CN107974565A - A kind of method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte - Google Patents
A kind of method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/46—Purification of aluminium oxide, aluminium hydroxide or aluminates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B26/00—Obtaining alkali, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- C22B26/10—Obtaining alkali metals
- C22B26/12—Obtaining lithium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22B3/00—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes
- C22B3/04—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching
- C22B3/06—Extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes by leaching in inorganic acid solutions, e.g. with acids generated in situ; in inorganic salt solutions other than ammonium salt solutions
- C22B3/065—Nitric acids or salts thereof
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- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte, is related to aluminium electrolyte extraction recovery technology field.It comprises the following steps:S1, by the aluminium electrolyte containing elemental lithium crush and sieve;S2, mix nitric acid with water, and adjusts acid solution pH value less than 4, between 0.015 0.8V of current potential;Aluminium electrolyte, be added in acid solution by S3, stirs and heats and is leached, and reaction temperature is 20 85 DEG C, and aluminium electrolyte addition is less than 4 according to fluorinion concentration and controlling pH in solution, acidity for pH value, and fluorinion concentration is more than 1g/L;S4, filtered mixed liquor, washed, and obtains filtrate and filtrate;S5, filtrate are used to extract elemental lithium, and filtrate is washed, dry, return to electrolytic aluminium factory production aluminium electrolyte, and/or, return in leaching process.Selectively leaching lithium salts of the present invention, recycles high added value lithium salts, while obtains the higher industrial electrolysis matter suitable for aluminium electrolyte production of purity, and the energy consumption and extraction cost of Aluminum Electrolysis Production are low.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to aluminium electrolyte extraction recovery technology field, it is related to one kind and uses nitric acid Selectively leaching aluminium electrolyte
The method of middle elemental lithium.
Background technology
China's Aluminium Industry develops rapidly, and the demand of bauxite resource is sharply increased.China's high-grade alum clay
Ore deposit has faced exhaustion, and only substantial amounts of middle-low bauxite is produced utilization, production metallurgy grade aluminum oxide.Low product in this
Position bauxite in contain substantial amounts of alkali metal, be particularly China bauxite major production areas bauxite in, lithium salt content compared with
It is high.The aluminium oxide for largely containing lithium salts is used for Aluminum Electrolysis Production as raw material, causes the electrolyte ingredient in aluminium cell to occur
Change, lithium salts are largely enriched with the electrolyte, are reduced electrolyte primary crystal temperature and alumina dissolution degree, are caused under aluminium electrolytic temperature
Drop, bearth precipitation increase, current efficiency decline, and the increase of ton aluminium energy consumption, directly affects the economic benefit of China's aluminium electrolytic industry, be
China's aluminium electrolytic industry urgent problem to be solved.Therefore the elemental lithium in aluminium electrolyte is removed, to the hair of China's aluminium electrolytic industry
Exhibition is of great significance.Simultaneously, the industrial application of lithium salts constantly extends, as lithium battery, aluminium lithium alloy, lithium bromide are empty
Tune, atomic energy industry, organic synthesis etc., grow rapidly the demand of lithium salts, lithium resource also faces the challenge.If it can will contain aluminium electricity
Matter is solved as lithium salts resource, lithium salts therein is extracted, is also of great significance to China's lithium salts industrial expansion.
At present, can make to leach the lithium salts in aluminium electrolyte using salpeter solution, but this leaching mode can not only soak
Go out lithium salts, and all components in aluminium electrolyte all can be leached out, in this way, acid consumption is not only increased, Er Qiehou
Continuous lithium salts separates difficulty with other components, causes increasing considerably for production cost.
In conclusion there is an urgent need for propose one kind can Selectively leaching lithium salts, recycle high added value lithium salts, while obtain purity
The higher industrial electrolysis matter suitable for aluminium electrolyte production, reduces the energy consumption of Aluminum Electrolysis Production, reduces synthesis and averagely extracts expense
Aluminium electrolyte in elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leach method.
The content of the invention
(1) technical problems to be solved
In order to solve the above problem of the prior art, the present invention provides elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid in a kind of aluminium electrolyte and soaks
The method gone out, this method can effectively extract the elemental lithium in electrolyte, recycle high added value lithium salts, while it is higher to obtain purity
The industrial electrolysis matter produced suitable for aluminium electrolyte, reduces the energy consumption and extraction cost of Aluminum Electrolysis Production.
(2) technical solution
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention uses following technical scheme:
The present invention provides a kind of method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte, comprises the following steps:
S1, by the aluminium electrolyte containing elemental lithium crush and sieve;
S2, mix nitric acid with water, and the pH value for adjusting acid solution is less than 4, and current potential is between 0.015-0.8V;
S3, by step S1 processing after aluminium electrolyte be added in the acid solution that step S2 is obtained, stir and heat progress
Leach, in leaching process, reaction temperature is 20-85 DEG C, and the addition of aluminium electrolyte is according to fluorinion concentration and acid in solution
Comprehensive Control is spent, wherein, acidity is less than 4 for pH value, and fluorinion concentration is more than 1g/L;
S4, after reaction, the mixed liquor after reaction is filtered, is washed, first-time filtrate and once after being reacted
Filtrate;
S5, first-time filtrate are used to extract elemental lithium, and a filtrate is washed, dry, return to electrolytic aluminium factory and are used for aluminium electricity
Matter production is solved, and/or, return in leaching process.
According to the present invention, in step sl, after the aluminium electrolyte crushes, 80-120 mesh sieves is crossed and are sieved.
According to the present invention, before step S1, the aluminium electrolyte mixes for it with additive, and what is obtained after roasting changes
Become lithium salts thing mutually into the aluminium electrolyte of soluble lithium salt.
According to the present invention, in step s 2, the water uses distilled water.
According to the present invention, in step s3, pH value should be less than 5 at the end of reaction, and fluorinion concentration should be greater than 1g/L;According to
Material composition is different, appropriate supplement addition nitric acid.
According to the present invention, in step s3, the reaction temperature of mixed liquor is adjusted at 30-80 DEG C.
According to the present invention, in step s3, the fluorinion concentration is 1-80g/L.
According to the present invention, in step s3, using the pH value of acidometer control mixed liquor, electricity is selected using fluorinion concentration
Pole controls the fluorinion concentration of mixed liquor.
(3) beneficial effect
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
Different from the existing method for all being leached all components in aluminium electrolyte using salpeter solution, the present invention passes through control
Current potential, pH value and the fluorinion concentration of relieving haperacidity solution, only by the Li in aluminium electrolyte2O, LiF and Li3AlF6Leached Deng lithium salts, and
Other components in aluminium electrolyte is dissolved out or is leached seldom, realize the separation of lithium salts and bulk of the electrolyte, so as to have
Elemental lithium in effect extraction aluminium electrolyte, makes the recycling of lithium salts in aluminium electrolyte be provided with the possibility of reality, viable economically, real
Recycling high added value lithium salts is showed, while can obtain the higher industrial electrolysis matter suitable for Aluminum Electrolysis Production of purity, substantially reduced
The energy consumption and synthesis of Aluminum Electrolysis Production averagely extract expense, are adapted to carry out application in the industrial production.
Raw material used in the present invention is the common raw material of chemical field, and cheap, flow of the invention is simple, passes through
Control fluorinion concentration, current potential and the pH value of leaching process solution, it is possible to achieve Selectively leaching (the LiF dissolutions that lithium salts converts into
Rate is in 70-99%, and 10%) electrolyte dissolution rate is less than, reduce production cost, and may separate out many kinds of substance, and obtained material is pure
Degree is higher.
Purpose of the present invention based on elemental lithium in extraction aluminium electrolyte, is successfully worked out and is carried using nitric acid Selectively leaching
The method for taking elemental lithium in aluminium electrolyte, solves the problems, such as elemental lithium influence for aluminium electroloysis industry, also increases benefit, improve
The level of aggregation of China's aluminium electrolytic industry, while expand China's lithium salts resource provision.
Embodiment
In order to preferably explain the present invention, in order to understand, with reference to embodiment, present invention work is retouched in detail
State.
The present invention provides a kind of method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte, comprises the following steps:
S1, by containing elemental lithium aluminium electrolyte crush, cross 80-120 mesh sieves sieved, go minus mesh carry out acidleach.
The aluminium electrolyte of selection can be directly from the aluminium electrolyte in electrolytic aluminium factory electrolytic cell or from electricity
Aluminium electrolyte raw material in solution aluminium manufacturer electrolytic cell is mixed with additive, and is handled through high-temperature roasting, make in aluminium electrolyte can not
Dissolubility lithium salts fully changes into after soluble lithium salt obtained aluminium electrolyte, that is, it is mutually soluble lithium salt to change aluminium lithium salts thing
Make the transition electrolyte.
Above-mentioned additive selects alkali metal oxide in addition to lithium, alkali metal can be changed under the conditions of high-temperature roasting
The alkali metal oxysalt in addition to lithium of oxide, the one or more in the alkali halide in addition to lithium, according to adding
Add the different of lithium salt content in the species of agent, the molecular proportion of aluminium electrolyte and aluminium electrolyte to carry out batch mixings, and meet following bar
Part:Ensure the alkali metal fluoride, addition that the aluminium electrolyte alkali metal fluoride, the additive that contain directly add in mixed material
The molar ratio of alkali metal fluoride three that agent can change under the conditions of high-temperature roasting and aluminum fluoride (that is, (LiF+NaF+KF)/
AlF3>3) it is more than 3.By mixed material compacting or briquetting, 3-5h is roasted at 300~1200 DEG C, aluminium electrolyte in roasting process
Middle insolubility lithium salts changes into soluble lithium salt.
Wherein, the mixture of the one or both in sodium oxide molybdena, potassium oxide may be selected in the alkali metal oxide in addition to lithium.
The mixture of the one or both in sodium oxide molybdena, potassium oxide may be selected in alkali metal oxide in addition to lithium.Alkali in addition to lithium
Metal halide can select NaF, NaCl, NaBr, KF, KCl, the one or more in KBr.
S2, mix industrial nitric acid with water, and the pH value for adjusting acid solution is less than 4, and current potential is between 0.015-0.8V.
Water can preferred distilled water, new impurity element can be reduced and be introduced into solution, so that the leaching to elemental lithium
Have an impact.
S3, by step S1 processing after aluminium electrolyte be added in the acid solution that step S2 is obtained, stir and heat
Under the conditions of leached.Because there is very big fluctuation, mainly LiF contents (3-8%) and in electrolyte in electrolyte ingredient
The additive added during transition is also different, and therefore, the addition of aluminium electrolyte is according to fluorinion concentration in solution and acidity synthesis
Control, wherein, leaching process controls electrolyte acidity to be less than 4 for pH value, and fluorinion concentration is more than 1g/L, preferably 1-80g/L, together
When monitor solution potential change.The reaction temperature of mixed liquor is controlled between 20-85 DEG C, preferably 30-80 DEG C.
In leaching process, using magnetic stirrer mixed liquor, mixing speed is unlimited, as long as can make aluminium electrolyte
Uniformly mixed with acid solution, to promote the elemental lithium dissolution in aluminium electrolyte.The pH value of mixed liquor is controlled using acidometer,
Using the fluorinion concentration of fluorinion concentration selection electrode control mixed liquor.PH value should be less than 5 at the end of reaction, fluorinion concentration
It should be greater than 1g/L.Different, the suitable nitric acid of appropriate supplement addition is formed according to material.
S4, after reaction, the mixed liquor after reaction is filtered, repeatedly (at least two or three times) is washed, is reacted
First-time filtrate and a filtrate afterwards.
Filtering can be by dissolved with a large amount of lithium salts, the acid solution of minimal amount of aluminium electrolyte component and aluminium electrolyte other compositions
The sediment separation of composition.Using distilled water repeated washing two or three times, the lithium salts of recycling high added value is can extract, while is obtained pure
Spend high aluminium electrolyte.
S5, first-time filtrate are used to extract elemental lithium, and a filtrate is washed, dry, return to electrolytic aluminium factory and are used for aluminium electricity
Matter production is solved, and/or, return in leaching process.
Filtrate can return to electrolytic aluminium factory after distillation water washing, drying and produce aluminium electrolyte as raw material,
The leaching process that salpeter solution leaches elemental lithium, repeatedly circulation, so as to improve the rate of recovery of elemental lithium can be returned.
Different from the existing method for all being leached all components in aluminium electrolyte using salpeter solution, the present invention passes through control
Current potential, pH value and the fluorinion concentration of relieving haperacidity solution, only by the Li in aluminium electrolyte2O, LiF and Li3AlF6Leached Deng lithium salts, and
Other components in aluminium electrolyte is dissolved out or is leached seldom, realize the separation of lithium salts and bulk of the electrolyte, so as to have
Elemental lithium in effect extraction aluminium electrolyte, makes the recycling of lithium salts in aluminium electrolyte be provided with the possibility of reality, viable economically, real
Recycling high added value lithium salts is showed, while can obtain the higher industrial electrolysis matter suitable for Aluminum Electrolysis Production of purity, substantially reduced
The energy consumption and synthesis of Aluminum Electrolysis Production averagely extract expense, are adapted to carry out application in the industrial production.
Raw material used in the present invention is the common raw material of chemical field, and cheap, flow of the invention is simple, passes through
Control fluorinion concentration, current potential and the pH value of leaching process solution, it is possible to achieve Selectively leaching (the LiF dissolutions that lithium salts converts into
Rate is in 78-99%, and 10%) electrolyte dissolution rate is less than, reduce production cost, and may separate out many kinds of substance, and obtained material is pure
Degree is higher.
Purpose of the present invention based on elemental lithium in extraction aluminium electrolyte, is successfully worked out and is carried using nitric acid Selectively leaching
The method for taking elemental lithium in aluminium electrolyte, solves the problems, such as elemental lithium influence for aluminium electroloysis industry, also increases benefit, improve
The level of aggregation of China's aluminium electrolytic industry, while expand China's lithium salts resource provision.
Following exemplary embodiments are to extract aluminium electrolyte sample respectively from some electrolytic aluminium factory 300kA electrolytic cells, 400kA
Exemplified by electrolytic cell and 200kA electrolytic cells.Directly broken, the levigate analysis of sample, the element composition and content molecular proportion of electrolyte,
Alumina concentration, is fluorinated calcium concentration, fluorination lithium concentration etc. to represent.Each embodiment is specific as follows:
Embodiment 1
10g aluminium electrolytes (content of LiF is 5% in electrolyte) are taken, are sieved by broken, levigate, 80-120 mesh sieves excessively
After obtain aluminium electrolyte powder, configure 100ml acid solutions with nitric acid and distilled water, the pH value of acid solution is 3, current potential 0.05V,
Aluminium electrolyte powder is put into above-mentioned acid solution, is heated to 60 DEG C, is stirred with magnetic stirring apparatus, control solution electricity
Position, pH value and fluorinion concentration, when solution ph is 4, when fluorinion concentration is 2g/L, leaching terminates.By the mixing after reaction
Liquid is filtered, washed, first-time filtrate and a filtrate after being reacted.
Detected through analysis, the dissolution rate for the LiF that lithium salts converts into is 99% in electrolyte, and electrolyte dissolution rate is 8%.
Embodiment 2
500g aluminium electrolytes (content of LiF is 7% in electrolyte) are taken, are sieved by broken, levigate, 80-120 mesh sieves excessively
After obtain aluminium electrolyte powder, configure 1L acid solutions with nitric acid and distilled water, the pH value of acid solution is 2, current potential 0.1V, by aluminium
Electrolyte powder is put into above-mentioned acid solution, is heated to 70 DEG C, is stirred with magnetic stirring apparatus, control solution potential,
PH value and fluorinion concentration, when solution ph is 1, when fluorinion concentration is 50g/L, leaching terminates.By the mixed liquor after reaction
Filtered, washed, first-time filtrate and a filtrate after being reacted.
Detected through analysis, the dissolution rate for the LiF that lithium salts converts into is 90% in electrolyte, and electrolyte dissolution rate is 10%.
Embodiment 3
10kg aluminium electrolytes (content of LiF is 4% in electrolyte) are taken, are sieved by broken, levigate, 80-120 mesh sieves excessively
After obtain aluminium electrolyte powder, configure 100L acid solutions with nitric acid and distilled water, the pH value of acid solution is 2, current potential 0.015V,
Aluminium electrolyte powder is put into above-mentioned acid solution, is heated to 85 DEG C, is stirred with magnetic stirring apparatus, control solution electricity
Position, pH value and fluorinion concentration, when solution ph is 4, when fluorinion concentration is 30g/L, leaching terminates.By the mixing after reaction
Liquid is filtered, washed, first-time filtrate and a filtrate after being reacted.
Detected through analysis, the dissolution rate for the LiF that lithium salts converts into is 80% in electrolyte, and electrolyte dissolution rate is 6%.
Embodiment 4
150kg aluminium electrolytes (content of LiF is 4% in electrolyte) are taken, are sieved by broken, levigate, 80-120 mesh sieves excessively
Aluminium electrolyte powder is obtained after point, configures 1000L acid solutions with nitric acid and distilled water, the pH value of acid solution is 1, and current potential is
0.18V, aluminium electrolyte powder is put into above-mentioned acid solution, is heated to 40 DEG C, is stirred with magnetic stirring apparatus, control
Solution ph and fluorinion concentration, when solution ph is 4, when fluorinion concentration is 25g/L, leaching terminates.Will be mixed after reaction
Close liquid to be filtered, washed, first-time filtrate and a filtrate after being reacted.
Detected through analysis, the dissolution rate for the LiF that lithium salts converts into is 88% in electrolyte, and electrolyte dissolution rate is 8%.
Embodiment 5
500g aluminium electrolytes (content of LiF is 7% in electrolyte) are taken, are sieved by broken, levigate, 80-120 mesh sieves excessively
After obtain aluminium electrolyte powder, configure 100ml acid solutions with nitric acid and distilled water, the pH value of acid solution is 2, current potential 0.8V,
Aluminium electrolyte powder is put into above-mentioned acid solution, is heated to 20 DEG C, is stirred with magnetic stirring apparatus, control solution electricity
Position, pH value and fluorinion concentration, when solution ph is 3.9, when fluorinion concentration is 80g/L, leaching terminates.Will be mixed after reaction
Close liquid to be filtered, washed, first-time filtrate and a filtrate after being reacted.
Detected through analysis, the dissolution rate for the LiF that lithium salts converts into is 78% in electrolyte, and electrolyte dissolution rate is 9%.
Embodiment 6
2kg aluminium electrolytes (content of LiF is 5% in electrolyte) are taken, are sieved by broken, levigate, 80-120 mesh sieves excessively
After obtain aluminium electrolyte powder, configure 30L acid solutions with nitric acid and distilled water, the pH value of acid solution be 2, current potential 0.5V, general
Aluminium electrolyte powder is put into above-mentioned acid solution, is heated to 30 DEG C, is stirred with magnetic stirring apparatus, controls solution ph
And fluorinion concentration, when solution ph is 3.8, current potential 1.5V, when fluorinion concentration is 1g/L, leaching terminates.After reacting
Mixed liquor filtered, washed, first-time filtrate and a filtrate after being reacted.
Detected through analysis, the dissolution rate for the LiF that lithium salts converts into is 83% in electrolyte, and electrolyte dissolution rate is 5%.
Embodiment 7
800g aluminium electrolytes (content of LiF is 4% in electrolyte) are taken, are sieved by broken, levigate, 80-120 mesh sieves excessively
After obtain aluminium electrolyte powder, configure 100ml acid solutions with nitric acid and distilled water, the pH value of acid solution is 1, current potential 0.3V,
Aluminium electrolyte powder is put into above-mentioned acid solution, is heated to 80 DEG C, is stirred with magnetic stirring apparatus, control solution electricity
Position, pH value and fluorinion concentration, when solution ph is 1.5, when fluorinion concentration is 65g/L, leaching terminates.Will be mixed after reaction
Close liquid to be filtered, washed, first-time filtrate and a filtrate after being reacted.
Detected through analysis, the dissolution rate for the LiF that lithium salts converts into is 86% in electrolyte, and electrolyte dissolution rate is 7%.
It can be seen that the dissolution rate highest of LiF in the electrolyte that embodiment 1 obtains from above-described embodiment 1-7, up to arrive
99%, obtained aluminium electrolyte dissolution rate is 8%, and purity is also of a relatively high.Elemental lithium effect in extraction recycling aluminium electrolyte
It is optimal.
It is to be appreciated that the description carried out above to the specific embodiment of the present invention is simply to illustrate that the skill of the present invention
Art route and feature, its object is to allow those skilled in the art to understand present disclosure and implement according to this, but
The present invention is not limited to above-mentioned particular implementation.Every various change made within the scope of the claims is repaiied
Decorations, should all cover within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
S1, by the aluminium electrolyte containing elemental lithium crush and sieve;
S2, mix nitric acid with water, and the pH value for adjusting acid solution is less than 4, and current potential is between 0.015-0.8V;
S3, by step S1 processing after aluminium electrolyte be added in the acid solution that step S2 is obtained, stir and heat and leached,
In leaching process, reaction temperature is 20-85 DEG C, and the addition of aluminium electrolyte is according to fluorinion concentration in solution and acidity synthesis
Control, wherein, acidity is less than 4 for pH value, and fluorinion concentration is more than 1g/L;
S4, after reaction, the mixed liquor after reaction is filtered, is washed, and first-time filtrate and is once filtered after being reacted
Thing;
S5, first-time filtrate are used to extract elemental lithium, and a filtrate is washed, dry, returns to electrolytic aluminium factory and is used for aluminium electrolyte
Production, and/or, return in leaching process.
2. the method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:In step
In S1, after the aluminium electrolyte crushes, cross 80-120 mesh sieves and sieved.
3. the method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:In step
Before S1, the aluminium electrolyte mixes for it with additive, and the lithium salts thing that changes obtained after roasting is mutually soluble lithium salt
Aluminium electrolyte.
4. the method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:In step
In S2, the water uses distilled water.
5. the method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in the aluminium electrolyte as described in claim 1-4 is any, it is characterised in that:
In step s3, pH value should be less than 5 at the end of reaction, and fluorinion concentration should be greater than 1g/L;Different, appropriate benefit is formed according to material
Fill addition nitric acid.
6. the method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:In step
In S3, the reaction temperature of mixed liquor is adjusted at 30-80 DEG C.
7. the method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:In step
In S3, the fluorinion concentration is 1-80g/L.
8. the method that elemental lithium selectivity nitric acid leaches in aluminium electrolyte as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:In step
In S3, using the pH value of acidometer control mixed liquor, using the fluorinion concentration of fluorinion concentration selection electrode control mixed liquor.
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