superstructure system is 8-12 meters, and when the span was 10-12 meters, except can set up the slant cross beam at middle part district grating, beam plate installation clearance 4, still set up forward cross beam 7 simultaneously.
The forward crossing beams 7 are connected between two adjacent column caps 1, and two ends of each forward crossing beam 7 are respectively connected with the middle points of the column caps 1, so that plastic hinges 6 which are beneficial to earthquake resistance and energy consumption are easily formed at beam ends, the number of the plastic hinges is 2 times that of other existing floor systems, and the earthquake resistance requirements of strong columns and weak beams are realized due to the fact that the oblique crossing beams 5 and the forward crossing beams 7 are arranged at the same time. This novel superstructure system has improved the shock resistance of structure, especially anti ability of collapsing.
Experimental example:
example 1: the size of the column net of the underground garage is 8.4mX8.4m, referring to figure 1, a column cap radiation intersection Liang Xinxing floor system is adopted, a flat column cap is arranged on a column, the size is 3.5mX3.5m, the thickness is 500mm, the cross section size of the oblique cross beam is 250mmX500mm (including the plate thickness), and the plate thickness is 250mm (see figure 1 for illustration).
Example 2: referring to FIG. 2, the column net size of the underground garage is 8.4mX8.4m, a beam slab floor system (which is equivalent to the steel amount and the concrete amount used in other existing floor systems) is adopted, the section size of the beam is 400mmX800mm (including the plate thickness), the plate thickness is 350mm, and the calculated span is 8.4m (see the diagram of FIG. 2).
Comparison table of the steel bar dosage:
note that: the load design value of a conventional underground garage roof is about 40 kN/square meter.
Comparison table of concrete usage:
it can be seen from the above table that:
(1) Greatly reduces the engineering cost. By theoretical analysis and finite element calculation of the underground garage floor system with the common column net of 8.4mX8.4m, the floor system disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the steel bar amount is averagely saved by more than 50%, the concrete amount is averagely saved by more than 20% and the structural cost is saved by more than 35% under the conditions of identical safety and identical net height compared with other various existing floor systems.
(2) Because the height of the beam is reduced, under the condition of the same net height, the floor system is reduced by about 300mm-400mm compared with the floor system layer height of the beam plate, and the manufacturing cost is reduced by more than 10 percent.
(3) Has good anti-seismic performance. The beam ends are easy to form plastic hinges which are favorable for earthquake resistance and energy consumption, and the number of the plastic hinges is 1-2 times that of other existing floor systems (meanwhile, oblique and forward crossed beams are arranged), so that the earthquake resistance requirement of strong columns and weak beams is met. This novel superstructure system has improved the shock resistance of structure, especially upper portion anti-collapse ability.
The economic span of the invention is 8-12 m, when the span is 8-10 m, the middle area grid plate can be provided with an oblique cross beam 5; when the span is 10-12 meters, the inclined cross beam 5 and the forward cross beam 7 are arranged at the same time. By arranging the column cap 1 on the column 3, the span of the beam is reduced, and the beam plate installation gap 4 is divided into abnormal plates with longer circumferences by the arrangement of the radiation beam, so that the reinforcement quantity and the manufacturing cost of the floor are greatly reduced.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various changes may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art, and the contents after the changes still fall within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. The column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system is characterized in that: the column caps are respectively arranged at the top of the upright column, the column caps are respectively arranged transversely and longitudinally, and each four column caps form a beam plate installation gap with a square structure; the radiation beam is arranged at the periphery of the column cap, a plastic hinge is formed at the connection point of the radiation beam and the column cap, the radiation beam comprises a plurality of oblique cross beams, the oblique cross beams are connected with the column cap to form a grid structure, and two ends of the oblique cross beams are respectively connected to diagonal lines of beam plate installation gaps formed by every four column caps; the irregular plate is arranged between the two adjacent column caps and the oblique crossed beams on the diagonal line of the beam plate installation gap; the radiation beam further comprises a forward crossing beam, the forward crossing beam is connected between two adjacent column caps, and two ends of the forward crossing beam are respectively connected with the midpoints of the column caps; the cap may be rectangular, circular or polygonal; the structural material is reinforced concrete structure, steel structure or wood structure.
2. The post cap radiation intersection Liang Xinxing floor system of claim 1, wherein: the side length of the column cap is 0.4-0.5 times of the span size of the column.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810266805.9A CN108265866B (en) | 2018-03-28 | 2018-03-28 | Column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810266805.9A CN108265866B (en) | 2018-03-28 | 2018-03-28 | Column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108265866A CN108265866A (en) | 2018-07-10 |
| CN108265866B true CN108265866B (en) | 2024-04-09 |
Family
ID=62777835
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810266805.9A Active CN108265866B (en) | 2018-03-28 | 2018-03-28 | Column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108265866B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109267653A (en) * | 2018-11-08 | 2019-01-25 | 沈阳建筑大学 | Octagon steel core concrete column and concealed beam integrated structure |
Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH199383A (en) * | 1935-09-11 | 1938-08-31 | Szego Stephan Ing Dr | Ceiling construction. |
| JPH06248696A (en) * | 1993-02-26 | 1994-09-06 | Tokyu Constr Co Ltd | Frame construction method of cross girder and built-up member thereof |
| CN204919932U (en) * | 2015-08-14 | 2015-12-30 | 东南大学 | Assemble integral non -reinforced concrete ribbed floor |
| CN105350642A (en) * | 2015-12-01 | 2016-02-24 | 江苏筑森建筑设计有限公司 | Post cap connected with cast-in-situ concrete beam shaped like Chinese character 'mi' |
| JP2016061109A (en) * | 2014-09-19 | 2016-04-25 | 株式会社Ｌｉｘｉｌ | Joint structure between column and beam |
| CN105649250A (en) * | 2016-03-17 | 2016-06-08 | 江苏浩森建筑设计有限公司 | Structure system between beam slab system and flat slab system and construction method of structure system |
| CN205955008U (en) * | 2016-04-26 | 2017-02-15 | 深圳市天华建筑设计有限公司 | Basement roof arch without beam pile cap node that is all -trans |
| CN107100282A (en) * | 2017-06-05 | 2017-08-29 | 杨大刚 | Cap twin-spar construction system |
| US10100508B1 (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2018-10-16 | Fox Hardwood Lumber, L.L.C. | Rafter bracket |
| CN208023809U (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2018-10-30 | 吴葆永 | Bolumn cap radiates the novel floor system of cross coupling |
| JP6433107B1 (en) * | 2017-11-13 | 2018-12-05 | 株式会社エスビーエル | Building structure, building and construction method |
| CN110616851A (en) * | 2019-09-06 | 2019-12-27 | 杭州博牛建筑设计咨询有限公司 | Floor system device with beam and provided with flat support column cap and construction method of floor system device |
| CN112982780A (en) * | 2021-04-06 | 2021-06-18 | 周俊利 | Oblique crossing haunched frame beam type floor structure |
-
2018
- 2018-03-28 CN CN201810266805.9A patent/CN108265866B/en active Active
Patent Citations (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CH199383A (en) * | 1935-09-11 | 1938-08-31 | Szego Stephan Ing Dr | Ceiling construction. |
| JPH06248696A (en) * | 1993-02-26 | 1994-09-06 | Tokyu Constr Co Ltd | Frame construction method of cross girder and built-up member thereof |
| JP2016061109A (en) * | 2014-09-19 | 2016-04-25 | 株式会社Ｌｉｘｉｌ | Joint structure between column and beam |
| CN204919932U (en) * | 2015-08-14 | 2015-12-30 | 东南大学 | Assemble integral non -reinforced concrete ribbed floor |
| CN105350642A (en) * | 2015-12-01 | 2016-02-24 | 江苏筑森建筑设计有限公司 | Post cap connected with cast-in-situ concrete beam shaped like Chinese character 'mi' |
| CN105649250A (en) * | 2016-03-17 | 2016-06-08 | 江苏浩森建筑设计有限公司 | Structure system between beam slab system and flat slab system and construction method of structure system |
| CN205955008U (en) * | 2016-04-26 | 2017-02-15 | 深圳市天华建筑设计有限公司 | Basement roof arch without beam pile cap node that is all -trans |
| CN107100282A (en) * | 2017-06-05 | 2017-08-29 | 杨大刚 | Cap twin-spar construction system |
| JP6433107B1 (en) * | 2017-11-13 | 2018-12-05 | 株式会社エスビーエル | Building structure, building and construction method |
| US10100508B1 (en) * | 2018-03-05 | 2018-10-16 | Fox Hardwood Lumber, L.L.C. | Rafter bracket |
| CN208023809U (en) * | 2018-03-28 | 2018-10-30 | 吴葆永 | Bolumn cap radiates the novel floor system of cross coupling |
| CN110616851A (en) * | 2019-09-06 | 2019-12-27 | 杭州博牛建筑设计咨询有限公司 | Floor system device with beam and provided with flat support column cap and construction method of floor system device |
| CN112982780A (en) * | 2021-04-06 | 2021-06-18 | 周俊利 | Oblique crossing haunched frame beam type floor structure |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 地下室顶板采用带柱帽的柔性支撑楼盖结构有限元分析研究;严义华;任国亮;;浙江建筑;20131225(12);全文 * |
| 柱帽对无梁地铁车站结构顶板的影响分析;王迪;杨小平;郑月昱;刘庭金;建筑结构;20181231(0s1);全文 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN108265866A (en) | 2018-07-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102839678B (en) | Structure for improving rigidity and stability of foundation pit steel support | |
| CN104895229A (en) | Prefabricated steel joint concrete slab-column structure and hoisting method thereof | |
| CN107761956B (en) | Truss and profile steel combined building system | |
| CN108265866B (en) | Column cap radiation cross Liang Xinxing floor system | |
| CN114541585A (en) | Truss structure design method based on large-space multi-storey building | |
| CN108204039A (en) | A kind of assembled architecture truss structure | |
| CN204876252U (en) | Prefabricated assembled steel node concrete slab post structure | |
| CN207905104U (en) | A kind of assembled architecture truss structure | |
| CN204266373U (en) | A kind of assembled integral Steel Space grid box structure room for earthquake region | |
| CN206591747U (en) | A kind of standard knot formula building site banister that can be recycled | |
| CN208023809U (en) | Bolumn cap radiates the novel floor system of cross coupling | |
| CN211873331U (en) | Super large span eccentric support grid structure coal shed | |
| CN2811427Y (en) | Storehouse construction | |
| CN109610640B (en) | Portal rigid frame connection structure based on composite column limb | |
| CA3079489C (en) | Assembled light steel structure energy-saving composite wall | |
| CN106088755A (en) | A kind of prefabricated assembled large-scale steel structure rectangle storehouse and Rectangular Group storehouse | |
| CN110616851A (en) | Floor system device with beam and provided with flat support column cap and construction method of floor system device | |
| CN207526189U (en) | Stereo garage steel construction | |
| CN212053739U (en) | Assembled formwork support system for super-heavy concrete | |
| CN217299410U (en) | Secondary beam and girder indulge horizontal staggered arrangement's large-span steel construction superstructure | |
| CN105888054B (en) | Steel-concrete structure building | |
| DE849480C (en) | Lightweight beams made of round steel as reinforcement of reinforced concrete ceiling structures | |
| CN216042476U (en) | Section steel concrete and steel mixed frame | |
| CN220150622U (en) | Shear wall and building structure | |
| CN217949676U (en) | Be used for a string truss structure to slide construction interim assembled bed-jig |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |