CN108033665A - A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system - Google Patents

A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN108033665A
CN108033665A CN201711460693.2A CN201711460693A CN108033665A CN 108033665 A CN108033665 A CN 108033665A CN 201711460693 A CN201711460693 A CN 201711460693A CN 108033665 A CN108033665 A CN 108033665A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
waste
treatment
cow manure
conveying device
excrement
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201711460693.2A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
孙佳楠
徐筱
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to CN201711460693.2A priority Critical patent/CN108033665A/en
Publication of CN108033665A publication Critical patent/CN108033665A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F11/00Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
    • C02F11/12Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
    • C02F11/121Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening by mechanical de-watering

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Sludge (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system, the described method includes:Start default waste conveying device, extract the waste in septic tank, and waste is delivered in excrement treatment device;The excrement treatment device carries out separation of solid and liquid to the waste, the liquid dung after separation is flow back to septic tank, and the argol slag isolated is collected.The treatment for cow manure method of the present invention realizes the separation of solid and liquid of waste, and argol slag is collected, is focused on, and whole non-secondary pollution, energy conservation and environmental protection, relative to traditional treatment for cow manure method, faster, efficiency is faster for whole processing procedure speed of the invention;And the automation equipment of the present invention has been greatly saved cost of labor expenditure, avoids the need for construction personnel and go into the well working condition, ensure that the safety of construction personnel.

Description

A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system
Technical field
The present invention relates to treatment for cow manure technical field, and in particular to a kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system.
Background technology
With the development of the city, government payes attention to all the more and to sewage discharge severeer vertical city environmental protection Method, the cleaning and maintenance of septic tank are paid attention to all the more, and random row wantonly disorderly falls by severe strike to be forbidden.
Traditional septic tank treatment for cow manure mode is to take tank car to extract the mode transported again after waste, and limited tank body holds The sewage excrement slag that measuring makes to extract every time is extremely limited, and cost of transportation is big, work efficiency is low.And existing many processing modes are all It is to take to clear up septic tank with the inexpensive high pollution mode fallen with pumping, random row wantonly is disorderly so that secondary pollution shows As serious, pollution, the overload operation of municipal sewage treatment facility, drainage pipeline networks to urban water system, serious shadow are also resulted in The quality of life of people is rung.
Therefore, the prior art has yet to be improved and developed.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is, for the drawbacks described above of the prior art, there is provided a kind of energy saving and environment friendly Treatment for cow manure method and system, it is intended to which it is low to solve treatment for cow manure method efficiency in the prior art, of high cost and heavy-polluted ask Topic.
The technical proposal for solving the technical problem of the invention is as follows:
A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, wherein, the described method includes:
Step A, start default waste conveying device, extract the waste in septic tank, and waste is delivered to treatment for cow manure dress In putting;
Step B, described excrement treatment device carries out separation of solid and liquid to the waste, and the liquid dung after separation is flow back to septic tank, and The argol slag isolated is collected.
The energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, wherein, further included before the step A:
Step S, default waste conveying device and excrement treatment device are passed sequentially through into pipeline connection in advance.
The energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, wherein, further included after the step B:
Step C, the argol slag being collected into is transported to appointed place and is focused on.
The energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, wherein, the step A is specifically included:
Step A1, the waste conveying device is started, the inlet of the waste conveying device forms negative pressure of vacuum;
Step A2, by the effect of negative pressure of vacuum, by waste extract to in the waste conveying device;
Step A3, described waste conveying device waste is continuously delivered to export with the waste conveying device and connects Excrement treatment device.
The energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, wherein, the step A2 is further included:
The sieve for screening out the rubbish in waste is set in the pipeline opening being connected with the waste conveying device entrance in advance.
The energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, wherein, the step B is specifically included:
Step B1, described excrement treatment device carries out mechanical dehydration to waste;
Step B2, described excrement treatment device discharges moisture from water outlet, and flows back to septic tank by pipeline;
Step B3, described excrement treatment device discharges the argol slag of the formation after mechanical dehydration from discharge port, and collects.
A kind for the treatment of for cow manure system based on described in any of the above-described, wherein, the treatment for cow manure system includes:For carrying Power is extracted for waste, and the waste conveying device that is conveyed to waste and for carrying out solid-liquid separation treatment to waste Excrement treatment device, and the waste conveying device and excrement treatment device pass sequentially through pipeline connection.
The treatment for cow manure system, wherein, the treatment for cow manure system is configured with modularization, easy to by the excrement Dirty processing system is installed on processing scene or vehicular installation.
The treatment for cow manure system, wherein, the waste conveying device includes:Lobe pump, vacuum pump, immersible pump and Any one in submersible cutting pump.
The treatment for cow manure system, wherein, the treatment for cow manure system further includes:For to the waste conveying device And excrement treatment device carries out the electric control gear of automated control, the electric control gear and the waste pretreatment unit, excrement Dirty conveying device and excrement treatment device are electrically connected.
Beneficial effects of the present invention:The treatment for cow manure method of the present invention realizes the separation of solid and liquid of waste, and to argol slag It is collected, focuses on, whole non-secondary pollution, energy conservation and environmental protection, relative to traditional treatment for cow manure method, of the invention is whole Faster, efficiency is faster for a processing procedure speed;And the automation equipment of the present invention has been greatly saved cost of labor expenditure, avoids Need construction personnel to go into the well working condition, ensure that the safety of construction personnel.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the function of the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method of the present invention.
Embodiment
To make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, clear and definite, develop simultaneously embodiment pair referring to the drawings The present invention is further described.It should be appreciated that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention, and do not have to It is of the invention in limiting.
Traditional septic tank treatment for cow manure mode is to take tank car to extract the mode transported again after waste, and limited tank body holds Amount(3 cubic metres and 5 cubic metres of two kinds of specifications)The sewage excrement slag for making to extract every time is extremely limited, and work efficiency is big, and is transported Cost is big.Again because unordered market competition causes the price for the treatment of for cow manure generally relatively low, therefore many treatment for cow manure modes are all Take to clear up septic tank with the inexpensive high pollution mode fallen with pumping and paid with exchanging cheap cost for, random row wantonly Disorderly fall so that secondary pollution phenomenon is serious, also result in pollution to urban water system, municipal sewage treatment facility, drainage pipeline networks Overload operation.
And night soil-treatment factory is subject to city environmental impact assessment, soil is economical, and transport receives the limitation of the conditions such as radius, therefore at excrement Managing factory can not possibly be in city or periphery is largely built, and night soil-treatment factory adds traditional night soil-treatment pattern of tank car can not possibly be existing Stage is widelyd popularize.Therefore to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, such as Fig. 1 Shown, Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method preferred embodiment of the present invention.The energy saving and environment friendly waste Processing method specifically includes:
Step S100, start default waste conveying device, extract the waste in septic tank, and waste is delivered to treatment for cow manure In device.
It is preferred that the step S100 is specifically included:
Step S101, the waste conveying device is started, the inlet of the waste conveying device forms negative pressure of vacuum;
Step S102, by the effect of negative pressure of vacuum, by waste extract to in the waste conveying device;
Step S103, described waste conveying device waste, which is continuously delivered to export with the waste conveying device, to be connected The excrement treatment device connect.
When it is implemented, first, the present invention needs successively to lead to default waste conveying device and excrement treatment device Piping connects.The waste conveying device and excrement treatment device are carried out it is preferred that the present invention is provided with electric control gear Automation control.
Since the waste attribute in septic tank is more complicated, the waste in septic tank mainly includes inorganic refuse and human excrement, Wherein inorganic refuse includes soft inorganic refuse and inorganic rubbish, soft inorganic refuse include family planning articles (sheath), Sanitary napkin, cloth, hair group, plastic products, rubber etc., inorganic rubbish include metal(Metal fittings, electric wire And bulk metal article etc.), pop can, plastic tank, glassware, woodwork etc..Therefore in order to preferably consolidate to waste Liquid separating treatment, and also to prevent soft inorganic refuse twines waste conveying device from extremely causing motor quick-fried dead, and in order to Prevent hard rubbish from being destroyed to follow-up waste conveying device and excrement treatment device, the present invention in advance with the excrement The pipeline opening of dirty conveying device entrance connection sets the sieve for being used for screening out the rubbish in waste.Filled when starting the waste conveying Put, the waste conveying device inlet produces negative pressure of vacuum, so that power is provided to extract waste, due to the work of negative pressure of vacuum With waste is sucked into waste conveying device, since the waste conveying device inlet is provided with sieve, in waste Rubbish be all isolated in outer, rubbish cannot be introduced into waste conveying device.
Certain present invention can also set equipment protecting equipment, such as crusher in the inlet of waste conveying device, use In the larger rubbish of volume is carried out break process, rubbish is avoided to carry out in waste conveying device and excrement treatment device, into one The protection to rear end equipment is walked, while accelerates the speed for the treatment of for cow manure, improves work efficiency.
Further, the waste of extraction is delivered to excrement treatment device by the waste conveying device.Specifically, it is of the invention In waste conveying device could be provided as any one in lobe pump, vacuum pump, immersible pump and submersible cutting pump.This hair Waste conveying device be lobe pump used by bright, lobe pump by the rotation of two synchronous backwards rotor, in rotary course in Entrance produces suction (vacuum), so as to suck the waste to be conveyed.Rotor chamber is separated into several small spaces by two rotors, Waste is delivered to by discharge port by the operating of rotor.So move in circles, waste is continually transferred out.By convex Wheel pump can go into negative pressure of vacuum in the pipeline before cam pump intake, and waste is drawn by waste pretreatment unit and squeezed into Handled in the excrement treatment device of rear end, and ensure that the pipeline behind cam pump discharge is in non-vacuum environment, so as to fulfill Waste is quickly handled.
Further, step S200, described excrement treatment device carries out separation of solid and liquid to the waste, by the excrement after separation Water flows back to septic tank, and the argol slag isolated is collected.
It is preferred that the step S200 is specifically included:
Step S201, described excrement treatment device carries out mechanical dehydration to waste;
Step S202, described excrement treatment device discharges moisture from water outlet, and flows back to septic tank by pipeline;
Step S203, described excrement treatment device discharges the argol slag of the formation after mechanical dehydration from discharge port, and collects.
When it is implemented, after waste transports excrement treatment device, the excrement treatment device carries out solid-liquid to waste Separation.Specifically, the excrement treatment device in the present invention uses screw extruder, after variable-speed motor works well, waste From feed inlet even into, into waste afterwards spiral rotating blade promotion under be advanced axially relative, waste during advance The pitch changed is acted on adjusting plate washer, huge extruding force is formed, so that waste carries out machinery under external force Dehydration, moisture content are discharged by being arranged on the sieve of spiral rotating blade outboard in water outlet, and dewatered argol slag is discharging Discharge, and be collected at mouthful, so as to which argol slag is focused on.It is dehydrated during this using pure physics mode, Any chemical agent is not added.
By the treatment for cow manure method in above-mentioned, the present invention can scene separation of solid and liquid is carried out to waste, after separating Argol slag moisture content is 60%-65%.Further, the argol slag can transport the place specified and be focused on, such as The argol slag can reuse waste, more energy-conserving, environment protection directly as organic fertilizer production raw material.Relative to existing The treatment for cow manure method that first extracting in technology is transported afterwards, the prior art does not carry out separation of solid and liquid to waste, but directly exists Directly, it is necessary to repeatedly round-trip, efficiency is very low for transport after extraction.And the present invention directly can carry out solid-liquid point to waste at the scene From, collective conveyance argol slag is only needed, it is more efficient.And full-automatic equipment causes the speed for the treatment of for cow manure faster.
Based on above-described embodiment, the invention also discloses a kind for the treatment of for cow manure system, as shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 2 is of the invention The schematic diagram of the function of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method.The treatment for cow manure system includes:Power is extracted for providing waste, And the waste conveying device 210 that is conveyed to waste and the excrement treatment device for carrying out solid-liquid separation treatment to waste 220, and the waste conveying device 210 and excrement treatment device 220 pass sequentially through pipeline connection.
Further, treatment for cow manure system of the invention further includes:For carrying out break process to the rubbish in waste Equipment protecting equipment, the equipment protecting equipment are connected with the entrance of the waste conveying device 210.In addition, the excrement of the present invention Dirty processing system is further included for carrying out automated control to the waste conveying device 210 and excrement treatment device 220 Electric control gear, realizes full-automatic operation, has saved personnel cost.And the electric control gear can be to the treatment for cow manure system System carries out intelligentized control method, such as sets and be automatically stopped the working time, is provided a convenient to whole treatment for cow manure process.Certainly originally The treatment for cow manure system of invention further includes supply unit, such as diesel-driven generator, for being powered to whole system, to ensure The normal work of system.
Further, the treatment for cow manure system is configured with modularization, so as to by the treatment for cow manure system System is installed on processing scene or vehicular installation, so that the treatment for cow manure system of the present invention can adapt to more use field Scape.
In conclusion a kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system provided by the invention, method include:Start pre- If waste conveying device, extract the waste in septic tank, and waste be delivered in excrement treatment device;The treatment for cow manure Device carries out separation of solid and liquid to the waste, the liquid dung after separation is flow back to septic tank, and the argol slag isolated is collected.This The treatment for cow manure method of invention realizes the separation of solid and liquid of waste, and argol slag is collected, is focused on, and whole process is without secondary Pollution, energy conservation and environmental protection, relative to traditional treatment for cow manure method, faster, efficiency is faster for whole processing procedure speed of the invention; And the automation equipment of the present invention has been greatly saved cost of labor expenditure, avoids the need for construction personnel and go into the well working condition, It ensure that the safety of construction personnel.
It should be appreciated that the application of the present invention is not limited to above-mentioned citing, for those of ordinary skills, can To be improved or converted according to the above description, all these modifications and variations should all belong to the guarantor of appended claims of the present invention Protect scope.

Claims (10)

  1. A kind of 1. energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method, it is characterised in that the described method includes:
    Step A, start default waste conveying device, extract the waste in septic tank, and waste is delivered to treatment for cow manure dress In putting;
    Step B, described excrement treatment device carries out separation of solid and liquid to the waste, and the liquid dung after separation is flow back to septic tank, and The argol slag isolated is collected.
  2. 2. according to the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that before the step A also Including:
    Step S, default waste conveying device and excrement treatment device are passed sequentially through into pipeline connection in advance.
  3. 3. according to the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that after the step B also Including:
    Step C, the argol slag being collected into is transported to appointed place and is focused on.
  4. 4. according to the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that the step A is specifically wrapped Include:
    Step A1, the waste conveying device is started, the inlet of the waste conveying device forms negative pressure of vacuum;
    Step A2, by the effect of negative pressure of vacuum, by waste extract to in the waste conveying device;
    Step A3, described waste conveying device waste is continuously delivered to export with the waste conveying device and connects Excrement treatment device.
  5. 5. according to the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method described in claim 4, it is characterised in that the step A2 is also wrapped Include:
    The sieve for screening out the rubbish in waste is set in the pipeline opening being connected with the waste conveying device entrance in advance.
  6. 6. according to the energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method described in claim 1, it is characterised in that the step B is specifically wrapped Include:
    Step B1, described excrement treatment device carries out mechanical dehydration to waste;
    Step B2, described excrement treatment device discharges moisture from water outlet, and flows back to septic tank by pipeline;
    Step B3, described excrement treatment device discharges the argol slag of the formation after mechanical dehydration from discharge port, and collects.
  7. 7. one kind is based on the claims 1-6 any one of them treatment for cow manure systems, it is characterised in that the treatment for cow manure System includes:Extract power for providing waste, and the waste conveying device that is conveyed to waste and for waste into The excrement treatment device of row solid-liquid separation treatment, and the waste conveying device and excrement treatment device pass sequentially through pipeline company Connect.
  8. 8. according to the treatment for cow manure system described in claim 7, it is characterised in that the treatment for cow manure system with modularization into Row is set, and easy to which the treatment for cow manure system is installed on, processing is live or vehicular is installed.
  9. 9. according to the treatment for cow manure system described in claim 7, it is characterised in that the waste conveying device includes:Cam Any one in pump, vacuum pump, immersible pump and submersible cutting pump.
  10. 10. according to the treatment for cow manure system described in claim 7, it is characterised in that the treatment for cow manure system further includes:With In the electric control gear that automated control is carried out to the waste conveying device and excrement treatment device, the electric control gear and institute Waste pretreatment unit, waste conveying device and excrement treatment device is stated to be electrically connected.
CN201711460693.2A 2017-12-28 2017-12-28 A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system Pending CN108033665A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201711460693.2A CN108033665A (en) 2017-12-28 2017-12-28 A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201711460693.2A CN108033665A (en) 2017-12-28 2017-12-28 A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN108033665A true CN108033665A (en) 2018-05-15

Family

ID=62098361

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201711460693.2A Pending CN108033665A (en) 2017-12-28 2017-12-28 A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN108033665A (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109052899A (en) * 2018-08-10 2018-12-21 图方便(苏州)环保科技有限公司 A kind of fecal pollution processing method and its system

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN201473395U (en) * 2009-04-07 2010-05-19 张云志 Sewage treatment equipment for septic tank
CN205637096U (en) * 2016-04-08 2016-10-12 福建群峰机械有限公司 Multi -functional car of dredging of mud -water separation type
CN106045261A (en) * 2016-05-27 2016-10-26 石柏军 Method and equipment for sewage suction and purification treatment
WO2017006343A2 (en) * 2015-07-03 2017-01-12 Gangotree Eco Technologies Private Limited Method and system for converting animal excreta into energy and useful by-products
CN106746404A (en) * 2016-12-26 2017-05-31 广东象博生态科技有限公司 A kind of fecal pollution processing method

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN201473395U (en) * 2009-04-07 2010-05-19 张云志 Sewage treatment equipment for septic tank
WO2017006343A2 (en) * 2015-07-03 2017-01-12 Gangotree Eco Technologies Private Limited Method and system for converting animal excreta into energy and useful by-products
CN205637096U (en) * 2016-04-08 2016-10-12 福建群峰机械有限公司 Multi -functional car of dredging of mud -water separation type
CN106045261A (en) * 2016-05-27 2016-10-26 石柏军 Method and equipment for sewage suction and purification treatment
CN106746404A (en) * 2016-12-26 2017-05-31 广东象博生态科技有限公司 A kind of fecal pollution processing method

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
中国铁道学会等: "《中国铁路大提速》", 30 June 2008, 中国铁道出版社 *
周敬宣: "《真空排水***的原理与设计》", 31 August 2013, 华中科技大学出版社 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109052899A (en) * 2018-08-10 2018-12-21 图方便(苏州)环保科技有限公司 A kind of fecal pollution processing method and its system

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN107902860A (en) A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system
CN210394374U (en) Device for dry anaerobic treatment of kitchen garbage by using horizontal plug flow
CN102690032A (en) Anaerobic tank sewage disposal method and disposal equipment thereof
CN108160673A (en) A kind of environment-friendly garbage fills pretreatment unit
CN110918596A (en) Novel kitchen waste and kitchen waste integrated treatment system
CN204034396U (en) A kind of double-deck solid-liquid separating machine
CN108033665A (en) A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system
CN204842440U (en) Organic rubbish continuity drying device
CN205917163U (en) Spiral extruder and integrated form faeces processing system
CN205435099U (en) Sewage filtering device
CN105000778B (en) A kind of mud decrement processing system
CN111229798A (en) Intelligent kitchen residue processing and recycling device
CN108033661A (en) A kind of energy saving and environment friendly treatment for cow manure method and system
CN208604703U (en) A kind of sewage treatment discharge tube desilting equipment
CN106824969A (en) A kind of novel intelligent Multifunctional dining industry machine for kitchen garbage disposal
CN214612104U (en) Power generation system for producing biogas environment-friendly power generation by using livestock and poultry manure
CN113509990B (en) Kitchen waste on-site treatment method and treatment equipment
CN212190563U (en) Intelligent kitchen residue processing and recycling device
CN204824568U (en) Mud decrement processing system
CN209188281U (en) A kind of sewage and waste residue secondary separation device
CN208260311U (en) A kind of screw drum formula separation of solid and liquid orifice plate fine fack
CN208555468U (en) Automatic pulverizing, screening and solid-liquid compressor
CN206692577U (en) A kind of fruits and vegetables refuse disposal system
CN205313262U (en) Stone material factory silt sewage treatment system of environmental protection
CN205382075U (en) Vehicular mud sewage treatment plant

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20180515