CN108141146B - 电力转换器 - Google Patents

电力转换器 Download PDF

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CN108141146B
CN108141146B CN201680058114.9A CN201680058114A CN108141146B CN 108141146 B CN108141146 B CN 108141146B CN 201680058114 A CN201680058114 A CN 201680058114A CN 108141146 B CN108141146 B CN 108141146B
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voltage
unit
circuit
protection operation
signal
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CN108141146A (zh
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村山裕纪
筱原尚人
山岸大介
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Toshiba Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/1213—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for DC-DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/122—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for inverters, i.e. dc/ac converters
    • H02H7/1222—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for inverters, i.e. dc/ac converters responsive to abnormalities in the input circuit, e.g. transients in the DC input
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0016—Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters
    • H02M1/0022—Control circuits providing compensation of output voltage deviations using feedforward of disturbance parameters the disturbance parameters being input voltage fluctuations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/338—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H02M3/3385—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H02M3/3387—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement with automatic control of output voltage or current in a push-pull configuration
    • H02M3/3388—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement with automatic control of output voltage or current in a push-pull configuration of the parallel type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/54—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by dynamic converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/28—Modifications for introducing a time delay before switching
    • H03K17/284—Modifications for introducing a time delay before switching in field effect transistor switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
    • H02H1/0007—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the detecting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
    • H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Protection Of Static Devices (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种电力转换器。实施方式的电力转换器具备：保护电路，连接于直流电源与负载之间；开关单元，根据所输入的控制信号对上述负载进行通电；电压检测部，对上述直流电源的电压进行检测；保护动作部，对上述电压的急剧上升进行检测，以使上述开关单元的开关动作停止的方式进行保护动作，上述保护动作部具有：加法电路，将由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与规定的电压相加；以及延迟时间生成部，与该加法电路的输出连接，当由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与上述延迟时间生成部的输出电压之差成为一定值时，进行上述保护动作。

Description

电力转换器
技术领域
本发明的实施方式涉及一种电力转换器。
背景技术
例如，驱动3相无刷马达的逆变器、转换直流电压的转换器为，将开关单元与直流电源连接，通过使开关元件进行通断动作来进行电力转换。作为直流电源，例如能够提供锂离子电池等蓄电池、对商用交流电源进行整流且使其平滑化而转换成稳定的电压的直流电源等。
这样的直流电源根据蓄电池的充放电状态、商用交流电源的变动等而产生基准电压的20％程度的电压变动。因此，为了保护电路元件不受过电压影响，而在开关单元中安装过电压保护电路。关于过电压保护电路，例如广泛使用如下那样的构成：使用比较器对直流电源的电压值与用于判定过电压的阈值进行比较，当电压值超过阈值时进行规定的保护动作。
在检测直流电压的电路上连接设定了比开关单元的动作频率低的截止频率的低通滤波器等情况较多。这是为了在正常动作中不产生急剧的电压变动，以噪声对策为目的而连接有时间常数较大的滤波器。此外，考虑到安全性、可靠性而将主电路与控制电路绝缘，因此，还连接有如隔离放大器那样不适于高速动作的元件。因此，在一般情况下，直流电压检测电路的响应性较差，相对于由外部原因引起的高通过速率的电压变动，有时过电压保护动作延迟几10μ～几100μs程度。因此，例如日本专利公开公报的专利文献1那样，提出了如下构成：考虑到检测电路的响应性，在过电压保护电路的保护阈值之前进行动作，由此限制开关单元的动作。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：日本特开2010-136506号公报
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
但是，在上述公报的构成中，在与开关单元的输出侧连接的电抗器的电感非常大的情况下，在保护动作时在直流电源侧再生出较大的电力而瞬间产生电压上升，有可能在过电压保护动作成为有效之前就被施加超过元件额定电压的电压。尤其地，当作为开关单元的负载而连接有发电机等时，由于磁能而产生过大的再生电力，仅通过限制开关单元的动作无法将直流电压限制在元件额定电压内，需要增大平滑电容器的容量等对策。
因此，提供一种电力转换器，具有即便从输出侧再生出过大的电力也能够将直流电压值抑制在元件额定电压内的高速的过电压保护功能。
用于解决课题的手段
实施方式的电力转换器具备：
保护电路，连接于直流电源与负载之间；
开关单元，根据所输入的控制信号对上述负载进行通电；
电压检测部，对上述直流电源的电压进行检测；以及
保护动作部，对上述电压的急剧的上升进行检测，以使上述开关单元的开关动作停止的方式进行保护动作，
上述保护动作部具有：
加法电路，将由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与规定的电压相加；以及
延迟时间生成部，与该加法电路的输出连接，
当由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与上述延迟时间生成部的输出电压之差成为一定值时，进行上述保护动作。
附图说明
图1是表示第1实施方式的开关单元及其保护电路的图。
图2是表示保护电路的具体构成的图。
图3是在第1实施方式中保护电路动作的情况下的时间图。
图4是在第1实施方式中保护电路不动作的情况下的时间图。
图5是表示第2实施方式的开关单元及其保护电路的图。
图6是表示第3实施方式的开关单元及其保护电路的图。
图7是第3实施方式中的动作时间图。
图8是表示第4实施方式的开关单元及其保护电路的图。
图9是表示两个保护电路部分别能够响应的电压上升速度的图。
图10是表示第5实施方式的开关单元及其保护电路的图。
图11是表示第5实施方式的过电压检测电路的构成例的图。
图12是在第5实施方式中保护电路动作的情况下的时间图。
图13是在第5实施方式中保护电路不动作的情况下的时间图。
图14是表示其他实施方式中的信号的比较方法的图。
具体实施方式
(第1实施方式)
以下，参照图1至图4对第1实施方式进行说明。图1表示开关单元及其保护电路。直流电源1的两端经由继电器开关2连接有电源线3以及4。此外，在电源线3、4之间连接有平滑电容器C1以及电压检测电路5。电压检测电路5相当于电压检测部。
电压检测电路5未具体图示，但具有分压电路、差动电路等，对电源线3、4间的直流电压进行检测，并将检测信号Vdet输出至阈值信号生成电路6以及比较器CP1的反相输入端子。阈值信号生成电路6基于所输入的检测信号Vdet生成阈值信号Vth1，并输出至比较器CP1的非反相输入端子。
比较器CP1对检测信号Vdet与阈值信号Vth进行比较，将低频度工作的过电压判定信号Vcmp(触发信号)输出至保持电路7。保持电路7输出保持了信号Vcmp的变化状态的中断信号V0v1。中断信号V0v1被直接输入至逻辑电路LC1，并且经由空载时间生成电路8而作为反相中断信号V0v2输入至逻辑电路LC2。
由控制IC9向逻辑电路LC1以及LC2输入驱动控制信号。逻辑电路LC1以及LC2相当于逻辑运算部。逻辑电路LC1、LC2将对上述驱动控制信号与中断信号V0v1、V0v2分别进行逻辑合成而得到的信号，经由栅极驱动器9、10输出至半导体开关元件SW1、SW2的栅极。这些开关元件SW1以及SW2例如是IGBT，它们串联连接在电源线3、4之间而构成开关单元12。并且，在开关元件SW2上并列连接有负载13。
如图2所示，在阈值信号生成电路6中，加法电压生成电路14生成的加法信号Vadd经由电阻元件R1赋予到运算放大器OP1的非反相输入端子。此外，检测信号Vdet经由电阻元件R2赋予到上述非反相输入端子。在运算放大器OP1的输出端子与接地之间连接有电阻元件R4以及R3的串联电路。电阻元件R4以及R3的共通连接点与运算放大器OP1的反相输入端子连接。即，这些构成加法电路15，加法电路15将检测信号Vdet与加法信号Vadd相加并输出。
在加法电路15的输出端子连接有由电阻元件R5以及电容器C2构成的延迟时间生成部16。通过延迟时间生成部16对输入信号(Vdet+Vadd)赋予基于时间常数τ的延迟时间。并且，由延迟时间生成部16输出的信号成为阈值信号Vth1。延迟时间生成部16相当于积分电路。以上，电压检测电路5、阈值信号生成电路6、比较器CP1、保持电路7、逻辑电路LC1以及LC2构成保护电路17。保护电路17相当于保护动作部。
接着，参照图3以及图4对本实施方式的作用进行说明。如图3所示，阈值信号Vth1与检测信号Vdet相比电压高出加法信号Vadd的量，且根据时间常数τ而电压的变化延迟。当在电源线3、4间产生过电压时，在检测信号Vdet与阈值信号Vth1的电压上升程度上产生差，因此，暂时成为(Vdet≥Vth1)(参照(a)～(c))。于是，比较器CP1输出过电压判定信号Vcmp，并由保持电路7保持为中断信号V0v1(参照(d))。
此处，信号保持电路7优选是锁存电路等、例如能够根据控制IC9等输入的外部信号来对信号V0v1的保持状态进行复位的电路。通过如此地构成，例如在电动汽车的急速充电时等，能够通过复位信号使保护电路17的动作无效化。此外，例如也可以构成为，从过电压判定信号Vcmp成为有效的时刻起启动计时器，当经过一定时间时将保持状态复位。
当输出中断信号V0v1时，在经过由空载时间生成电路8赋予的延迟时间之后，输出信号V0v1的反相信号V0v2(参照(e))。延迟时间用于赋予开关元件SW1以及SW2的双方都成为断开状态的空载时间，例如为几μS程度。
各信号V0v1以及V0v2在逻辑电路LC1以及LC2中对开关元件SW1以及SW2的驱动控制信号进行中断，并将这些开关元件的接通/断开固定为规定的状态，由此保护电路不受过电压影响。例如，在由于再生中的负载突降导致的过电压的情况下，使高压侧的开关元件SW1断开，之后使低压侧的开关元件SW2接通(参照(f)、(g))，由此通过负载13与开关单元12形成短路回路来消耗电力，从而进行保护。
即，本实施方式的保护电路17基于检测信号Vdet与阈值信号Vth1的电压变化率之差来高速地检测过电压。保护电路17的响应特性能够根据阈值信号Vth1的生成所使用的加法信号Vadd以及时间常数τ来任意地变更。进而，能够与所应用的设备相匹配，容易地将加法信号Vadd变更为分压电阻、微型计算机输出，将时间常数τ变更为RC时间常数等。
此外，假设在电源线3、4间的电压不伴随超过元件耐压的程度的急剧上升的情况下，如图4所示，检测信号Vdet与阈值信号Vth1的大小关系被维持不变，因此保护电路17不动作。
如以上那样，根据本实施方式，对于连接在直流电源1与负载13之间、根据所输入的控制信号对负载13进行通电的开关单元12，保护电路17对由电压检测电路5检测到的直流电源1的电压的急剧上升进行检测，并进行保护动作以使开关单元12的开关动作停止。保护电路17具有将检测信号Vdet与加法信号Vadd相加的加法电路15、以及与加法电路15的输出连接的延迟时间生成部16，当检测信号Vdet与积分电路的输出电压且是被赋予了时间常数τ的阈值信号Vth1之差成为一定值时，进行保护动作。
通过如此构成，无需使用计时器等计测时间便能够检测急剧的过电压，与以往的保护电路相比能够进一步减小电路规模、成本。并且，保护电路17通过比较器CP1对检测信号Vdet与阈值信号Vth1进行比较，因此能够迅速地检测出达到过电压的兆头。
此外，开关单元12由与直流电源1并联连接的两个开关元件SW1以及SW2构成，保护电路17作为保护动作而通过开关单元使负载13短路。因而，在负载13例如为马达的定子绕组的情况下，能够使短路制动起作用而使马达的旋转停止。
进而，保护电路17具备逻辑电路LC1以及LC2，该逻辑电路LC1以及LC2对来自控制IC9的驱动控制信号以及基于为了进行保护动作而生成的过电压判定信号Vcmp的中断信号V0v1以及V0v2进行逻辑运算，由此生成开关单元12的驱动信号，这些逻辑电路LC1以及LC2优先于驱动控制信号而进行保护动作。因而，当检测到达到过电压的兆头时，能够使开关单元12的开关动作迅速地停止。
(第2实施方式)
以下，对于与第1实施方式相同的部分标注相同的符号而省略说明，对不同的部分进行说明。如图5所示，第2实施方式的保护电路21删除了空载时间生成电路8、逻辑电路LC1以及LC2，由保持电路7输出的中断信号V0v1被输入至代替控制IC9的控制IC22。即，在第2实施方式中，控制IC22替换为置换后的电路而进行图3所示的动作。
当输入中断信号V0v1时，如图3所示，控制IC22在将栅极信号VH固定为低电平之后，在经过空载时间后将栅极信号VL固定为高电平，而进行保护动作。在第2实施方式中，通过控制IC22的软件对空载时间的生成以及向驱动控制信号的中断进行控制，因此虽然响应速度变慢但能够减小电路规模。
(第3实施方式)
接着，参照图6以及图7对第3实施方式进行说明。第3实施方式的保护电路31为，代替阈值信号生成电路6而具备例如由微分电路构成的电压变化率检测电路32。电压变化率检测电路32输出的电压变化率信号Vdiff被赋予到比较器CP1的非反相输入端子，阈值信号Vth2被赋予到其反相输入端子。
接着，参照图7对第3实施方式的作用进行说明。当直流电源1的电压急速上升时，电压变化率检测电路32捕获到该电压变化而使电压变化率信号Vdiff的电平上升(参照(a)、(c))。然后，当电压变化率信号Vdiff超过阈值信号Vth2(参照(b))时，比较器CP1输出过电压判定信号Vcmp，并由保持电路7保持为中断信号V0v3(参照(d))。当输出中断信号V0v3时，在经过了由空载时间生成电路8赋予的延迟时间之后，输出其反相信号V0v4(参照(e))。以后的动作与第1实施方式相同。
在第3实施方式中，通过微分电路直接检测电压变化率，因此能够在产生过电压的同时进行保护。但是，在噪声的影响较大的设备中，有可能由于浪涌噪声等而电压变化的微分值变大而保护电路31进行动作。因此，尤其是在噪声的影响较大的情况下，可以考虑应用第1实施方式的保护电路17。
(第4实施方式)
接着，参照图8以及图9对第4实施方式进行说明。如图8所示，第4实施方式的保护电路41同时具备第1实施方式的阈值信号生成电路6以及第3实施方式的电压变化率检测电路32，且在电压变化率检测电路32侧配置有比较器CP2。并且，比较器CP1、CP2的输出信号Vcmp1、Vcmp2分别被输入至逻辑电路LC3。
接着，参照图9对第4实施方式的作用进行说明。将阈值信号生成电路6侧设为保护电路部41(1)，将电压变化率检测电路32侧设为保护电路部41(2)。图9表示保护电路部41(1)、41(2)分别能够响应的电压上升速度的范围。当产生过电压时，如在第1实施方式中说明了的那样，保护电路部41(1)对阈值信号Vth1与检测信号Vdet进行比较而输出过电压检测信号Vcmp1。如在第3实施方式中说明了的那样，保护电路部41(2)对阈值电压Vth2与电压变化率信号Vdiff进行比较而输出过电压检测信号Vcmp2。
例如，如果通过或门来构成逻辑电路LC3，则如图9所示，能够如下那样根据电压上升率来区分使用进行响应的电路部：在电压上升率较大的情况下，基于在响应速度方面处于优势的保护电路部41(2)进行保护动作，在电压上升率较小的情况下，通过对于噪声具有耐性的保护电路部41(1)进行保护动作。
根据第3实施方式的保护电路31，与第1实施方式相比，能够更高速地进行保护动作。但是，在如电力电子设备等那样由于处理大功率而噪声电平较高的设备中，有可能由于开关时的浪涌电压而导致保护电路31误动作。因此，通过采用第4实施方式的构成，即使在噪声电平较高的环境下也能够确保可靠性。此外，在第4实施方式的构成中，能够提高微分电路的阈值Vth2而使保护电路部41(2)的噪声耐性提高，还能够使检测精度提高。
(第5实施方式)
接着，参照图10至图13对第5实施方式进行说明。如图10所示，第5实施方式的保护电路51具备第1实施方式的加法电路15，电压检测电路5以及加法电路15的输出信号被输入至信号延迟比较部52。如图11所示，信号延迟比较部52由A/D转换器AD1以及AD2、使A/D转换器AD1的输出信号延迟一定时间的延迟时间生成部53、以及对延迟时间生成部53与A/D转换器AD2的输出信号进行比较并根据进行比较的信号的电压上升率来生成输出信号的信号比较部54构成。
接着，对过电压的检测方法进行说明。从电压检测电路5输出的检测信号Vdet与第1实施方式相同被输入至加法电路15，生成将检测信号Vdet与一定的电压Vadd相加而得到的电压Vplus。A/D转换器AD1将电压Vplus作为输入信号而生成离散化了的电压信号VAD1。同样，A/D转换器AD2将检测信号Vdet作为输入信号而生成电压信号VAD2。此外，延迟时间生成部53将电压信号VAD1作为输入信号而生成使其延迟了一定时间、例如几μs的阈值信号Vth3。阈值信号Vth3与电压信号VAD2被输入至信号比较部54，在电压信号VAD2超过阈值信号Vth3的情况下输出过电压检测信号V0v7。
通过采用这样的构成，无需使用模拟电路便能够生成阈值信号，能够不考虑元件常数的偏差、温度特性地附加一定的延迟时间，能够设定稳定的保护阈值。
(其他实施方式)
作为保护动作，也可以将开关元件SW1以及SW2均设为断开。
在第4实施方式中也可以构成为，同时使用基于保护电路部41(1)以及41(2)的过电压检测结果而输出过电压判定信号。在该情况下，能够在保持过电压检测的高速性的情况下进行准确的检测。
在第5实施方式中，即便不使用延迟时间生成部19，而如图14所示那样对取得定时不同的VAD1、VAD2的信号进行比较，也能够获得与对阈值信号附加延迟时间的情况相同的效果。
第5实施方式的A/D转换器输出信号VAD1、VAD2也可以使用平均值。在该情况下，难以受到由电压波动、电磁噪声引起的检测信号Vdet的瞬间变化的影响。
开关单元并不限定于将两个半导体开关元件串联连接的构成，只要具备至少一个开关元件即可。
对本发明的几个实施方式进行了说明，这些实施方式作为例子而输出，并不意味着对发明的范围进行限定。这些新的实施方式能够以其他的各种方式加以实施，在不脱离发明的主旨的范围内能够进行各种省略、置换、变更。这些实施方式及其变形包含于发明的范围及主旨中，并且包含于专利请求范围所记载的发明和与其等同的范围中。
工业上的可利用性
如以上那样，实施方式的电力转换器能够应用于在检测到直流电源电压的急剧上升时进行保护动作以使开关动作的构成。

Claims (7)

1.一种电力转换器，连接于直流电源与负载之间，其中，
上述电力转换器具备：
开关单元，根据所输入的控制信号对上述负载进行通电；
电压检测部，对上述直流电源的电压进行检测；以及
保护动作部，对上述电压的急剧上升进行检测，以使上述开关单元的开关动作停止的方式进行保护动作，
在上述开关单元的保护电路中，
上述保护动作部具有：
加法电路，将由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与规定的电压相加；以及
积分电路，与该加法电路的输出连接，
当由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与上述积分电路的输出电压之差成为一定值时，进行上述保护动作。
2.如权利要求1所述的电力转换器，其中，
上述保护动作部具备比较器，该比较器对由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与上述积分电路的输出电压进行比较。
3.一种电力转换器，连接于直流电源与负载之间，其中，
上述电力转换器具备：
开关单元，根据所输入的控制信号对上述负载进行通电；
电压检测部，对上述直流电源的电压进行检测；以及
保护动作部，对上述电压的急剧上升进行检测，以使上述开关单元的开关动作停止的方式进行保护动作，
在上述开关单元的保护电路中，
上述保护动作部具有微分电路，该微分电路对由上述电压检测部检测到的电压进行微分，
当上述微分电路的输出电压成为一定值时，进行上述保护动作，
上述电力转换器具备空载时间生成电路，该空载时间生成电路对上述微分电路的输出信号赋予延迟时间，在上述延迟时间经过后，输出上述输出信号的反相信号，
上述开关单元具有正侧开关元件以及负侧开关元件的串联电路，
上述负侧开关元件与上述负载并联连接，
上述微分电路的输出电压成为一定值时，上述正侧开关元件断开，
通过上述反相信号使上述负侧开关元件接通而使上述负载短路。
4.一种电力转换器，连接于直流电源与负载之间，其中，
上述电力转换器具备：
开关单元，根据所输入的控制信号对上述负载进行通电；
电压检测部，对上述直流电源的电压进行检测；以及
保护动作部，对上述电压的急剧上升进行检测，以使上述开关单元的开关动作停止的方式进行保护动作，
上述保护动作部具有：
加法电路，将由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与规定的电压相加；以及
延迟时间生成部，与该加法电路的输出连接，
当由上述电压检测部检测到的电压与上述延迟时间生成部的输出电压之差成为一定值时，进行上述保护动作。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的电力转换器，其中，
上述开关单元由与上述直流电源并联连接的两个半导体开关元件构成，
上述保护动作部作为上述保护动作而通过上述开关单元使上述负载短路。
6.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的电力转换器，其中，
上述保护动作部具备逻辑运算部，该逻辑运算部对上述控制信号以及为了进行上述保护动作而生成的触发信号进行逻辑运算，生成上述开关单元的驱动信号，
上述逻辑运算部优先于上述控制信号而进行上述保护动作。
7.如权利要求5所述的电力转换器，其中，
上述保护动作部具备逻辑运算部，该逻辑运算部对上述控制信号以及为了进行上述保护动作而生成的触发信号进行逻辑运算，生成上述开关单元的驱动信号，
上述逻辑运算部优先于上述控制信号而进行上述保护动作。
CN201680058114.9A 2015-09-30 2016-09-20 电力转换器 Active CN108141146B (zh)

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