CN108196305B - Mountain land static correction method - Google Patents
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Abstract
A mountain static correction method comprises the following steps: s1, updating the field static correction value provided by surface survey correction by using a first-arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction method based on the field static correction value, eliminating static correction errors caused by surface survey, and obtaining a higher-precision reference surface static correction value; s2, performing high-frequency and low-frequency separation on the updated static correction value of the datum plane, and correcting the seismic data to the CMP reference plane by applying the separated high-frequency component; s3, carrying out multiple iterations through the earth surface consistency residual static correction technology and the speed analysis to solve the residual static correction value with high frequency and short wavelength; s4, for the assumed limitation of the ground surface consistency, the problem of residual static correction value still exists in the area with low signal-to-noise ratio and the like, and the problems are solved through the simulation annealing and non-ground surface consistency residual static correction technology series; and S5, applying a low-frequency static correction quantity to the final superposed data volume, and correcting the data volume to a final uniform reference surface.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of exploration, in particular to a mountain static correction method.
Background
In order to find out the shale gas distribution condition of a certain basin in China, the first seismic exploration work is carried out in the area. The topography of the area of the basin shale gas exploration area is complex, the area is a hilly low mountain topography, the topography in the northwest part fluctuates violently, peaks and peaks overlap peaks, the water system is developed, the cutting is serious, and the topography in the southeast part of the middle part fluctuates relatively less. The surface layer survey interpretation results of the whole region show that the surface layer structure of the region can be divided into a low-speed layer, a deceleration layer and a high-speed layer, the thickness of the low-deceleration zone and the transverse change of the speed of the high-speed layer are severe, wherein the low-deceleration layer belongs to a fourth system weathering slope deposit layer and mainly comprises a sand and gravel layer, most of bedrocks in other regions are exposed, and the fourth system deposit is relatively thin. The thickness is greatly changed in the transverse direction, the thickness range is about 1-12 m, the speed range is about 308-2200 m/s, and the high-speed layer is influenced by lithological change and the speed is about 2400-5500 m/s. Meanwhile, the region structure is complex, and the region structure undergoes a plurality of times of structure motions, which are formed in the promotion motion, and the wrinkles develop. The complex seismic geological conditions of the exploration area lead to unstable excitation and receiving conditions and cause serious static correction problems, and meanwhile, the exploration area carries out seismic exploration for the first time without prior exploration information guidance. The static correction problem becomes a bottleneck restricting subsequent seismic exploration work in the area, so how to solve the static correction problem has important significance for the subsequent shale gas exploration work.
At present, the most widely applied and best-effect methods in the conventional static correction method mainly include refracted wave static correction, chromatographic static correction and field surface survey static correction, but the methods all have certain assumed conditions, and complicated geological conditions of the basin are difficult to meet, so that the static correction methods have poor application effect in the basin, particularly in the areas with complicated surface structures and severe transverse speed change.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a mountain static correction method.
A mountain static correction method comprises the following steps:
s1, updating the field static correction value provided by surface survey correction by using a first-arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction method based on the field static correction value, eliminating static correction errors caused by surface survey, and obtaining a higher-precision reference surface static correction value;
s2, performing high-frequency and low-frequency separation on the updated static correction value of the datum plane, and correcting the seismic data to the CMP reference plane by applying the separated high-frequency component;
s3, carrying out multiple iterations through the earth surface consistency residual static correction technology and the speed analysis to solve the residual static correction value with high frequency and short wavelength;
s4, for the assumed limitation of the ground surface consistency, the problem of residual static correction value still exists in the area with low signal-to-noise ratio and the like, and the problems are solved through the simulation annealing and non-ground surface consistency residual static correction technology series;
and S5, applying a low-frequency static correction quantity to the final superposed data volume, and correcting the data volume to a final uniform reference surface.
In the mountain static correction method according to the present invention,
the formula of the field static correction amount provided based on the surface survey correction in step S1 is as follows:
wherein: t is a field correction value from the point S to the reference surface; ed、EgRespectively as the elevation of a datum plane and the elevation of an S point; h isi、viRespectively reducing the thickness and the speed of each layer of the speed reducing belt; v. ofcTo the replacement speed; and M is the number of layers of the low deceleration strip.
In the mountain static correction method according to the present invention,
the step S1 includes:
performing first arrival time fitting on the common offset gather, and solving the time difference between the picked first arrival and the fitting result;
decomposing the first arrival time difference based on the ground surface consistency characteristics, and solving the residual static correction values corresponding to the shot point and the wave detection point;
applying the calculated residual static correction value on the first-break information, and drawing first-break curves of other two CMP domains and a common offset domain; if the two curves are parallel and change smoothly, the residual static correction value is accurate, otherwise, the process is repeated on the first arrival information after the residual static correction is applied until the precision is met.
Compared with the prior art, the mountain static correction method provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) for complex seismic geological conditions, the assumption premise of conventional static correction technology is difficult to meet, mutual supplement among the methods can be realized by adopting a combined static correction method combining multiple static correction technologies, and a good application effect is achieved in an exploration area.
(2) The first arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction technology can well solve static correction errors caused by surface layer investigation, the field static correction value is updated by the residual static correction value, the obtained optimized static correction value can well solve the problem of reference surface correction, and the static correction effect is improved.
(3) When the signal-to-noise ratio of the seismic data is low, the earth surface consistency residual static correction method usually falls into a local minimum value, and an ideal static correction effect is difficult to obtain. Meanwhile, data is subjected to signal-to-noise ratio improvement processing before the static correction value is calculated, and more accurate static correction value can be obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a mountain static correction method according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of elevation of the work area of a certain basin block and single shot first arrival information;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional comparison of the front and rear overlay (gain display) for elevation static correction: (a) before static correction; (b) after static correction;
FIG. 4 is a comparison of different shot concentrations before and after datum plane static correction: (a) SP 83; (b) SP 327;
comparison of superimposed profiles before and after the reference plane static correction of fig. 5 (gain display): (a) not statically correcting; (b) performing field static correction; (c) optimizing field static correction;
FIG. 6 is a velocity spectrum and a gather comparison before and after three iterations of surface consistency residual static correction and velocity analysis: (a) before the rest static correction; (b) after three residual static correction iterations;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional comparison of the pre-and post-residual static correction stack (pure wave display): (a) before the rest static correction; (b) after the earth surface consistency remains static correction; (c) and simulating the residual static correction of annealing and the residual static correction of non-surface consistency.
Detailed Description
1 survey area static correction problem analysis
As shown in FIG. 2, the surface relief of the earthquake collection construction area is changed severely, the elevation difference is large, the cutting is serious, the first arrival change of a single cannon is large, and the apparent velocity of the first arrival wave is large and is about 5000 m/s. In order to intuitively explain the static correction problem of the exploration area, elevation static correction is carried out on the original seismic data. The elevation static correction method is characterized in that correction values of shot and geophone points relative to a selected datum plane are calculated by utilizing elevation information of shot and geophone points provided in the field and estimating filling speed, and the elevation static correction method is suitable for areas with relatively simple near-surface, and the calculation formula is as follows:
wherein, Ts、TRRespectively setting elevation static correction values from a shot point and a receiving point to a reference surface; hs、HRAnd H are respectively the elevation of a shot point, a receiving point and a datum plane; vadTo replace the speed. As shown in fig. 3, it can be seen that elevation static correction does not have a great improvement on the imaging effect, which indicates that elevation static correction is difficult to solve the static correction problem of static correction of the area. Through the analysis, the landform and seismic geological conditions of the work area are complex, the excitation and receiving conditions are greatly changed, in addition, the near-surface is low, the thickness and the speed of the deceleration zone are very unstable, and the serious static correction problem is caused. If the static correction problem of the area cannot be solved well, the structural form on the seismic stack section can be distorted by the residual long-wavelength static correction value in the seismic data, and a 'false structure' appears; the existence of the short-wavelength static correction quantity influences the imaging quality of the section. Therefore, the problem of good static correction is a key point in amplitude preservation processing of seismic data in the shale gas exploration area and is also a difficult point.
2 basic idea of combined static correction
Different static correction technologies are based on different assumed conditions and different applicable surface geological conditions, and in actual data processing, a static correction method should be selected according to the surface geological conditions of a target area. If the problem of the static correction of the basin is solved, the assumed conditions of the static correction technology, the applicability of the static correction technology in the basin and the like must be firstly clarified, and the most suitable static correction method is selected. Through the application of the whole-area data analysis and static correction method, the single common static correction method cannot solve the problem of static correction of basin data, particularly in the area with complicated changes of surface seismic conditions. The main reasons are as follows:
(1) the refraction static correction is based on a simple horizontal layered medium model hypothesis, and requires that the surface layer speed has small transverse change, the surface is relatively flat, a relatively stable refraction layer exists, the weathering layer speed needs to be specified, the surface relief of the basin is severe, the height difference is very different, the change of a low speed reduction zone is severe, the high-speed layer is exposed, and the hypothesis of the method is not satisfied. Meanwhile, the velocity of the weathered layer is difficult to accurately measure, and the error of static correction can be caused by the error, so that the difference between the parameter inversion result of the surface model and the actual condition is larger, and the long-wavelength static correction value cannot be ideally solved.
(2) The chromatographic static correction is perfect in theory, can solve the static correction problem of the complex near-surface and has higher flexibility, but the technology depends on a given initial model, has higher requirement on the first arrival pickup quality, has the problems of multi-solution and stability of the calculation result, smoothes the velocity model at each iteration and also brings the static correction problem of short wavelength. This results in that the technique is difficult to achieve ideal effect in practical application in regions, mainly because the original earthquake signal-to-noise ratio is poor, various noises develop, such as surface waves, abnormal amplitudes, etc., all develop sufficiently, so that the first arrival information of the original single shot is difficult to pick up accurately, and it is difficult to determine the high-speed layer interface and the initial model.
(3) The field surface survey correction is a method for estimating static correction value by combining the near-surface thickness information and interpolating the speed of each observation point of the whole physical space of a low-speed zone through the near-surface speed information obtained by the conventional surface survey means such as surface survey, time-depth curve, mountain speed survey, small refraction and micro-logging. The correction value is a field static correction value provided in the field, when the distribution density of the micro-logging in a research area is high, the near-surface can be well controlled, the low-frequency quantity can control the structural form, and the static correction value with high accuracy can be obtained. However, the micro-logging has high cost, large topographic relief and large investigation difficulty, and the basin micro-logging has few investigation points, so that certain errors exist in field surface layer investigation, the precision of the static correction value provided by the method cannot meet the requirement of indoor data processing, and residual long-wavelength static correction values always exist on shot points and demodulator probes, but the static correction value can be replaced or compensated by using indoor static correction.
(4) The residual static correction method is mainly applied to reflected wave information and can also apply first-arrival wave information, most of the methods adopt a correlation method to obtain a static correction value, and the quality of model channel data directly influences the obtained static correction time difference, so that the precision of the residual static correction value is seriously dependent on the quality of seismic data, and the residual static correction method is easy to fall into local minimum when the signal-to-noise ratio of a target layer is poor. The simulated annealing static correction method is more suitable for data in areas with low signal-to-noise ratio, is frequently used particularly when the residual static correction method for surface consistency does not play an obvious role, but needs a large number of iterations to complete the convergence of the objective function, and is very time-consuming. Compared with other static correction methods, the method for first-arrival wave residual static correction does not need to establish a near-surface model and pick up real first-arrival time, does not need to know the thickness and the speed of an upper cladding in advance, and directly obtains the residual static correction amount from the first-arrival travel time, so that the method is more suitable for areas with complex surface conditions, can obtain middle-short wavelength static correction amount with higher precision, and cannot determine larger long-wavelength static correction amount.
According to the above analysis results, the embodiment of the present invention proposes an adaptive combined static correction method for solving the static correction problem of data step by using multiple static correction methods, as shown in fig. 1. Firstly, updating a field static correction value provided by surface survey correction by using a first-arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction method based on the field static correction value, eliminating a static correction error caused by surface survey, and obtaining a higher-precision reference surface static correction value; then, carrying out high-frequency and low-frequency separation on the updated static correction value of the datum plane, and correcting the seismic data to the CMP reference plane by applying the separated high-frequency component; then, carrying out multiple iterations through a surface consistency residual static correction technology and speed analysis, and solving the static correction problem of high frequency and short wavelength; secondly, due to the assumed limitation of surface consistency, residual static correction values still exist in areas with low signal-to-noise ratio and the like, and the problem can be solved through a series of residual static correction technologies such as simulated annealing and non-surface consistency; and finally, applying a low-frequency static correction value on the final superposed data volume, and correcting the low-frequency static correction value to a final uniform reference surface.
It is particularly preferable that, in the case where the reference plane statics correction is small and the wavefield is approximately normal incidence, the reference plane statics correction amount is directly applied to correct the seismic data, and the stacking velocity with respect to the reference plane is estimated based on this correction. However, when the static correction amount is large, the mismatching of the reference surface selection causes difficulty in improving the deviation between the corrected reflection time and the hyperbola, which may affect the estimation of the stacking acceleration and the layer velocity to some extent, and may even result in an erroneous result. The field static correction value of the basin is large and can reach hundreds of milliseconds at most, if the data are directly corrected to the final reference surface, the estimated speed on the basis has great errors, the superposition effect is seriously influenced, and meanwhile, the structural form is distorted, and the reliability of subsequent data interpretation is further influenced. Therefore, the reference surface static correction value in the basin region, namely, the long wavelength static correction value, needs to be separated in high and low frequencies and applied step by step.
3 effects of application
3.1 datum static correction
Compared with refracted wave static correction and chromatography static correction methods, the field surface survey correction method can provide more ideal static correction value of the reference surface in an exploration area, and a formula for solving the static correction value through the surface survey method can be expressed as follows:
wherein: t is a field correction value from the point S to the reference surface; ed、EgRespectively as the elevation of a datum plane and the elevation of an S point; h isi、viRespectively reducing the thickness and the speed of each layer of the speed reducing belt; v. ofcTo the replacement speed; and M is the number of layers of the low deceleration strip.
However, due to the limitation of the surface layer investigation correction method, certain errors exist, and the residual medium-long wavelength static correction value can be obtained by the first-arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction technology. The method is mainly based on statistical analysis of first arrival time, and generally considers that after a relatively-smooth-change refraction surface is applied to original seismic data by using a relatively-accurate reference surface static correction value, the first arrival corresponding to a refracted wave should be relatively flat in four domains (a shot point, a demodulator probe, CMP and an offset), and if the first arrival is not flat, the residual static correction value exists. The implementation process of the method can be briefly summarized as follows: firstly, performing first arrival time fitting on a common offset gather, and solving the time difference between the picked first arrival and the fitting result; then, decomposing the first arrival time difference based on the ground surface consistency characteristic, and solving the residual static correction values corresponding to the shot point and the wave detection point; and then, applying the obtained residual static correction value on the first-motion information, drawing first-motion curves of other two domains (a CMP domain and a common offset distance domain), if the two curves are parallel and change smoothly, indicating that the residual static correction value is accurate, and otherwise, repeating the process on the first-motion information after the residual static correction is applied until the precision is met.
Fig. 4 is a comparison of single shot records obtained by different reference surface static correction methods, and a corresponding comparison of a superposition section is shown in fig. 5, and it can be seen from fig. 6 and 7 that although the field static correction solves a partial static correction problem, a large residual static correction value still exists locally, and the problem can be solved well by using an optimized field static correction method, so that the imaging effect is improved remarkably, the phase axis of the effective wave is smooth and continuous, and the combination of the first arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction technology and the field static correction value can effectively solve the regional reference surface static correction value.
3.2 residual static correction
After the medium-long wavelength static correction value is solved, the problem of serious high-frequency short-wavelength static correction still exists. The high-frequency static correction value influences the speed spectrum pickup, so that the same-phase axes of the effective waves of the common-center gather cannot be superposed in the same phase, the signal-to-noise ratio and the resolution of the section are reduced, and the underground structure form cannot be reflected really. Therefore, accurate residual static correction is critical to improving the seismic data processing quality in the area. According to the characteristics of the basin, the finally determined and used residual static correction technology sequence mainly comprises the following steps: residual static correction of reflection waves for ground surface consistency, residual static correction of simulated annealing method, residual static correction technology for non-ground surface consistency and the like. Firstly, on the basis of static correction of a reference surface, a ground surface consistency residual static correction technology and a speed updating phase iteration method are adopted to gradually obtain more accurate residual static correction values, improve the precision of static correction, and simultaneously enable the same-phase superposition energy of a common-center gather to be stronger; then, because the data signal-to-noise ratio is low, in order to prevent the residual static correction iteration from falling into local minimum, the global optimum can be better found by further adopting the simulated annealing residual static correction technology. Compared with the earth surface consistency residual static correction technology which is easily influenced by noise, the simulated annealing residual static correction technology still has stronger adaptability under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio. Through the iterative processing mode, the static correction value can be rapidly converged, and the common central point gather can realize in-phase superposition. Considering that the assumption of surface consistency under complex surface conditions may have certain problems, finally, the optimal imaging result is further obtained by the non-surface consistency residual static correction technology.
FIG. 6 is a comparison between the velocity spectrum and the super gather before and after the residual static correction of the earth surface consistency, and after a plurality of iterations, the residual static correction is basically eliminated, so that a more accurate superimposed velocity field is obtained, and the energy of the velocity spectrum is more concentrated. The superimposed section before and after the residual static correction is shown in fig. 7, and it can be obviously seen that the continuity of the same phase axis on the superimposed section is enhanced, the wave group characteristics are more obvious, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the shallow middle layer is also obviously improved. Comparing fig. 7a with fig. 7b, it can be seen that the imaging effect is significantly improved after the earth surface-consistent reflected wave residual static correction. Comparing fig. 7b with fig. 7c, the residual static correction and non-surface-consistent static correction of the subsequent simulated annealing generally have little effect on improving the structural imaging, but more detailed information can be updated in the region with poor signal-to-noise ratio, especially the region indicated by the arrow.
Thus, in summary:
(1) the complex seismic geological conditions of the region are difficult to meet the assumption premise of the conventional static correction technology, and the mutual supplement among the methods can be realized by adopting a combined static correction method combining multiple static correction technologies, so that a good application effect is obtained in the exploration area.
(2) The first arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction technology can well solve static correction errors caused by surface layer investigation, the field static correction value is updated by the residual static correction value, the obtained optimized static correction value can well solve the problem of reference surface correction, and the static correction effect is improved.
(3) When the signal-to-noise ratio of the seismic data is low, the earth surface consistency residual static correction method usually falls into a local minimum value, and an ideal static correction effect is difficult to obtain. Meanwhile, data is subjected to signal-to-noise ratio improvement processing before the static correction value is calculated, and more accurate static correction value can be obtained.
It is understood that various other changes and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art based on the technical idea of the present invention, and all such changes and modifications should fall within the protective scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. A mountain land static correction method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, updating the field static correction value provided by surface survey correction by using a first-arrival wave interactive iteration residual static correction method based on the field static correction value, eliminating static correction errors caused by surface survey, and obtaining a higher-precision reference surface static correction value;
s2, performing high-frequency and low-frequency separation on the updated static correction value of the datum plane, and correcting the seismic data to the CMP reference plane by applying the separated high-frequency component;
s3, carrying out multiple iterations through the earth surface consistency residual static correction technology and the speed analysis to solve the residual static correction value with high frequency and short wavelength;
s4, for the hypothesis limit of the ground surface consistency, the problem of residual static correction value still exists in a low signal-to-noise ratio area, and the problem is solved by the simulated annealing and non-ground surface consistency residual static correction technology;
s5, applying a low-frequency static correction value to the final superposed data volume, and correcting the low-frequency static correction value to a final uniform reference surface;
the formula of the field static correction amount provided based on the surface survey correction in step S1 is as follows:
wherein: t is a field correction value from the point S to the reference surface; ed、EgRespectively as the elevation of a datum plane and the elevation of an S point; h isi、viThe thickness and the speed of each layer of the low deceleration strip are respectively; v. ofcTo the replacement speed; m is the number of layers of the low deceleration strip;
the step S1 includes:
performing first arrival time fitting on the common offset gather, and solving a first arrival time difference between a picked first arrival and a fitting result;
decomposing the first arrival time difference based on the ground surface consistency characteristics, and solving the residual static correction values corresponding to the shot point and the wave detection point;
applying the calculated residual static correction value on the first-motion information, and drawing a first-motion curve of two CMP domains and a common offset domain; if the two curves are parallel and change smoothly, the residual static correction value is accurate, otherwise, the process is repeated on the first arrival information after the residual static correction is applied until the precision is met.
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