CN108155354B - Polymerization of anode active material particles having a synthetic SEI layer by grafting from a main chain - Google Patents
Polymerization of anode active material particles having a synthetic SEI layer by grafting from a main chain Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108155354B CN108155354B CN201711248916.9A CN201711248916A CN108155354B CN 108155354 B CN108155354 B CN 108155354B CN 201711248916 A CN201711248916 A CN 201711248916A CN 108155354 B CN108155354 B CN 108155354B
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- Prior art keywords
- polymerization
- group
- functional group
- crown ether
- polymerizable
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- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 170
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 110
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 110
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 150
- -1 silane compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 145
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 127
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 82
- 238000010526 radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 78
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000012705 nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000012712 reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization Methods 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical group 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical group [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 15
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000005647 linker group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- RRZIJNVZMJUGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoro-2-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)ethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)=C(F)F RRZIJNVZMJUGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical compound C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005262 alkoxyamine group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004149 thio group Chemical group *S* 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 claims description 4
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 25
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 25
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
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- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 19
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 18
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
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- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
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- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 11
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- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 8
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
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- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 6
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 238000010560 atom transfer radical polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000010539 anionic addition polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
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- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical group O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- RJBJXVAPYONTFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)-3-(1,2,2-trifluoroethenoxy)propane Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(C(F)(F)F)OC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F RJBJXVAPYONTFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BGPJLYIFDLICMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,2,3-dioxadithiolan-5-one Chemical group O=C1OSSO1 BGPJLYIFDLICMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LVJZCPNIJXVIAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=C(F)C(F)=C(C=C)C(F)=C1F LVJZCPNIJXVIAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CEWDRCQPGANDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 CEWDRCQPGANDRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DOGMJCPBZJUYGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trichlorosilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCC[Si](Cl)(Cl)Cl DOGMJCPBZJUYGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C XDLMVUHYZWKMMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000252073 Anguilliformes Species 0.000 description 1
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical compound N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005046 Chlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021589 Copper(I) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011884 anode binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- AGEZXYOZHKGVCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl bromide Chemical compound BrCC1=CC=CC=C1 AGEZXYOZHKGVCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODWXUNBKCRECNW-UHFFFAOYSA-M bromocopper(1+) Chemical compound Br[Cu+] ODWXUNBKCRECNW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 244000309464 bull Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004918 carbon fiber reinforced polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- KOPOQZFJUQMUML-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorosilane Chemical class Cl[SiH3] KOPOQZFJUQMUML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011246 composite particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Cu]Cl ORTQZVOHEJQUHG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NKNDPYCGAZPOFS-UHFFFAOYSA-M copper(i) bromide Chemical compound Br[Cu] NKNDPYCGAZPOFS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012990 dithiocarbamate Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004659 dithiocarbamates Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002168 ethanoic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical class [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001033 ether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxysilane Chemical class CCO[SiH3] CWAFVXWRGIEBPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BKTKLDMYHTUESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(Br)C1=CC=CC=C1 BKTKLDMYHTUESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010528 free radical solution polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003827 glycol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005397 methacrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- FCFDFAVHZMMDEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxymethane;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound COC.OC(=O)C=C FCFDFAVHZMMDEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxysilane Chemical class CO[SiH3] ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FKWNAVCXZSQYTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 3-bromo-2-methylpropanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)CBr FKWNAVCXZSQYTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRVDJDISBSALJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyloxidanyl Chemical class [O]C GRVDJDISBSALJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DWFKOMDBEKIATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-[2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl-methylamino]ethyl]-n,n,n'-trimethylethane-1,2-diamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)CCN(C)CCN(C)C DWFKOMDBEKIATP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- UKODFQOELJFMII-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)CCN(C)C UKODFQOELJFMII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012643 polycondensation polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021426 porous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006239 protecting group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920005604 random copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002409 silicon-based active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011870 silicon-carbon composite anode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019812 sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001027 sodium carboxymethylcellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005211 surface analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006276 transfer reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004947 transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- MBYLVOKEDDQJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-aminoethyl)amine Chemical compound NCCN(CCN)CCN MBYLVOKEDDQJDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F292/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to inorganic materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The present invention relates to an anode active material particle having a synthetic SEI layer by graft-from-backbone polymerization. In particular, the present invention relates to lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries, in particular to a method for the preparation of anode active materials and/or anodes of lithium ion batteries and/or lithium batteries, and/or a method for the preparation of such lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries. In order to improve the cycle stability of lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries, at least one silane compound (2) having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or a polymerization initiating functional group and/or a polymerization controlling functional group is immobilized on the surface of anode active material particles (1), in particular on the surface of silicon particles, and at least one polymerizable monomer (2) is added in the method. Furthermore, the invention relates to an anode active material, an anode and a lithium battery and/or a lithium battery pack.
Description
Technical Field
The present invention relates to lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries, in particular to a method for producing anode active materials and/or anodes of lithium ion batteries and/or lithium ion batteries, and/or to a method for producing such lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries, and to anode active materials and anodes and such lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries.
Background
The anode active material currently used in lithium ion batteries and-batteries is mainly graphite. However, graphite has only a small storage capacity.
Silicon as an anode active material for lithium ion batteries and-batteries can provide significantly higher storage capacities. However, silicon undergoes a drastic volume change upon cycling, which results in an SEI layer (SEI, english: solid Electrolyte Interphase; solid electrolyte interface) formed by electrolyte decomposition products on the silicon surface, which may tear when the silicon volume increases and flake off when the silicon volume decreases, so that electrolyte is re-contacted with the silicon surface with each cycle and SEI formation and electrolyte decomposition continue to proceed, which results in irreversible loss of lithium (and electrolyte) and thus significantly reduces cycling stability and capacity.
Document US 2014/0248043 A1 relates to nanostructured silicon active materials for lithium ion batteries.
Document US 2014/0248043 A1 relates to a lithium ion battery having an anode and an electrolyte, wherein the anode has at least one active material and the electrolyte comprises at least one liquid polymer solvent and at least one polymer additive.
Document US 2015/007166 A1 relates to a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte for a battery, which may contain a polymerizable monomer as an additive.
Document US 2010/0273066 A1 describes a lithium-air battery with a nonaqueous electrolyte based on an organic solvent, which electrolyte comprises a lithium salt and an additive with an alkylene group.
Document US 2012/0007028 A1 relates to a method for producing polymer-silicon composite particles, wherein monomers for forming a polymer matrix and silicon particles are mixed and the mixture is polymerized.
Document CN 104 362 300 relates to a method for preparing a silicon-carbon-composite anode material of a lithium ion battery.
Document US 2014/0342222 A1 relates to particles having a silicon core and a block-copolymer shell, wherein one block has a relatively high affinity for silicon and one block has a relatively low affinity for silicon.
H. The use of polymerized vinylene carbonate as anode binder in lithium ion batteries is described by Zhao et al in j.power Sources, 263, 2014, pages 288-295.
J. The formation of synthetic SEI on silicon particles is described in Bull. Korea. Chem. Soc., volume 2013, 34, pages 1296-1299, no. 4.
Document WO 2015/107581 relates to a battery anode material with a non-aqueous electrolyte.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention relates to a lithium battery and/or a lithium battery pack, in particular to a method for producing an anode active material and/or an anode of a lithium ion battery and/or a lithium ion battery pack, and/or a method for producing a lithium battery and/or a lithium battery pack, in particular a lithium ion battery and/or a lithium ion battery pack.
In the method, in particular, at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or a polymerization initiating functional group and/or a polymerization controlling functional group is immobilized on the surface of anode active material particles, in particular, silicon particles, in particular, then, at least one polymerizable monomer is added and, in particular, polymerization is carried out (from a backbone grafting method).
Anode active material particles are understood to mean, in particular, particles comprising at least one anode active material.
The anode active material particles may include, for example, either silicon particles and/or graphite particles and/or tin particles.
Silicon particles are understood to mean, in particular, particles comprising silicon. By way of example, silicon particles are understood particles containing silicon. Thus, silicon particles are also understood to be, in particular, silicon-based particles. For example, the silicon particles may comprise, inter alia, pure or elemental silicon, such as porous silicon, such as nanoporous silicon, for example having a pore size in the nanometer range, and/or nanosilicon, for example having a particle size in the nanometer range, and/or a silicon-alloy matrix or silicon-alloy, for example wherein silicon is embedded in an active and/or inactive matrix, and/or a silicon-carbon composite and/or silicon oxide (SiOx), or formed therefrom. For example, the silicon particles may be formed of, in particular, pure or elemental silicon.
Graphite particles are understood to mean, in particular, particles comprising graphite.
Tin particles are understood to mean, in particular, particles containing tin.
In particular, the anode active material particles may include or be silicon particles.
The silane functionality of the at least one silane compound may advantageously be, e.g. covalently, bound on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular on the surface of the silicon particles.
The polymerization of the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, can be advantageously initiated by immobilizing at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or polymerization initiating functional group and/or polymerization controlling functional group on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles. Thus, surface initiated polymerization (graft from backbone polymerization) may advantageously be achieved, for example surface initiated living radical polymerization, such as surface initiated atom transfer living radical polymerization (surface initiated ATRP; heterogeneous ATRP polymerization) (ATRP, english: atom Transfer Radical Polymerization or Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization), or surface initiated stable radical polymerization (surface initiated SFRP, heterogeneous SFRP) (SFRP, english: stable Free Radical Polymerization), such as surface initiated Nitroxide mediated polymerization (surface initiated NMP; heterogeneous NMP polymerization) (NMP, english: nitroxide-mediated Polymerization), or surface initiated reversible addition fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (surface initiated RAFT; heterogeneous RAFT polymerization) (RAFT, english: reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization), or surface initiated Iodine transfer polymerization (surface initiated ITP) (ITP, english: iodine-Transfer Polymerization). By polymerization starting from the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, a stable, in particular covalent and/or physical/mechanical, bonding and/or adhesion between the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and the polymer formed by polymerization can advantageously be achieved, and thus a polymer layer with improved adhesion on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, is formed.
For example, at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound, in particular with at least one polymerizable monomer and/or the at least one polymer formed from the at least one polymerizable monomer, may be polymerized, e.g. copolymerized. By copolymerization of at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group and the at least one polymerizable monomer, a copolymer having a silane function can be advantageously formed, which can be bonded, for example covalently, on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, by silane function. The silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group can thus be advantageously used as an adhesion promoter, in particular for a polymer layer formed by polymerization on anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and form a polymer layer having improved adhesion on anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles.
In this way, it is possible to advantageously form a synthetic SEI layer in the form of a flexible polymer protective layer having improved adhesion on anode active material particles, particularly silicon particles. By this synthesis of the SEI layer in the form of a flexible polymer protective layer, electrolyte decomposition and continuous SEI formation can thus be advantageously suppressed, since the flexible polymer protective layer can be plastically stretched and/or compressed without being destroyed here, for example, in the case of volume changes of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, which occur concomitantly during cycling, thereby passivating the particles, in particular silicon particles, and avoiding reactions of the anode active material surface, in particular silicon surface, with the electrolyte. Thus, the cycling stability of lithium batteries and/or battery packs, for example lithium ion batteries and/or battery packs, equipped with anode active materials can be advantageously increased in turn (English: coulombic Efficiency).
In summary, this can advantageously provide an anode active material having increased cycle stability and storage capacity, for example, with which the reach of an electric vehicle can be increased, among other things.
In one embodiment, at least two polymerizable monomers are used in the process. For example, at least three polymerizable monomers may be used in the process. By such copolymerization, in particular by targeted copolymerization of two, three or more monomers, desired properties, in particular of the synthetic SEI layer, can be set advantageously and targeted, and for example the SEI layer can be made to match these requirements or be designed in accordance with these requirements. For example, polymer segments for adhesive reinforcement and/or for matching mechanical properties, such as rheological properties, e.g. strength and/or stretchability, may thus be introduced.
For example, the polymerization may be free radical polymerization and/or polymerization by means of a condensation reaction and/or ionic polymerization, such as anionic or cationic polymerization.
For example, the polymerization may be a free radical polymerization, and/or at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound is polymerizable by free radical polymerization, and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular at least two polymerizable monomers, are polymerizable by free radical polymerization, and/or at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound is provided for initiating free radical polymerization.
In particular, the polymerization may be living radical polymerization, and/or at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound is polymerizable by living radical polymerization, and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular at least two polymerizable monomers, are polymerizable by living radical polymerization, and/or at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound is provided for initiating living radical polymerization, and/or at least one polymerization controlling functional group of the at least one silane compound is provided for controlling living radical polymerization.
The living radical polymerization is based on the principle that a dynamic equilibrium is created between a relatively small amount of active species (i.e. growth-promoting radicals) and a large amount of inactive species. This can be achieved in particular by a free radical buffer, wherein the free radical buffer is able to trap and re-release the active substance (i.e. free radicals) in the form of an inactive substance. Thus, at least one free radical buffer may be used, especially in the polymerization. Thus, this can greatly suppress irreversible chain transfer reactions and chain termination reactions, which are particularly likely to lead to a reduction in the amount of active material and a broadening of the molecular weight distribution. The living radical polymerization may also be referred to in particular as living radical polymerization (LFRP; english: living Free Radical Polymerization) or controlled (free) radical polymerization (CFRP; english: controlled Free Radical Polymerization) or controlled living radical polymerization.
Examples of living radical polymerizations are atom transfer living radical polymerizations (ATRP, english: atom Transfer Radical Polymerization or Atomic Transfer Radical Polymerization), for example using activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET-ATRP) (ARGET, english: activators regenerated by electron transfer), reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerizations (RAFT, english: reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization), stable radical polymerizations (SFRP, english: stable Free Radical Polymerization), in particular Nitroxide-mediated polymerizations (NMP, english: nitroxide-mediated Polymerization) and/or Verdazyl-mediated polymerizations (VMP, english: verdazyl-mediated Polymerization), and Iodine transfer polymerizations (ITP, english: odine-Transfer Polymerization).
Narrow molecular weight distribution or low polydispersity (width of molecular weight distribution) and/or improved polymer chain length control, and thus for example uniform polymer coating, can advantageously be achieved by living radical polymerization, in particular by atom transfer living radical polymerization and/or stable radical polymerization, for example nitroxide mediated polymerization and/or Verdazyl-mediated polymerization, in particular nitroxide mediated polymerization, and/or reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization. The molecular weight distribution and/or the polymer layer thickness can be adjusted, for example, as a function of the chemical concentration, such as the monomer concentration and/or the reaction time and/or the temperature.
The polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular of the at least two polymerizable monomers, may be initiated, for example, by means of at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound and/or by means of (e.g. by addition of) at least one polymerization initiator, for example at least one free radical initiator, in particular for initiating free radical polymerization, for example for initiating living free radical polymerization, for example for initiating atom transfer living free radical polymerization and/or stable free radical polymerization, such as nitroxide mediated polymerization and/or Verdazyl-mediated polymerization, and/or reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The polymerization can thus advantageously and specifically be initiated and the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, can advantageously and specifically be arranged, in particular coated, with the polymer formed by said polymerization. Accordingly, a synthetic SEI layer in the form of a flexible polymer protective layer can be advantageously formed from a polymer formed by the polymerization on anode active material particles, particularly silicon particles.
The polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular of the at least two polymerizable monomers, may be controlled, for example, by means of at least one polymerization control functional group of the at least one silane compound and/or by means of (e.g. by addition of) at least one polymerization control agent, in particular for controlling living radical polymerization, for example for controlling stable radical polymerization, for example for controlling nitroxide-mediated polymerization and/or for controlling Verdazyl-mediated polymerization, and/or for controlling reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization.
In another embodiment, the polymerization is atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP), and/or at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound is capable of polymerizing by atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP), and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular at least two polymerizable monomers, are capable of polymerizing by atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP), and/or at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound is provided for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP initiator). By atom transfer living radical polymerization, a narrow molecular weight distribution or low polydispersity (width of molecular weight distribution) and/or improved polymer chain length control can advantageously be achieved, and for example, a uniform polymer coating is thereby achieved.
At least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound, in particular for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization, may in particular be used in combination with at least one catalyst.
The at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound, in particular for atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP initiator), may for example comprise or be at least one halogen atom, such as chlorine (-Cl), bromine (-Br) or iodine (-I), preferably chlorine (-Cl) or bromine (-Br), for example an alkyl group substituted by at least one halogen atom, such as chlorine (-Cl), bromine (-Br) or iodine (-I), preferably chlorine (-Cl) or bromine (-Br).
Alternatively or additionally, the atom transfer radical polymerization can also be initiated by means of, for example by addition, of at least one polymerization initiator (ATRP initiator) for initiating atom transfer radical polymerization, in particular in combination with at least one catalyst. In this case, the at least one polymerization initiator may in particular comprise or be formed from an alkyl halide. For example, the at least one polymerization initiator may include or be methyl bromoisobutyrate and/or benzyl bromide and/or ethyl- α -bromophenyl acetate.
The at least one catalyst may in particular comprise or be formed from a transition metal halide, in particular a copper halide, for example copper chloride and/or copper bromide, for example copper (I) bromide, and optionally at least one ligand, for example at least one, in particular a multidentate, nitrogen ligand (N-type ligand, english), for example at least one amine, such as tris [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl ] amine (Me 6 tren) and/or tris (2-pyridylmethyl) amine (TPMA) and/or 2,2 '-bipyridine and/or N, N', N "-Pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) and/or 1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (hmtetta). For example, the at least one catalyst may be a transition metal complex, in particular a transition metal-nitrogen-complex.
The catalyst or complex and the monomer may form the radical buffer or the inactivating species from at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound and/or the alkyl halide.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the polymerization is a Stable Free Radical Polymerization (SFRP), such as a Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP) and/or a Verdazyl-mediated polymerization (VMP), in particular a Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP), and/or the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound is polymerizable by a stable free radical polymerization, such as by a nitroxide mediated polymerization or by a Verdazyl-mediated polymerization, in particular by a nitroxide mediated polymerization, and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular at least two polymerizable monomers, is polymerizable by a Stable Free Radical Polymerization (SFRP), such as a Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP) and/or a Verdazyl-mediated polymerization (VMP), in particular a Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP), and/or wherein the at least one polymerization control functionality of the at least one silane compound is arranged for controlling a stable free radical polymerization (SFRP-mediator), such as a nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP-and/or a nitroxide-mediated polymerization for controlling a mediator, in particular a VMP-mediated polymerization (VMP).
At least one polymerization-control function of the at least one silane compound, in particular for controlling stable free radical polymerization (SFRP-mediator), for example for controlling nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator) and/or for controlling Verdazyl-mediated polymerization (VMP-mediator), for example for controlling nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator), may in particular be used in combination with at least one polymerization-initiating function of the at least one silane compound and/or with the at least one polymer initiator.
The at least one polymerization-control functional group of the at least one silane compound, in particular for nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator), may for example comprise or be, in particular, linear or cyclic, nitroxide groups and/or alkoxyamine groups, for example based on 2, 6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO):
or a sacrificial initiator (opferitiator) thereof, such as:
and/or based on 2, 5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-3-azahexane-3-oxy (TIPNO):
or a sacrificial initiator thereof, such as:
and/or based on N-tert-butyl-N- [ 1-diethylphosphono- (2-2-dimethylpropyl) nitroxide] (SG1*)：
Or a sacrificial initiator thereof.
Alternatively or additionally, the stable free radical polymerization, such as nitroxide-mediated polymerization and/or Verdazyl-mediated polymerization, may also be controlled by means of (e.g. by adding) at least one polymerization control agent for controlling the stable free radical polymerization, such as for controlling the nitroxide-mediated polymerization and/or for controlling the Verdazyl-mediated polymerization, such as for example at least one nitroxide-based mediator and/or at least one Verdazyl-based mediator, in particular in combination with at least one polymerization initiating functional group of at least one silane compound and/or with (the) at least one polymerization initiator. The at least one polymerization control agent or at least one nitroxide-based mediator may for example comprise or be, in particular, linear or cyclic, nitroxides. The at least one nitroxide-based mediator or nitroxide may for example be based on 2, 6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO):
or a sacrificial initiator thereof, such as:
and/or based on 2, 5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-3-azahexane-3-oxy (TIPNO):
or a sacrificial initiator thereof, such as:
and/or based on N-tert-butyl-N- [ 1-diethylphosphono- (2-2-dimethylpropyl) nitroxide ] (SG1*)：
Or a sacrificial initiator thereof.
The at least one polymerization initiator and/or the at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound may be provided here in particular for initiating a stable free radical polymerization (SFRP-initiator), for example for initiating a nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-initiator) and/or for initiating a Verdazyl-mediated polymerization (VMP-initiator), in particular for initiating a nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-initiator). In this case, the at least one polymerization initiator and/or the at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound may in particular comprise or be a free radical initiator, such as azoisobutyronitrile, such as azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), and/or benzoyl peroxide, such as dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO), or derivatives thereof.
The radical buffer or inactivating substance can be formed in particular by the reaction of the active substance, i.e. the radical, with stable radicals of the mediator based on nitroxide groups and/or alkoxyamine groups or nitroxide groups.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the polymerization is a reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT), and/or at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound is polymerizable by reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT), and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular at least two polymerizable monomers, are polymerizable by reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT), and/or at least one polymerization control functional group of the at least one silane compound is arranged for controlling the reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-agent).
The at least one polymerization control functionality of the at least one silane compound, in particular for controlling reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-reagent), may in particular be used in combination with at least one polymerization initiating functionality of the at least one silane compound and/or with the at least one polymerization initiator.
The at least one polymerization-control functional group of the at least one silane compound, in particular for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-reagent), may comprise or be, for example, a thio group, such as a trithiocarbonate group (-S-c=s-S-) or a dithiocarbonate group (-c=s-S-) or a dithiocarbamate group (-N-c=s-S-) or a xanthate group (-c=s-S-) - ）。
Alternatively or additionally, the reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization may also be controlled by means of (e.g. by adding) at least one polymerization control agent for controlling the reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-agent), e.g. at least one thio compound, in particular in combination with at least one polymerization initiating functional group of at least one silane compound and/or with (the) at least one polymerization initiator. The at least one polymerization control agent or at least one thio compound may be, for example, a trithiocarbonate or dithioester or dithiourethane or xanthate.
The at least one polymerization initiator and/or the at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound may be provided here in particular for initiating a reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-initiator). In this case, the at least one polymerization initiator and/or the at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound may in particular comprise or be a free radical initiator, such as azoisobutyronitrile, such as azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), and/or benzoyl peroxide, such as dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO), or derivatives thereof.
The radical buffer or inactivating substance can be formed here in particular by the reaction of the active substance, i.e. the radical, with stable radicals based on thio groups or thio compounds.
In another embodiment, the at least one silane compound comprises at least one silane compound of the following chemical formula:
，
r1, R2, R3 in particular can each independently of one another represent a halogen atom, in particular chlorine (-Cl), or an alkoxy group, in particular methoxy (-OCH) 3 ) Or ethoxy (-OC) 2 H 5 ) Or alkyl groups, e.g. straight-chain alkyl groups (- (CH) 2 ) x -CH 3 ) Wherein x.gtoreq.0, especially methyl (-CH) 3 ) Or amino (-NH) 2 -NH-) or silazane groups (-NH-Si-) or hydroxy (-OH) or hydrogen (-H). For example, R1, R2 and R3 may represent chlorine.
Y may in particular represent a linking group, i.e. a bridged unit. In particular, Y may comprise at least one alkylene (-C) n H 2n (-) (wherein n.gtoreq.1) and/or at least one oxyalkylene group (-C) n H 2n -O-) (wherein n is not less than 1) and/or at least one carboxylate group (-c=o-O-) and/or at least one phenylene group (-C) 6 H 4 -)。
A may in particular represent a polymerizable functional group and/or a polymerization initiating functional group and/or a polymerization controlling functional group.
Silane compounds having at least one polymerizable functional group may be advantageously used as adhesion promoters.
In one embodiment of this embodiment, a represents a polymerizable functional group. In particular, a may represent a polymerizable functional group having at least one polymerizable double bond. For example, a may represent a polymerizable functional group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. For example, A may represent a vinyl group or a 1, 1-vinylidene group or a 1, 2-vinylidene group or an acrylate group or a methacrylate group.
The silane compounds having polymerizable functional groups (in particular adhesion promoting) may for example have the following chemical formula:
In this case, R1, R2, R3 may in particular each independently of one another represent a halogen atom, in particular chlorine (-Cl), or an alkoxy group, in particular methoxy (-OCH) 3 ) Or ethoxy (-OC) 2 H 5 ) Or alkyl groups, e.g. straight-chain alkyl groups (- (CH) 2 ) x -CH 3 ) (wherein x.gtoreq.0), especially methyl (-CH) 3 ) Or amino (-NH) 2 -NH-) or hydrogen (-H). For example, siR1R2R3 may here represent mono-, di-or trichlorosilane. A may in particular denote a functional group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, in particular a vinyl group or an acrylate group or a methacrylate group. In this case, it may be 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.20, preferably 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.5, in particular n=2 or 3.
An example of a silane compound having a polymerizable functional group (particularly to promote adhesion) is 3- (trichlorosilyl) propyl methacrylate:
in particular, wherein R1, R2 and R3 represent chlorine, a represents a methacrylate and n=3.
In another embodiment of this embodiment, a represents a polymerization initiating functional group. In particular, a may represent a polymerization initiating functional group for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP-initiator). A may in particular represent a halogen atom, for example chlorine (-Cl) or bromine (-Br) or iodine (-I), in particular chlorine (-Cl) or bromine (-Br).
Silane compounds having a polymerization initiating functionality, particularly for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP-initiator), may for example have the following chemical formula:
in this case, R1, R2, R3 may in particular each independently of one another represent a halogen atom, in particular chlorine (-Cl), or an alkoxy group, in particular methoxy (-OCH) 3 ) Or ethoxy (-OC) 2 H 5 ) Or hydrogen (-H). For example, siR1R2R3 may here represent mono-, di-or trichlorosilane. A may in particular represent a halogen atom, for example chlorine (-Cl), bromine (-Br) or iodine (-I), preferably chlorine (-Cl) or bromine (-Br). In this case, it may be 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.20, preferably 1.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.5, especially n=1 or 2, and/or 0.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.20, preferably 0.ltoreq.m.ltoreq.5, especially m=0 or 1 or 2.
Examples of silane compounds having a polymerization initiating functionality, especially for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP-initiator), are trichloro [4- (chloromethyl) phenyl ] silane or 4- (chloromethyl) phenyl trichlorosilane (CMPS):
in particular, wherein R1, R2 and R3 and a represent chlorine and n=1 and m=0.
In another embodiment of this embodiment, a represents a polymerization control functional group.
In one embodiment, a herein represents a polymerization control functional group for nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator). The polymerization control function a may in particular be a nitroxide-based mediator. For example, a may represent a nitroxide group and/or an alkoxyamine group herein, e.g. based on 2, 6-Tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and/or 2, 5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-3-azahexane-3-oxy (TIPNO) and/or N-tert-butyl-N- [ 1-diethylphosphono- (2-2-dimethylpropyl) nitroxide ] (SG 1 x).
Examples of silane compounds having a polymerization control functionality, especially for nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator), are alkoxyamine-silane compounds of 2, 6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy- (TEMPO) -group:
and/or
，
An alkoxyamine-silane compound of the formula 2, 5-trimethyl-4-phenyl-3-azahexane-3-oxy- (TIPNO) -yl:
and/or
An alkoxyamine-silane compound of the formula N-tert-butyl-N- [ 1-diethylphosphono- (2-dimethylpropyl) nitroxide ] - (SG 1) -yl:
。
instead of using at least one silane compound having at least one polymerization-controlling functional group for nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator) by direct immobilization, the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, can be functionalized for nitroxide-mediated polymerization by (first) immobilizing at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group, for example 3- (trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and (then) reacting the at least one silane compound with at least one nitroxide-based mediator, for example with at least one nitroxide-or alkoxyamine compound, such as TEMPO, and for example with at least one polymerization initiator, in particular a radical initiator, such as AIBN.
In another embodiment, a represents a polymerization control functional group for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-reagent). The polymerization control functional group may in particular be a thio group. For example, A may here represent a trithiocarbonate group (-S-C=S-S-) or a dithioester group (-C=S-S-) or a dithiocarbamate group (-N-C=S-S-) or a xanthate group (-C=S-S) - ）。
In the case of silane compounds having polymerization-control functions, in particular for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-reagents), siR1R2R3 can for example represent chlorosilanes, methoxysilanes, ethoxysilanes or silazanes, and a represents dithioesters or dithiocarbamates or trithiocarbonates or xanthates.
Examples of silane compounds having polymerization-controlling functionality, especially for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-reagents), are trithiocarbonate-or dithioester compounds:
and/or
And/or
。
In another embodiment, the at least one silane compound comprises at least one (especially crown ether based) silane compound of the following chemical formula:
。
in this case, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk may in particular each independently of one another represent oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N) or an amine, for example a secondary amine (NH) and/or a tertiary amine, for example an alkyl-or aryl-amine (NR).
G may in particular represent at least one polymerizable functional group, for example wherein one of the carbon atoms and/or Q1 and/or Q2 and/or Q3 and/or Qk is substituted by it.
In particular, G may comprise at least one polymerizable double bond, such as at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as at least one vinyl and/or 1, 1-vinylidene and/or 1, 2-vinylidene and/or allyl, such as allyloxyalkyl, such as allyloxymethyl, and/or at least one hydroxyl, such as alkylene hydroxyl, such as methylene hydroxyl.
Furthermore, G may for example comprise one or more further groups, such as those serving as linking groups, i.e. bridging units or bridge segments. For example, G may also include at least one benzo group and/or a cyclohexane group (cyclixanogrpe).
G may particularly denote the number of polymerizable functional groups G, and may particularly be 1.ltoreq.g, for example 1.ltoreq.g.ltoreq.5, for example 1.ltoreq.g.ltoreq.2.
k may particularly denote the number of units in brackets, and may particularly be 1.ltoreq.k, for example 1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.3, for example 1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.2.
Y' may in particular represent a linking group, i.e. a bridged unit. For example, Y' may include at least one alkylene (-C) n H 2n (-) (where n.gtoreq.0, in particular n.gtoreq.1), and/or at least one alkylene oxide group (-C) n H 2n -O-) (wherein n is not less than 1) and/or at least one carboxylate group (-c=o-O-) and/or at least one phenylene group (-C) 6 H 4 -). For example, Y' may herein represent alkylene-C n H 2n - (wherein 0.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.5, e.g. n=1 or 2 or 3).
s may in particular denote the number of silane groups (-SiR 1R2R 3) bound in particular via the linking group Y', and may in particular be 1.ltoreq.s.ltoreq.5, for example 1.ltoreq.s.ltoreq.2.
R1, R2, R3 in particular can each independently of one another represent a halogen atom, in particular chlorine (-Cl), or an alkoxy group, in particular methylOxy (-OCH) 3 ) Or ethoxy (-OC) 2 H 5 ) Or alkyl groups, e.g. straight-chain alkyl groups (- (CH) 2 ) x -CH 3 ) (wherein x.gtoreq.0), especially methyl (-CH) 3 ) Or amino (-NH) 2 -NH-) or silazane groups (-NH-Si-) or hydroxy (-OH) or hydrogen (-H). For example, R1, R2 and R3 may represent chlorine.
In particular, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk may represent oxygen. For example, the at least one silane compound may here comprise at least one (in particular crown ether based) silane compound of the following chemical formula:
。
examples of such (in particular crown ether-based) silane compounds are:
and/or
。
Such (in particular crown ether-based) silane compounds can advantageously be bound to the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, via the silane groups, in particular covalently, and, for example, additionally via van der Waals and/or hydrogen bonds, and serve, for example, as adhesion promoters for silane groups.
The at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer may in particular comprise at least one ion-conductive or ion-conductive, in particular lithium-ion-conductive or lithium-ion-conductive polymerizable monomer and/or at least one fluorinated polymerizable monomer, for example having at least one fluorinated alkyl group and/or at least one fluorinated alkoxy group and/or at least one fluorinated alkylene oxide group and/or at least one fluorinated phenyl group, and/or at least one polymerizable monomer for forming a gel polymer, or be ion-conductive or ion-conductive, in particular lithium-ion-conductive or lithium-ion-conductive, and/or be fluorinated, and/or be provided for forming a gel polymer.
Ion-conductive materials, such as lithium ion-conductive materials, for example monomers or polymers, are understood to mean in particular materials, such as monomers or polymers, which may themselves be free of ions to be conducted, for example lithium ions, but are suitable for complexing and/or solvating ions to be conducted, for example lithium ions, and/or counter ions of ions to be conducted, for example lithium-conducting salts-anions, and are made lithium ion-conductive, for example by adding ions to be conducted, for example lithium ions.
By polymerizing the ion-conductive or ion-conductive and/or fluorinated and/or gel-forming polymer monomers, a synthetic polymer-SEI-protective layer can advantageously be formed on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, which is provided ion-conductive or ion-conductive and/or fluorinated and/or for forming a gel polymer. By means of ion-conductive or ion-conductive polymers and/or gel polymers, a high efficiency of a battery or battery pack equipped with anode active material can advantageously be achieved, and for example an electrolyte coating or gel electrolyte coating is formed directly on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles. The fluorine-based polymer may have a high thermodynamic stability and also in particular electrochemical stability and may advantageously be particularly stable in potential windows (Potentialfenster) for lithium ion batteries and/or batteries.
In another embodiment, the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, e.g. three polymerizable monomers (respectively) comprise at least one polymerizable double bond, e.g. at least one carbon-carbon double bond, in particular at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, e.g. an allyloxyalkyl group, e.g. allyloxymethyl group, and/or at least one acrylate group and/or at least one methacrylate group and/or at least one phenyl vinyl group (styryl group), and/or at least one hydroxyl group. With the aid of these functional groups, polymerization can advantageously be achieved. In particular, the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer, or the at least two, e.g. three polymerizable monomers, may (respectively) comprise or be at least one polymerizable double bond, e.g. at least one carbon-carbon double bond, in particular at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, e.g. an allyloxyalkyl group, e.g. an allyloxymethyl group, and/or at least one acrylate group and/or at least one methacrylate group and/or at least one phenyl vinyl group (styryl group). This has proved to be particularly advantageous for polymerizations, in particular polymerizations with the aid of living radicals, such as ATRP, NMP or RAFT. At least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two polymerizable monomers may be polymerized or copolymerized by means of a condensation reaction or by means of anionic polymerization by means of at least one hydroxyl group.
For example, the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound may comprise or be at least one polymerizable double bond, such as at least one carbon-carbon double bond, e.g. a vinyl and/or 1, 1-vinylidene and/or 1, 2-vinylidene and/or acrylate group and/or methacrylate group.
In another embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer(s) (also) comprises at least one (especially non-fluorinated) alkylene oxide group, such as an ethylene oxide group, such as a polyalkylene oxide group, such as a polyethylene oxide group or a polyethylene glycol group, and/or at least one fluorinated alkylene oxide group and/or at least one fluorinated alkoxy group and/or at least one fluorinated alkyl group and/or at least one fluorinated phenyl group.
Containing alkylene oxide groups or formed from alkylene oxide monomers or based on polyalkylene oxides (such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or Polyethylene Oxide (POE)Ethylene Glycol (PEG)) may advantageously be ion-conductive, such as lithium ion-conductive. Thus, an ion-conductive, e.g. lithium ion-conductive, synthetic SEI-protective layer can advantageously be formed on the particles, e.g. from polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) based polymers. Polymers having alkylene oxide groups or based on polyalkylene oxide, such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyethylene glycol (PEG), may be ion-conductive, e.g. lithium ion-conductive, in the presence of at least one conductive salt, e.g. a lithium-conductive salt. The anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, which are in particular coated with such a polymer, can be arranged in contact with at least one conductive salt, for example a lithium-conductive salt, during cell or battery assembly and in this way be ion-conductive, for example lithium ion-conductive. In order to achieve high efficiency and in particular high ion conductivity of a battery or battery pack equipped with anode active material, it is possible to arrange, in particular coated anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, (in particular however) with at least one conductive salt, for example a lithium conductive salt, for example lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), for example before the battery and/or battery pack is assembled 6 ) Lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and/or lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) And (5) processing. Furthermore, such polymers may form a gel in the presence of at least one electrolyte solvent or at least one liquid electrolyte (e.g. based on a solution of at least one conductive salt in at least one electrolyte solvent), e.g. before or during cell-and/or battery assembly and for example serve as gel electrolyte. Thus, for example, it is possible to arrange, in particular to coat, the particles, for example with at least one electrolyte solvent and/or with at least one liquid electrolyte, in particular from at least one conductive salt, for example a lithium-conductive salt, for example lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), prior to the assembly of the battery and/or battery pack 6 ) Lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and/or lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) And at least one electrolyte solvent. Thus, in addition to being used to passivate anode active material particles, especially silicon particlesIn addition to the synthesis SEI-protecting layer of the particles, it is also possible to advantageously form an electrolyte coating or gel electrolyte coating directly on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles. However, in particular, if only the anode active material particles, in particular the silicon particles, are coated with an electrolyte coating or a gel electrolyte coating, the anode may also comprise at least one electrolyte, such as a liquid electrolyte, for example a carbonate-based electrolyte.
In an alternative or additional embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular three polymerizable monomers comprise or are selected from:
at least one polymerizable carboxylic acid, such as acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid, and/or
At least one polymerizable carboxylic acid derivative, in particular
At least one polymerizable organic carbonate, for example ethylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate, and/or an anhydride, in particular at least one carboxylic anhydride, for example maleic anhydride, and/or
At least one carboxylic acid ester, for example at least one acrylic acid ester, for example at least one ether acrylic acid ester, for example poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylic acid ester, and/or at least one methacrylic acid ester, for example methyl methacrylate, and/or at least one acetic acid ester, for example vinyl acetate, and/or
At least one carboxylic acid nitrile, for example acrylonitrile, and/or
At least one (e.g. unfluorinated or fluorinated) ether, in particular at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether-derivative and/or at least one vinyl ether, such as trifluorovinyl ether, and/or
At least one (e.g. unfluorinated or fluorinated) alkylene oxide, such as ethylene oxide, and/or
At least one (e.g. aliphatic or aromatic, e.g. unfluorinated or fluorinated) unsaturated hydrocarbon, e.g. at least one olefin, e.g. ethylene, such as 1, 1-difluoroethylene (1, 1-difluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride) and/or Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and/or propylene, such as hexafluoropropylene, and/or hexene, such as 3,4,5, 6-nonafluorohexene, and/or styrene, such as 2,3,4,5, 6-pentafluorophenyl ethylene (2, 3,4,5, 6-pentafluorophenyl ethylene) and/or 4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ethylene (4- (trifluoromethyl) styrene) and/or styrene.
In one embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises or is, or the at least two, in particular three polymerizable monomers comprise at least one polymerizable carboxylic acid.
In one embodiment of this embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise acrylic acid:
and/or derivatives thereof.
In another alternative or additional embodiment of this embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise methacrylic acid and/or derivatives thereof.
By polymerization of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, a synthetic SEI-protective layer composed of a polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid-based polymer can be formed on the particles. In this case, the polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid-based polymer is bound to hydroxyl groups, such as silicon hydroxide groups or silanol groups (si—oh), on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, through carboxylic acid groups (-COOH), for example, covalently and/or through hydrogen bonding through condensation reactions. In addition to passivating the particles by a protective layer composed of a polyacrylic acid-or polymethacrylic acid-based polymer, the polyacrylic acid-or polymethacrylic acid-based polymer can also advantageously be used as an adhesion enhancer and/or binder, and in this way improve the adhesive properties of the anode active material. By preparing the polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid-based polymer in the presence of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, a more homogeneous mixture can also advantageously be formed than by mixing polyacrylic acid or polymethacrylic acid prepared ex situ to anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles.
In another embodiment, the polymer formed from the at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular its carboxylic acid groups, is at least partially neutralized with at least one alkali metal hydroxide, such as lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and/or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and/or potassium hydroxide (KOH), in particular by forming alkali metal carboxylates, such as lithium carboxylate or sodium carboxylate or potassium carboxylate. Thus, the rheological properties may be improved and/or irreversible capacity losses, in particular in the first cycle of a battery or battery pack equipped with anode active material, may be minimized.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises or is, or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise at least one polymerizable carboxylic acid-derivative.
In another embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise at least one polymerizable organic carbonate and/or anhydride, in particular at least one carboxylic anhydride. In particular, the at least one polymerizable monomer may comprise or be at least one polymerizable organic carbonate. Organic carbonates have proven to be particularly advantageous for forming synthetic SEI layers. Furthermore, the organic carbonate may advantageously be ion-conductive, in particular lithium ion-conductive.
In another embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises or is vinylene carbonate and/or ethylene carbonate and/or maleic anhydride and/or derivatives thereof. This has proven advantageous for forming a (especially ion-conductive, e.g. lithium ion-conductive) synthetic SEI-layer.
In a particular embodiment of this embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises or is vinylene carbonate. The formation of polyvinyl carbonate is particularly possible by polymerization of the same, which has proved to be particularly advantageous as a polymer for the synthesis of SEI-layers.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise at least one carboxylic acid ester.
For example, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular the at least three polymerizable monomers may comprise or be at least one acrylate, for example at least one ether acrylate, such as poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, for example:
and/or at least one methacrylate, such as methyl methacrylate, and/or at least one acetate, such as vinyl acetate, and/or derivatives thereof. / >
The synthetic SEI-protective layer consisting of polyacrylate-or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) -based polymers can be formed on the particles by polymerization of acrylates, for example ether acrylates, such as poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, and/or methacrylates, such as Methyl Methacrylate (MMA). Polyacrylate-based polymers, such as ether acrylate-based polymers or polymethyl methacrylates, can advantageously form gels, for example, upon battery-and/or battery assembly and serve, for example, as gel electrolytes: at least one electrolyte solvent, for example at least one liquid organic carbonate, such as Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and/or ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and/or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC), or at least one liquid electrolyte, for example based on at least one conductive salt, for example lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) 6 ) And/or lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and/or lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) In at least one electrolyte solvent, for example at least one liquid organic carbonate, such as Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and/or ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and/or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC) (e.g. 1M) A solution. Thus, in addition to the synthetic SEI-protective layer for passivating the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, it is also advantageously possible to form a gel electrolyte coating directly on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles. In the first cycle of a battery or battery so equipped, the electrolyte may decompose in the polymer gel matrix of the gel electrolyte coating and mechanically stabilize the (especially synthetic or naturally occurring) SEI-protective layer. This may advantageously eliminate the need to add SEI-stabilizing additives such as Vinylene Carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), especially to the liquid electrolyte, during battery-and/or battery assembly. The ether acrylate-based polymer, such as poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, may also be ion-conductive, such as lithium ion-conductive, and ion-conductive, such as lithium ion-conductive, upon battery-or battery-assembly, in the presence of at least one conductive salt, such as a lithium-conductive salt, such as by contact with at least one conductive salt, such as a lithium-conductive salt. In order to achieve high efficiency and in particular high ion conductivity of a battery or battery pack equipped with anode active material, it is possible to arrange, in particular coated anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, (in particular however) with at least one conductive salt, for example a lithium conductive salt, for example lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF), for example before the battery and/or battery pack is assembled 6 ) Lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and/or lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) And (5) processing.
By polymerization of vinyl acetate, a synthetic SEI-protective layer composed of polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) -based polymer may be formed on the particles. The polyvinyl acetate-based polymer may then be saponified, for example, to polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL). In order to avoid side reactions with other electrode components, the polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer and in particular the saponification of the polymer formed therefrom can be carried out separately from the other electrode components, for example. The polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer may advantageously be bound to the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, by hydroxyl groups (-OH), for example hydroxyl groups on the silicon hydroxide groups or silanol groups (Si-OH), for example covalently and/or by hydrogen bonding by condensation reactions. In addition to passivating the particles by a protective layer composed of a polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer, the polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer can also advantageously be used as an adhesion enhancer or binder and in this way improve the adhesion properties of the anode active material. By preparing the polyvinyl alcohol-based polymer in the presence of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, a more homogeneous mixture can also advantageously be formed than by mixing an ex-situ prepared polyvinyl alcohol to the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise at least one carboxylic acid nitrile. For example, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular the three polymerizable monomers may comprise or be acrylonitrile and/or derivatives thereof. By polymerization of acrylonitrile, a synthetic SEI-protective layer consisting of a Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based polymer can be formed on the particles. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based polymers can advantageously form gels, for example upon battery-and/or battery assembly, and serve, for example, as gel electrolytes in the presence of: at least one electrolyte solvent, for example at least one liquid organic carbonate, such as Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and/or ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and/or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC), or at least one liquid electrolyte, for example based on at least one conductive salt, for example lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) 6 ) And/or lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and/or lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) A solution (e.g. 1M) in at least one electrolyte solvent, e.g. at least one liquid organic carbonate, such as Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and/or ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and/or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC). Thus, in addition to the synthetic SEI-protective layer for passivating the anode active material particles, especially silicon particles It is also possible to advantageously form a gel electrolyte coating directly on the anode active material particles, especially silicon particles. In the first cycle of a battery or battery so equipped, the electrolyte may decompose in the polymer gel matrix of the gel electrolyte coating and mechanically stabilize the SEI-protecting layer. This may advantageously eliminate the need to add SEI-stabilizing additives such as Vinylene Carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), especially to the liquid electrolyte, during battery-and/or battery assembly.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise at least one (e.g. unfluorinated or fluorinated) ether. In particular, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular the at least two, polymerizable monomers may comprise or be at least one (e.g. unfluorinated or fluorinated) ether having at least one polymerizable functional group, in particular having at least one polymerizable double bond, for example having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, for example having at least one vinyl group and/or allyl group and/or allyloxyalkyl group, for example allyloxymethyl group, and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, for example alkylene hydroxyl group, for example methylene hydroxyl group.
For example, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular the at least three polymerizable monomers may comprise or be at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether-derivative and/or at least one vinyl ether, for example trifluorovinyl ether.
In particular, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular three polymerizable monomers may comprise or be at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether-derivative.
For example, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular the at least two, polymerizable monomers may comprise or be at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether-derivative having at least one polymerizable functional group, in particular having at least one polymerizable double bond, for example having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, for example having at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, for example allyloxyalkyl group, and/or at least one acrylate group and/or at least one methacrylate group, for example having at least one carbon-carbon double bond, for example having at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, for example allyloxyalkyl group, for example allyloxymethyl, and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, for example alkylene hydroxyl group, for example methylene hydroxyl group.
The at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative may for example be directly bound to the crown ether or crown ether-derivative. However, it may also be advantageous, especially for steric reasons, to provide a linking group or bridge segment, such as a benzene ring or cyclohexane ring, between the crown ether or crown ether-derivative and the at least one polymerizable functional group (e.g. additionally). By polymerization of the at least one polymerizable double bond, in particular a carbon-carbon double bond, it is in particular possible to form a polymer backbone, for example a C-polymer backbone (C-C backbone), which has, for example, a crown ether-group function on every other carbon atom.
By polymerization of crown ethers and/or crown ether-derivatives having polymerizable functional groups, a synthetic SEI-protective layer composed of polymers based on the basic structural units of crown ethers can be formed on the particles. Crown ether-based polymers may be (particularly selectively) ion-conductive, particularly lithium ion-conductive, and advantageously provide an optimal diffusion path for alkali metal ions, particularly lithium ions.
The crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative may advantageously additionally be bound to the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, at least via van der waals and/or hydrogen bonds, and thus improve the adhesion of the polymer layer formed thereby on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles.
The at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether-derivative may be capable of polymerizing and/or polymerizing or copolymerizing, for example, by free radical polymerization, for example living radical polymerization, such as atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP) and/or stable radical polymerization (SFRP), for example Nitroxide Mediated Polymerization (NMP) and/or Verdazyl-mediated polymerization (VMP), and/or reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT), and/or polymerization by means of condensation reactions and/or polymerization by means of ionic polymerization, for example anionic or cationic polymerization.
For example, the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative may comprise or be at least one polymerizable double bond, such as at least one carbon-carbon double bond, in particular at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, such as an allyloxyalkyl group, such as an allyloxymethyl group, and/or at least one acrylate group and/or at least one methacrylate group and/or at least one phenyl vinyl group (styryl group), and/or at least one hydroxyl group. With the aid of these functional groups, polymerization can advantageously be achieved. For example, the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative may comprise or be at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, such as an allyloxyalkyl group, such as an allyloxymethyl group, and/or at least one acrylate group and/or at least one methacrylate group and/or at least one hydroxyl group, in particular an alkylene hydroxyl group. The at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one crown ether and/or crown ether derivative can be polymerized or copolymerized by means of a condensation reaction or by means of anionic polymerization by means of at least one hydroxyl group. For example, the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative may comprise or be at least one polymerizable double bond, such as at least one carbon-carbon double bond, in particular at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, such as an allyloxyalkyl group, such as an allyloxymethyl group, and/or at least one acrylate group and/or at least one methacrylate group and/or at least one phenyl vinyl group (styryl group). This has proved to be particularly advantageous for polymerizations, in particular by means of living radical polymerizations, such as ATRP, NMP or RAFT.
The at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative and/or the polymer comprising the at least one crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative may in particular have at least one silane group in addition to the at least one polymerizable functional group. The at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative and/or the polymer comprising the at least one crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative may advantageously be (e.g. covalently) bound to the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, by means of the at least one silane group. Thus, a polymer layer having improved adhesion can be advantageously formed.
In particular, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative may comprise or be based on
Crown ethers, in particular
12-4-crown ether:
and/or +.>
15-5-crown ether:
a kind of electronic device
Aza-crown ethers, such as (di-) aza-crown ethers, such as aza-12-4-crown ethers, such as 1-aza-12-4-crown ethers, such as:
and/or aza-15-5-crown ethers, such as di-aza-12-4-crown ether and/or di-aza-15-5-crown ethers, such as:
and/or (especially N-substituted) (di-) aza-crown ethers, such as N-alkyl- (di-) aza-12-4-crown ether and/or N-alkyl- (di-) aza-15-5-crown ether, and/or
Benzo-crown ethers, in particular benzo-12-4-crown ethers and/or benzo-15-5-crown ethers, for example:
and/or +.>Such as di-benzo-crown ethers, such as di-benzo-12-4-crown ethers, such as:
and/or di-benzo-15-5-crown ethers, and/or cyclohexane-crown ethers, in particular cyclohexane-12-4-crown ethers and/or cyclohexane-15-5-crown ethers, for example di-cyclohexane-12-4-crown ethers, for example:
and/or bicyclo-hexane-15-5-crown ether.
In one embodiment of this embodiment, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative comprises a crown ether or crown ether-derivative of the following chemical formula:
。
in this case, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk may in particular each independently of one another represent oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N) or an amine, for example a secondary amine (NH) and/or a tertiary amine, for example an alkyl-or aryl-amine (NR).
G may in particular represent at least one polymerizable functional group, for example wherein one of the carbon atoms and/or Q1 and/or Q2 and/or Q3 and/or Qk is substituted by it.
G may particularly denote the number of polymerizable functional groups G, and may particularly be 1.ltoreq.g, for example 1.ltoreq.g.ltoreq.5, for example 1.ltoreq.g.ltoreq.2.
k may particularly denote the number of units in brackets, and may particularly be 1.ltoreq.k, for example 1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.3, for example 1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.2.
In particular, G may comprise at least one polymerizable double bond, such as at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, such as an allyloxyalkyl group, such as an allyloxymethyl group, and/or at least one hydroxyl group, such as an alkylene hydroxyl group, such as a methylene hydroxyl group.
Furthermore, G may for example comprise one or more other groups, for example groups serving as linking groups (i.e. bridging units or bridge segments). For example, G may also include at least one benzo group and/or a cyclohexane group.
In particular, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk may represent oxygen. For example, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative may comprise a crown ether or crown ether-derivative of the general chemical formula:
。
for example, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative may comprise a crown ether or crown ether-derivative of the general chemical formula:
and/or
And/or +.>
And/or
And/or
In particular wherein 0.ltoreq.k ', e.g.0.ltoreq.k '. Ltoreq.2, e.g.0.ltoreq.k '. Ltoreq.1.
Polymers having a carbon-carbon polymer backbone (C-C backbone) and pendant crown-or crown-derivative-groups can be formed by polymerization of double bonds, such as living radical polymerization, for example:
。
Alternatively or additionally, it is also possible, for example, to form polymers having crown ether-or crown ether-derivative-groups (in particular directly) in the polymer backbone or in the polymer chains. This can be achieved, for example, by polymerization of (di-) benzo-and/or (di-) cyclohexano-crown ethers and/or crown ether derivatives, for example with at least two, optionally four hydroxyl groups (for example on the benzo-and/or cyclohexano-ring), for example by means of condensation reactions, for example etherification.
For example, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative may comprise a crown ether or crown ether-derivative of the general chemical formula:
。
g' may in particular represent at least one polymerizable functional group. In particular, G' may comprise at least one polymerizable double bond, such as at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group, such as an allyloxyalkyl group, such as an allyloxymethyl group, and/or at least one hydroxyl group, such as an alkylene hydroxyl group, such as a methylene hydroxyl group.
Furthermore, G' may for example comprise one or more other groups, for example groups serving as linking groups (i.e. bridging units or bridge segments). For example, G' may also include at least one benzo group and/or a cyclohexane group.
G ' may particularly denote the amount of polymerizable functional groups G ' and may particularly be 1.ltoreq.g ', for example 1.ltoreq.g '. Ltoreq.4, for example 1.ltoreq.g '. Ltoreq.2.
For example, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative may comprise a crown ether or crown ether-derivative of the general chemical formula:
and/or
。
Polymers having crown-or crown-derivative-groups, in particular based on etherified benzo-crown ethers, can be formed in the polymer backbone by polymerization of hydroxyl groups, for example by means of condensation reactions, in particular etherification, for example:
or (b)
。
Such crown ethers and/or crown ether-derivatives may advantageously be bound to the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, by reaction with at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group, for example by means of a condensation reaction, for example covalently.
For example, crown ethers and silane compounds of the following chemical formulas may be used interchangeably:
，
wherein R1, R2, R3 in particular each independently of the others represent a halogen atom, in particular chlorine (-Cl), or an alkoxy group, in particular methoxy (-OCH) 3 ) Or ethoxy (-OC) 2 H 5 ) Or alkyl groups, e.g. straight-chain alkyl groups (- (CH) 2 ) x -CH 3 ) (wherein x.gtoreq.0), especially methyl (-CH) 3 ) Or amino (-NH) 2 -NH-) or silazane groups (-NH-Si-) or hydroxyl groups (-OH) or hydrogen (-H), are bound, e.g. covalently, to the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, by means of condensation reactions, in particular by reaction of hydroxyl groups of crown ethers with chlorine atoms of silane compounds, and in particular by reaction of R1, R2 and/or R3 of silane compounds with hydroxyl groups, e.g. silicon hydroxide groups or silanol groups (Si-OH), on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles.
In another embodiment, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether derivative has at least one silane group, in particular in addition to the at least one polymerizable functional group. For example, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative may comprise a crown ether or crown ether-derivative of the general chemical formula:
。
in this case, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk may in particular each independently of one another represent oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N) or an amine, for example a secondary amine (NH) and/or a tertiary amine, for example an alkyl-or aryl-amine (NR).
G may in particular represent at least one polymerizable functional group, for example wherein one of the carbon atoms and/or Q1 and/or Q2 and/or Q3 and/or Qk is substituted by it. In particular, G may comprise at least one polymerizable double bond, such as at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as at least one vinyl and/or 1, 1-vinylidene and/or 1, 2-vinylidene and/or allyl, such as allyloxyalkyl, such as allyloxymethyl, and/or at least one hydroxyl, such as alkylene hydroxyl, such as methylene hydroxyl.
Furthermore, G may for example comprise one or more other groups, for example groups serving as linking groups (i.e. bridging units or bridge segments). For example, G may also include at least one benzo group and/or a cyclohexane group.
G may particularly denote the number of polymerizable functional groups G, and may particularly be 1.ltoreq.g, for example 1.ltoreq.g.ltoreq.5, for example 1.ltoreq.g.ltoreq.2.
k may particularly denote the number of units in brackets, and may particularly be 1.ltoreq.k, for example 1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.3, for example 1.ltoreq.k.ltoreq.2.
Y' may in particular represent a linking group, i.e. a bridged unit. For example, Y' may include at least one alkylene (-C) n H 2n (-), wherein n.gtoreq.0, in particular n.gtoreq.1, and/or at least one alkylene oxide group (-C) n H 2n -O-), wherein n is greater than or equal to 1, and/or at least one carboxylate group (-c=o-O-) and/or at least one phenylene group (-C) 6 H 4 -). For example, Y' may herein represent alkylene-C n H 2n Where 0.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.5, e.g. n=1 or 2 or 3.
s may in particular denote the number of silane groups (-SiR 1R2R 3) bound in particular via the linking group Y', and may in particular be 1.ltoreq.s.ltoreq.5, for example 1.ltoreq.s.ltoreq.2.
R1, R2, R3 in particular can each independently of one another represent a halogen atom, in particular chlorine (-Cl), or an alkoxy group, in particular methoxy (-OCH) 3 ) Or ethoxy (-OC) 2 H 5 ) Or alkyl groups, e.g. straight-chain alkyl groups (- (CH) 2 ) x -CH 3 ) Wherein x.gtoreq.0, especially methyl (-CH) 3 ) Or amino (-NH) 2 -NH-) or silazane groups (-NH-Si-) or hydroxy (-OH) or hydrogen (-H). For example, R1, R2 and R3 may represent chlorine.
In particular, Q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk may represent oxygen. For example, the at least one crown ether and/or the at least one crown ether-derivative may here comprise crown ethers or crown ether-derivatives of the following chemical formula:
。/>
examples of crown ethers or crown ether-derivatives are:
and/or
。
Such crown ethers or crown ether-derivatives can advantageously be bound to the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, via the silane groups and additionally act as adhesion promoters for the silane groups.
If the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises a (di-) aza-crown ether-derivative, e.g. having a vinyl functionality, one or more NH-groups are substituted or arranged with a protecting group, e.g. alkylated, preferably methylated, prior to polymerization. Thus, the one or more NH-groups may be prevented from interfering with the polymerization, such as free radical (co) polymerization and/or anionic (co) polymerization. In addition, substituted or tertiary amine-groups or N-R-linkages may be more stable to alkali metals.
Alternatively or additionally, however, it is also possible, for example, to utilize the reaction of one or more NH-groups of the (di-) aza-crown ether-derivative in the polymerization in a targeted manner, for example, to form nitrogen-substituted (di-) aza-crown ether-derivative-polymers and/or block-copolymers, for example by reaction of at least one (in particular terminal) polymerizable double bond of the at least one (di-) aza-crown ether-derivative, for example vinyl-and/or allyl, with at least one polymerizable double bond of at least one other polymerizable monomer or polymer formed therefrom, for example with styrene. For example, (di-) aza-crown ether derivatives can be used for this purposeOne or more NH-groups being bound via (CH 2 ) n The bridge segments are coupled in particular by reaction with at least one α - ω -alkylene compound and/or use, for example, of poly-n-alkylene-di-aza-crown ethers, for example α - ω -diamines of the formula, for example hexamethylenediamine, for the synthesis of (di-) aza-crown ether-derivative-polymers:
for example
，
For example, where 0.ltoreq.i.ltoreq.4.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise at least one, for example, non-fluorinated or fluorinated, alkylene oxide, for example ethylene oxide.
In another alternative or additional embodiment, the at least one polymerizable monomer comprises either or the at least two, in particular three, polymerizable monomers comprise at least one, for example aliphatic or aromatic, for example unfluorinated or fluorinated, unsaturated hydrocarbon.
For example, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular the at least two, polymerizable monomers may comprise or be at least one olefin, for example ethylene, such as 1, 1-difluoroethylene (1, 1-difluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride) and/or Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and/or propylene, such as hexafluoropropylene, and/or hexene, such as 3,4,5, 6-nonafluorohexene, and/or styrene, such as 2,3,4,5, 6-pentafluorophenyl ethylene (2, 3,4,5, 6-pentafluorophenyl ethylene) and/or 4- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl ethylene (4- (trifluoromethyl) styrene) and/or styrene.
For example, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular the at least two, polymerizable monomers may comprise or be at least one fluorinated olefin, for example at least one fluorinated ethylene, such as 1, 1-difluoroethylene (1, 1-difluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride) and/or Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and/or at least one fluorinated propylene, such as
Hexafluoropropylene:
and/or at least one fluorinated hexene, such as 3,4,5, 6-nonafluorohexene:
obtained, for example, under the trade name Zonyl PFBE fluorotelomer intermediate, and/or at least one fluorinated phenylethene, e.g
2,3,4,5, 6-pentafluorostyrene:
a kind of electronic device
4- (trifluoromethyl) styrene:
a kind of electronic device
At least one fluorinated vinyl ether, e.g
2- (perfluoropropoxy) perfluoropropyl trifluorovinyl ether:
。
by polymerization of fluorinated olefins, such as 1, 1-difluoroethylene, a synthetic SEI-protective layer composed of fluorinated, e.g. polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) based polymers, can be advantageously formed on the particles. Such polymers can advantageously form gels, for example, upon battery-and/or battery assembly, and serve, for example, as gel electrolytes in the presence of: at least one electrolyte solvent, e.g. at least one liquid organic carbonate, such as ethylene carbonateEsters (EC) and/or ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and/or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC), or at least one liquid electrolyte, for example based on at least one conductive salt, for example lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) 6 ) And/or lithium bis (trifluoromethane) sulfonimide (LiTFSI) and/or lithium perchlorate (LiClO) 4 ) A solution (e.g. 1M) in at least one electrolyte solvent, e.g. at least one liquid organic carbonate, such as Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and/or ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) and/or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and/or diethyl carbonate (DEC). Thus, in addition to the synthetic SEI-protective layer for passivating the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, it is also advantageously possible to form a gel electrolyte coating directly on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles. In the first cycle of a battery or battery so equipped, the electrolyte may decompose in the polymer gel matrix of the gel electrolyte coating and mechanically stabilize the SEI-protecting layer. This may advantageously eliminate the need to add SEI-stabilizing additives such as Vinylene Carbonate (VC) or fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), especially to the liquid electrolyte, during battery-and/or battery assembly.
Alternatively or additionally, the at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two, in particular three polymerizable monomers may, for example, additionally comprise or be at least one non-fluorinated olefin, for example at least one non-fluorinated styrene, such as styrene.
By using at least one (e.g. unfluorinated or fluorinated) styrene, such as styrene, in particular by copolymerizing with it, it may be advantageous, in particular additionally, to introduce hard blocks (e.g. based on polystyrene), for example to increase stabilizers against bases and/or solvents and/or to improve mechanical properties, such as strength. In this case, the copolymers can be formed as random copolymers or block copolymers, for example from polystyrene-hard segments and based on other soft segments, for example from crown ether-soft segments. The crown ether-polystyrene-block-copolymer can advantageously be a thermoplastic elastomer and have high stretchability.
In another embodiment, the polymerization or reaction of the at least one polymerizable monomer is carried out in at least one solvent. The molecular weight of the polymer to be formed can advantageously be better controlled by solvent polymerization or solution polymerization. After polymerization or reaction of the at least one polymerizable monomer, the at least one solvent may in particular be removed again.
In another embodiment, a method of making a lithium battery and/or lithium battery pack, and in particular an anode of a lithium ion battery and/or lithium ion battery pack, is provided.
In particular in the so-called grafting from the main chain embodiment, the at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or a polymerization initiating functional group and/or a polymerization controlling functional group may be immobilized on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, in particular before the addition of the at least one monomer or the at least two monomers. For example, the at least one silane compound may be immobilized by forming (in particular covalent) chemical bonds with the surface material of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles. The at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two polymerizable monomers may then be added. The fixing may be performed in the presence or absence of at least one solvent depending on the at least one silane compound.
The at least one polymerizable monomer or the at least two polymerizable monomers can be reacted here in particular with the at least one fixed silane compound by means of free radical polymerization. The radical polymerization can be (in particular simple) radical polymerization, for example only in the presence of at least one radical initiator, such as AIBN and/or BPO, or in particular living radical polymerization, for example ATRP, SFRP, for example NMP, or RAFT. If at least two polymerizable monomers and/or a combination of at least one polymerizable monomer and at least one silane compound having at least one polymerizable functional group is used, copolymerization may be involved, in particular copolymerization of the at least two polymerizable monomers and/or the at least one monomer and at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound.
If the at least one (in particular adhesion promoting) silane compound has a polymerizable functional group, it is also in particular possible to add at least one polymerization initiator, for example a free radical initiator, for example AIBN or BPO (and/or optionally at least one solvent), optionally together with at least one polymerizable monomer or with at least two polymerizable monomers, for example carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic acid-derivatives, such as vinylene carbonate, and/or ethers, such as crown ethers and/or crown ether-derivatives. Thus, the polymerization can be advantageously initiated.
If the at least one silane compound has a polymerization initiating function, in particular for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization (ATRP-initiator), it is also possible in particular to add at least one catalyst, for example at least one transition metal halide, for example copper halide, and optionally at least one ligand, for example a nitrogen ligand (N-type-ligand), such as tris [2- (dimethylamino) ethyl ] amine, optionally together with at least one polymerizable monomer, for example a carboxylic acid and/or a carboxylic acid-derivative, such as vinylene carbonate, and/or an ether, such as crown ether and/or crown ether-derivative. Thus, the polymerization can be advantageously initiated.
If the at least one silane compound has a polymerization-controlling functional group, in particular for Stable Free Radical Polymerization (SFRP), for example for nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator) and/or for Verdazyl-mediated polymerization (VMP-mediator), or for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-reagent), it is also particularly possible, optionally together with at least one polymerizable monomer or with at least two polymerizable monomers, for example carboxylic acid and/or carboxylic acid-derivatives, such as vinylene carbonate, and/or ethers, such as crown ethers and/or crown ether-derivatives, to add at least one polymerization initiator, for example a free radical initiator, for example AIBN or BPO. Thus, the polymerization can be advantageously initiated. For further better control of the polymerization, it is also possible to optionally add at least one polymerization control agent, in particular for stabilizing the free radical polymerization (SFRP), for example for nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP-mediator) and/or for Verdazyl-mediated polymerization (VMP-mediator), and/or for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization (RAFT-reagent), for example at least one nitroxide-based mediator, for example a sacrificial initiator in the form of an alkoxyamine, or at least one thio compound.
In another embodiment, in particular wherein the at least one polymerizable monomer is homogeneously polymerized with the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, but separately from the other electrode components (method 1), the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, which are arranged, in particular coated, with a polymer formed by the polymerization or reaction are mixed with at least one other electrode component and processed into an anode, for example by knife coating. Thus, a synthetic SEI layer can be advantageously and purposefully formed on the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and for example the amount of at least one polymerizable monomer required for coating the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, is minimized.
In one embodiment of this embodiment, the method comprises the following method steps:
a) Mixing anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, with at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular mixing anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, with at least one polymerizable monomer,
b) Initiating polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer by means of, for example by adding, at least one polymerization initiator, in particular the at least one polymerization initiator,
c) Mixing an arrangement of anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and at least one other electrode component, in particular coated with a polymer formed by said polymerization, and
d) The mixture is processed (e.g., by knife coating) into an anode.
The mixing in process step a) and the polymerization in process step b) may optionally be carried out in at least one solvent. The at least one solvent may then be removed after the polymerization or after process step b), for example before process step c) or during or after process step d).
In another embodiment, in particular wherein the at least one polymerizable monomer is homogeneously polymerized with the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and the other electrode components (method 2), the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, are mixed with at least one other electrode component and with the at least one polymerizable monomer. In this way, the polymerization can be carried out in situ, in particular directly during mixing (e.g. slurry), for forming the anode. In this case, the anode active material particles, particularly silicon particles, the at least one other electrode component and the at least one polymerizable monomer may be mixed with each other at the same time. However, it is optionally also possible to first mix the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and the at least one electrode component with each other and then add the at least one polymerizable monomer to the mixture.
In one embodiment of this embodiment, after mixing, the polymerization is initiated by means of (e.g., by adding) the at least one polymerization initiator. In particular, the polymerization can be initiated here by means of (for example by adding) the at least one polymerization initiator and the at least one catalyst and/or the at least one polymerization control agent, for example the at least one nitroxide-based mediator and/or the at least one thio compound. After polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer, the mixture may then be processed into an anode, for example by knife coating. Thus, the number of processing steps can advantageously be reduced and the method simplified in this way. Furthermore, the polymers formed from at least one polymerizable monomer can also be used here as binders for anodes to be produced. Optionally, no additional binder may be added as a further electrode component.
For example, the method may comprise the following method steps:
a') mixing anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, with at least one further electrode component and at least one polymerizable monomer, in particular mixing said anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, with at least one further electrode component and said at least one polymerizable monomer,
b') initiating the polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer by means of (e.g. by addition of) at least one polymerization initiator, in particular the at least one polymerization initiator, for example by means of (e.g. by addition of) the at least one polymerization initiator and the at least one catalyst and/or the at least one polymerization control agent, for example the at least one nitroxide-based mediator and/or the at least one thio compound, and
c') processing the mixture (e.g. by knife coating) into an anode.
Optionally, the at least one polymerizable monomer may be added to the mixture of anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and at least one other electrode component in process step a').
The mixing in process step a ') and the polymerization in process step b') may in particular be carried out in at least one solvent. The at least one solvent may then be removed after the polymerization or after process step b '), for example before or during or after process step c').
In another embodiment, the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, are mixed with at least one other electrode component and with the at least one polymerizable monomer and the at least one polymerization initiator, and the mixture is processed into an anode, for example by knife coating. The mixing and processing is preferably carried out here under the following conditions: for example at particularly low temperatures and/or in the absence of light, wherein the at least one polymerization initiator (particularly at least substantially) does not initiate the polymerization reaction. After processing the mixture into an anode, polymerization is then initiated, in particular by irradiating the mixture, for example with ultraviolet light, for example with a UV lamp, and/or by warming or heating the mixture.
Thus, the number of processing steps can advantageously be further reduced and the method further simplified. In addition, the polymers formed from at least one polymerizable monomer can also be used here as binders for anodes to be produced. Optionally, it is thus also possible here to dispense with the addition of further binders as further electrode components. Furthermore, the polymer can be formed in a form that has already been processed, and curing is advantageously effected in a form that has already been processed.
For example, the method may comprise the following method steps:
a ") mixing anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, at least one further electrode component, at least one polymerizable monomer and at least one polymerization initiator, in particular mixing the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, at least one further electrode component, the at least one polymerizable monomer and the at least one polymerization initiator and for example the at least one catalyst and/or the at least one polymerization control agent, for example the at least one nitroxide-based mediator and/or the at least one thio compound;
b ") processing the mixture (e.g. by knife coating) into an anode; and
c ") initiating the polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer by irradiating the mixture, in particular with ultraviolet light, and/or by warming or heating the mixture.
For example, in method step a ''), the at least one polymerizable monomer may (for example first) be added and the at least one polymerization initiator (for example then) be added to the mixture of anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, and the at least one further electrode component.
The mixing in process step a "), the processing in process step b") and the polymerization in process step c ") can in particular be carried out in at least one solvent. After the polymerization or after process step c "), the at least one solvent may then be removed again.
In the above embodiments, the at least one other electrode component may comprise at least one carbon component, such as graphite and/or conductive carbon black, and/or at least one (optionally further, e.g. compatible) binder, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and/or carboxymethyl cellulose-salt, such as lithium-carboxymethyl cellulose (LiCMC) and/or sodium-carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and/or potassium-carboxymethyl cellulose (KCMC), and/or polyacrylic acid (PAA) and/or polyacrylic acid-salt, such as lithium-polyacrylic acid (LiPAA) and/or sodium-polyacrylic acid (NaPAA) and/or potassium-polyacrylic acid (KPAA), and/or polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) and/or styrene-butadiene-rubber (SBR), and/or at least one solvent.
In particular, the at least one (optionally further) binder may have carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) and/or hydroxyl groups (-OH). For example, the at least one (optionally further) binder may comprise or be polyacrylic acid (PAA) and/or carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and/or polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL).
In particular, the at least one polymerizable monomer and/or the polymer formed from the at least one polymerizable monomer may have carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) and/or hydroxyl groups (-OH). For example, the at least one polymerizable monomer may comprise either acrylic acid and/or vinyl acetate, and/or the polymer formed from the at least one polymerizable monomer may comprise either a polyacrylic acid (PAA) based polymer obtained by acrylic acid polymerization and/or a polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) obtained by vinyl acetate polymerization and then saponification.
If both the at least one (optionally further) binder and the at least one polymerizable monomer and/or the polymer formed from the at least one monomer comprise carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) and/or hydroxyl groups (-OH), it may be advantageous to arrange, for example, anode active material particles coated with the polymer, in particular silicon particles, to be covalently bound to the at least one binder by a polycondensation reaction. The anhydride-compound can be obtained here by a condensation reaction between two carboxylic acid groups. The ester compounds can be obtained here by condensation reactions between carboxylic acid groups and hydroxyl groups. The ether compounds can be obtained here by condensation reactions between two hydroxyl groups.
For example, silicon particles (Si-PAA) provided with a polyacrylic acid-based polymer may be covalently bonded with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and/or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and/or polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL) as a binder through a condensation reaction according to the following formula:
si-paa+paa: -cooh+ -cooh→anhydride-compound
Si-paa+cmc: -cooh+ -cooh→anhydride-compound
Si-paa+pval: -cooh+ -oh→ester-compound.
Optionally (in particular in the embodiments described above, in which the polymer formed from the polymerisable monomers may also be used as binder), at least one (in particular further) binder may not be added as a further electrode component or the at least one further electrode component may optionally also be constructed to be binder-free.
However, it is also possible to use at least one (e.g. further, in particular different from the polymer formed from the polymerizable monomer) binder as the other electrode component (e.g. in order to improve the mechanical stability and/or conductivity of the anode to be formed).
Optionally, the at least one solvent used in the polymerization may also be used as an electrode component, for example, for forming an electrode slurry. Thus, it is optionally possible to dispense with the addition of further solvents as further electrode components.
However, in particular (for example if the at least one solvent is removed after the polymerization), at least one solvent (in particular different from the solvent of the polymerization) may be used as the other electrode component.
With regard to other technical features and advantages of the method of the present invention, reference is explicitly made herein to the description relating to the anode active material of the present invention, the anode of the present invention and the cell and/or battery of the present invention and to the accompanying drawings and description.
Other subjects of the invention are lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries, in particular lithium ion batteries and/or anode active materials and/or anodes of lithium ion batteries, which are prepared by the process of the invention.
The anode active material according to the present invention or prepared according to the present invention, for example, the polymer formed of at least one polymerizable monomer, such as polyethylene carbonate, and/or the anode according to the present invention or prepared according to the present invention may be detected as follows: for example by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and/or infrared spectroscopy (IR) and/or Raman spectroscopy (Raman). In addition, the anode active material of the present invention or prepared according to the present invention and/or the anode of the present invention or prepared according to the present invention may be detected as follows: for example by surface analysis methods, such as Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and/or X-ray photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS, english: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and/or Time of flight-secondary ion-mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS, english: time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) and/or energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX, english: energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) and/or wavelength dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (WDX), such as EDX/WDX, and/or by structural analysis methods, such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and/or by cross-sectional analysis, such as scanning electron microscopy (REM) (SEM; english: scanning Electron Microscope) and/or energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX, english: energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscope), such as REM-EDX, and/or Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and/or electron energy loss Spectroscopy (EELS; english: electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy), such as TEM-EELS. Thus, it is possible to detect mainly transition metal and/or nitrogen oxide based mediators, such as TEMPO, and/or RAFT-chemicals, for example contained in ATRP-catalysts.
With respect to other technical features and advantages of the anode active material of the present invention and the anode of the present invention, reference is explicitly made herein to the description relating to the method of the present invention and the battery and/or battery pack of the present invention and to the accompanying drawings and description.
The invention also relates to lithium batteries and/or lithium batteries, in particular lithium ion batteries and/or lithium ion batteries, which are produced by the method according to the invention and/or comprise the anode active material according to the invention and/or the anode according to the invention.
With respect to other technical features and advantages of the battery and/or the battery pack of the present invention, reference is explicitly made herein to the description relating to the method of the present invention, the anode active material of the present invention and the anode of the present invention and to the accompanying drawings and description.
Drawings
Other advantages and advantageous embodiments of the subject matter of the invention are illustrated by the accompanying drawings and explained in the following description. It should be noted that the drawings have only descriptive features and are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
FIG. 1a shows a flow chart for demonstrating one embodiment of a preparation method according to the present invention;
FIG. 1b shows a reaction scheme for illustrating an embodiment of the preparation method according to the invention shown in FIG. 1 a; and
Fig. 1c schematically shows a cross section of an anode, which anode is prepared according to the embodiment of the method according to the invention shown in fig. 1 a.
Fig. 1a shows that in one embodiment of the method according to the invention, for example in method step a), at least one silane compound 2 having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or polymerization initiating functional group and/or polymerization controlling functional group is immobilized on the surface of anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles 1. The at least one silane compound 2 x may for example relate to an ATRP-initiator of vinylsilane or silane groups or an NMP-mediator of silane groups or RAFT-reagent of silane groups.
At least one polymerizable monomer 2, such as vinylene carbonate, is then added to the reaction product 12, for example in process step B). In this case, starting from the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles, in particular from at least one functional group of at least one silane compound 2, a (co) polymer 12 x 2 is formed by polymerization of the at least one polymerizable monomer 2, and in this way anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles 1, are coated.
The polymerization can in particular be a radical polymerization. For example, vinylsilanes and/or Vinylenes (VC) may be polymerized by means of an ATRP-initiator of a silane group and/or by adding a polymerization initiator, for example a radical initiator, for example Azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and/or Benzoyl Peroxide (BPO), by means of free radical polymerization, wherein in the specific case of living free radical polymerization, for example ATRP, an ATRP-initiator of a silane group and/or an alkyl halide (RX) may be used in combination with a catalyst formed by a transition metal halide (MX) and a ligand (L), or, for example, NMP, an NMP-mediator of a silane group and/or a mediator of a nitroxide group (TEMPO) may be used in combination with a radical initiator, for example AIBN, or, for example, RAFT-reagents of a silane group and/or Thio compounds (Thio) may be used in combination with a radical initiator, for example AIBN:
。
The coated anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles 12 x 2, may then be mixed with one or more other electrode components, such as graphite and/or conductive carbon black 4 and binder 5 and/or solvent, for example in method step C), and the mixture 12 x 2,4,5 is processed (e.g. scraped) into an anode 100″ for example in method step D). In this case, the binder 5 used as the other electrode component may optionally be different from the polymer 2 x 2 formed from the polymerizable monomer 2.
Fig. 1b shows that at least one silane compound 2, for example 4- (chloromethyl) phenyltrichlorosilane, can form (in particular covalent) bonds with anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles 1, for example, by means of condensation reactions with hydroxyl groups, for example silicon hydroxide groups or silanol groups (si—oh), on the surface of the anode active material particles, in particular silicon particles 1, and can initiate the polymerization of at least one polymerizable monomer 2 starting from the surface of the silicon particles 1.
Fig. 1c shows that a correspondingly prepared anode 100″ may comprise anode active material particles coated with polymer 2 x 2, in particular silicon particles 1 and graphite and/or conductive carbon black particles 4, which are embedded in a further binder 5.
Claims (26)
1. A method for producing an anode active material or anode (100') for a lithium battery or lithium battery pack, wherein,
-immobilizing at least one silane compound (2) having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or polymerization initiating functional group and/or polymerization controlling functional group on the surface of the anode active material particles (1), and
adding at least one polymerizable monomer (2) and polymerizing,
wherein the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) comprises:
-at least one kind of ether(s),
wherein the at least one ether is: at least one crown ether, at least one crown ether derivative, at least one crown ether and at least one vinyl ether, at least one crown ether derivative and at least one vinyl ether, or at least one crown ether and at least one crown ether derivative and at least one vinyl ether.
2. The process according to claim 1, wherein at least two polymerizable monomers (2) are used.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound (2 x) and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) comprises at least one polymerizable double bond and/or at least one hydroxyl group.
4. The method according to claim 1 or 2,
wherein at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound (2) and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) is polymerizable by free radical polymerization, and/or
Wherein at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound (2) is provided for initiating free radical polymerization, and/or
Wherein at least one polymerization control functional group of the at least one silane compound (2) is provided for controlling living radical polymerization.
5. The method according to claim 1 or 2,
wherein the at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound (2) and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) is polymerizable by atom transfer living radical polymerization, or by stable radical polymerization, or by reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization, and/or
Wherein at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound (2) is provided for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization, and/or
Wherein at least one polymerization control functionality of the at least one silane compound (2) is arranged for controlling stable free radical polymerization and/or for controlling reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization.
6. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one polymerizable functional group of the at least one silane compound (2 x) and/or the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) comprises at least one polymerizable double bond.
7. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound (2 x) comprises an alkyl group substituted by at least one halogen atom.
8. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound (2 x) is used in combination with at least one catalyst, wherein the at least one catalyst comprises or is formed from a transition metal halide and at least one ligand.
9. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one polymerization control functional group of the at least one silane compound (2 x) is used for nitroxide mediated polymerization comprising nitroxide groups and/or alkoxyamine groups and/or for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization comprising thio groups.
10. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one polymerization control functionality of the at least one silane compound (2 x) is used in combination with at least one polymerization initiator and/or with at least one polymerization initiating functionality of at least one silane compound (2 x).
11. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the polymerization of at least one polymerizable monomer (2) is initiated by means of at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound (2 x) and/or by means of at least one polymerization initiator.
12. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one polymerization initiating functional group of the at least one silane compound (2 x) and/or the at least one polymerization initiator is a radical initiator.
13. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one silane compound comprises at least one silane compound of the following chemical formula:
wherein,
r1, R2, R3 each independently of one another represent a halogen atom or an alkoxy or alkyl or amino or silazane group or a hydroxyl or hydrogen,
y represents a linking group, wherein Y comprises at least one alkylene group and/or at least one oxyalkylene group and/or at least one carboxylate group and/or at least one phenylene group, and
a represents a polymerizable functional group and/or a polymerization initiating functional group and/or a polymerization controlling functional group.
14. The method according to claim 13,
wherein A represents a polymerizable functional group having at least one polymerizable double bond, or
Wherein A represents a polymerization initiating functional group for initiating atom transfer living radical polymerization, or
Wherein a represents a polymerization control functional group for nitroxide-mediated polymerization or a polymerization control functional group for reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer-polymerization.
15. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the anode active material particles (1) comprise silicon particles and/or graphite particles and/or tin particles.
16. A method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the anode active material particles (1) are silicon particles and/or graphite particles and/or tin particles.
17. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) further comprises at least one non-fluorinated alkylene oxide group and/or at least one fluorinated alkoxy group and/or at least one fluorinated alkyl group and/or at least one fluorinated phenyl group.
18. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) comprises at least one crown ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, at least one crown ether derivative having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, at least one crown ether and trifluorovinyl ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, at least one crown ether derivative and trifluorovinyl ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, or at least one crown ether and at least one crown ether derivative and trifluorovinyl ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group.
19. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one polymerizable monomer (2) is at least one crown ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, at least one crown ether derivative having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, at least one crown ether and trifluorovinyl ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, at least one crown ether derivative and trifluorovinyl ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group, or at least one crown ether and at least one crown ether derivative and trifluorovinyl ether having at least one polymerizable functional group and/or having at least one hydroxyl group.
20. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether derivative comprises a crown ether or crown ether derivative of the general chemical formula:
wherein Q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk each independently of the others represent oxygen or nitrogen or an amine,
wherein G represents at least one polymerizable functional group, wherein G comprises at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group and/or at least one hydroxyl group,
Wherein G represents the number of polymerizable functional groups G, and
where k represents the number of units in brackets.
21. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether derivative comprises a crown ether or crown ether derivative of the general chemical formula:
wherein G 'represents at least one vinyl group and/or at least one 1, 1-vinylidene group and/or at least one 1, 2-vinylidene group and/or at least one allyl group and/or at least one hydroxyl group, and wherein 1.ltoreq.g'.
22. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one silane compound comprises at least one crown ether silane compound of the following chemical formula, and/or the at least one crown ether and/or at least one crown ether derivative comprises a crown ether or crown ether derivative of the following chemical formula:
wherein the method comprises the steps of
R1, R2, R3 each independently of one another represent a halogen atom or an alkoxy or alkyl or amino or silazane group or a hydroxyl or hydrogen,
q1, Q2, Q3 and Qk each independently of the others represent oxygen or nitrogen or an amine,
k represents the number of units in brackets,
g represents at least one polymerizable functional group, wherein G comprises at least one carbon-carbon double bond and/or at least one hydroxyl group,
G represents the number of polymerizable functional groups G,
y' represents a linking group-C n H 2n -, where n=1 or 2 or 3, and
s represents the number of silane groups.
23. A method for preparing a lithium battery or lithium battery pack, wherein an anode active material or anode (100 ") is prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 22.
24. An anode active material or anode (100 ") of a lithium battery or lithium battery pack, prepared by the method according to any one of claims 1 to 22.
25. A lithium battery or lithium battery pack prepared by the method of claim 23.
26. A lithium battery or lithium battery pack comprising an anode active material or anode (100 ") according to claim 24.
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