CN107893634B - Multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling indoor research - Google Patents
Multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling indoor research Download PDFInfo
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- CN107893634B CN107893634B CN201711137350.2A CN201711137350A CN107893634B CN 107893634 B CN107893634 B CN 107893634B CN 201711137350 A CN201711137350 A CN 201711137350A CN 107893634 B CN107893634 B CN 107893634B
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- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 270
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011990 functional testing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000013551 empirical research Methods 0.000 abstract 1
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- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 4
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Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/18—Drilling by liquid or gas jets, with or without entrained pellets
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- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a multifunctional test and experiment platform for research in an injection drilling well, which comprises a power module, an experiment working condition regulation and control module, a test and detection module, a fluid circulation module and an injection drilling assembly. The power module comprises a micro-drilling experimental device and a slurry pump; the experimental condition regulation and control module comprises a central control unit and a confining pressure regulation and control unit; the testing and detecting module comprises a sensing detecting unit, a data acquisition unit, a data processing unit and a display storage unit; the fluid circulation module comprises a water tap, a water tank, a sedimentation filter tank, a sewage pump and a simulation shaft with an upper end open and a lower end closed and transparent. The multifunctional test and experiment platform can simulate the actual jet drilling process in a laboratory, creates necessary conditions for developing the laboratory experiment research of jet drilling, can realize automatic control in the experiment process, and can visualize the underground invisible jet drilling process, thereby changing semi-empirical research into scientific and quantitative research.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of jet drilling, in particular to a multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling indoor research.
Background
Jet Drilling (Jet Drilling) is a Drilling method which utilizes the hydraulic action of high-speed Jet flow generated when pressurized Drilling fluid flows through a nozzle embedded in a Jet drill bit to assist the drill bit in breaking rock and cleaning rock chips at the bottom of a well, and can effectively improve the mechanical Drilling speed. In jet drilling, under downhole conditions where jet drill bits are used, drilling fluid is ejected from nozzles at high speed to form jets, submerged in the drilling fluid in the wellbore, and its movement and development is limited by the well bottom and walls, thus being a submerged non-free jet.
The high-pressure jet flow formed in the jet drilling process can well clean drill cuttings at the bottom of a well and greatly improve the mechanical drilling speed, and the method is concretely characterized in that:
1. impact pressure effect of jet (impact reversal effect on cuttings). Because the pressure of jet flow acting on the rock scraps at the bottom of the well is extremely uneven, the rock scraps can generate a counter moment to leave the bottom of the well;
2. the lateral pushing action of the flood. The overflow has the property of boundary jet flow, and the high-speed overflow can generate a transverse thrust to the rock debris at the bottom of the well;
3. Jet flow has a rock breaking effect on the bottom of the well. If the strength of the bottom hole rock is low, when the jet impact force exceeds the breaking pressure of stratum rock, the jet directly breaks the rock; if the strength of the rock at the bottom of the well is high, the high-speed jet fluid is extruded into the microcrack or crack of the rock to form a 'water wedge', so that the microcrack or crack is gradually enlarged, and the strength of the rock can be greatly reduced.
At present, research on jet drilling is mainly focused on the aspects of arranging modes of embedding nozzles on a jet drill bit, jet hydraulic parameters, drill bit hydraulic parameters, water power transfer relation, approaches for improving drill bit hydraulic parameters, jet drilling hydraulic parameter design and the like, and in order to better research related contents of jet drilling and further improve mechanical drilling speed of jet drilling, further intensive research on aspects including jet rock breaking mechanism, bottom hole flow field optimization, nozzle structure optimization and the like in the jet drilling process is required, and experimental devices which are specially used for developing intensive research on aspects including jet rock breaking mechanism, bottom hole flow field optimization, nozzle structure optimization and the like in the jet drilling process are not available in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a multifunctional test and experiment platform capable of placing an injection drilling process which is complex and invisible in the process in a laboratory so as to realize the visual, scientific and quantitative research of the injection drilling process.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows: a multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling indoor research comprises a power module, an experiment working condition regulation and control module, a test and detection module, a fluid circulation module and a jet drilling assembly.
The power module comprises a micro-drilling experimental device and a slurry pump, and the spray drilling assembly is connected with the micro-drilling experimental device; the experimental working condition regulation and control module comprises a central control unit and a confining pressure regulation and control unit; the testing and detecting module comprises a sensing detecting unit, a data acquisition unit, a data processing unit and a display storage unit, wherein the sensing detecting unit detects working condition parameters of the micro-drilling experimental device and confining pressure values applied to a rock sample in real time; the fluid circulation module comprises a water tap, a water tank, a sedimentation filter tank, a sewage pump and a simulation shaft with an upper end opening and a lower end closed and transparent.
The micro-drilling experimental device is arranged above the simulated shaft, the jet drilling assembly is positioned in an upper port of the simulated shaft, the confining pressure regulating unit penetrates through the side wall and/or the bottom wall of the simulated shaft and can regulate and squeeze the confining pressure value of the rock sample, the jet drilling assembly is arranged in the upper port of the simulated shaft and jets fluid downwards, a liquid inlet on the water tank is communicated with the tap through a pipeline, a liquid outlet on the water tank is communicated with a liquid inlet of the slurry pump through a pipeline, a liquid outlet of the slurry pump is communicated with the jet drilling assembly through a pipeline, a backflow port on the water tank is communicated with a liquid outlet of the sewage pump through a pipeline, a liquid inlet of the sewage pump is communicated with a liquid outlet of the sedimentation filter tank through a pipeline, and a liquid inlet of the sedimentation filter tank is communicated with the upper port of the simulated shaft through a pipeline; the central control unit is electrically connected with the micro-drilling experimental device, the slurry pump, the sensing detection unit, the data acquisition unit, the data processing unit, the display storage unit and the sewage pump respectively.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows: the multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention can simulate the actual jet drilling process in a laboratory, can create necessary conditions for developing the laboratory experimental study of jet drilling, can realize automatic control, and can visualize the underground and invisible jet drilling process, thereby changing semi-empirical study into scientific and quantitative study.
In the process of carrying out indoor experimental study of jet drilling by using the multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention, the parameters (drilling pressure, torque, rotating speed, jet pressure, jet flow, jet angle, test sample and confining pressure) of each working condition of the jet drilling can be dynamically adjusted so as to meet the requirement of carrying out simulation experimental study on different working conditions, each parameter can be detected in real time by the test and detection module, and the display, recording and storage of data images are carried out by the test and detection module.
The multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention is not limited by site conditions, and can test the jet drilling effect under different combination types by replacing different test samples, drilling fluid types, drill bit types, nozzle types and the like in a laboratory so as to reasonably optimize jet drilling parameters. In addition, the multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention can not only carry out indoor experimental study of jet drilling, but also carry out experimental study work in the aspect of high-pressure jet flow.
Based on the technical scheme, the invention can also be improved as follows:
Further: the well accuse unit includes display screen, control button, main control circuit and power set up in the switch board, display screen and control button inlay respectively and set up on the front panel of switch board, just display screen and control button respectively with the main control circuit electricity is connected, the power respectively with display screen, control button and main control circuit electricity are connected, main control circuit still respectively with micro-drill experimental apparatus, slush pump, sensing detecting element, data acquisition unit, data processing unit, demonstration memory cell and sewage pump electricity are connected.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the central control unit can conveniently control the working states of the electric equipment such as the micro-drilling experimental device, the slurry pump, the sensing detection unit, the data acquisition unit, the data processing unit, the display storage unit, the sewage pump and the like, and control the drilling pressure, the torque (rotating speed) and the injection pressure (flow) of the spray drilling assembly (5).
Further: the confining pressure regulating and controlling unit comprises a hydraulic pump station, a plurality of hydraulic cylinders and holding dies with the same number as the hydraulic cylinders, wherein the hydraulic pump station is communicated with the hydraulic cylinders, and the output ends of the hydraulic cylinders penetrate through the side wall and/or the bottom wall of the simulated shaft and then are in butt joint with the rock sample through the corresponding holding dies.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the movement stroke of the hydraulic cylinder can be conveniently adjusted through the confining pressure adjusting and controlling unit, so that the confining pressure of the rock sample can be accurately adjusted, and the test and experiment can be conveniently carried out under different confining pressures.
Further: the sensing detection unit comprises first pressure sensors, displacement sensors, second pressure sensors, torsion sensors, rotating speed sensors, angle sensors, pressure transmitters, flow sensors and weighing sensors, wherein the number of the first pressure sensors is the same as that of the hydraulic cylinders, the first pressure sensors are arranged between the corresponding holding die and the rock sample, the displacement sensors, the second pressure sensors, the torsion sensors, the rotating speed sensors and the angle sensors are arranged in the micro-drilling experimental device, and the pressure transmitters and the flow sensors are arranged on a pipeline between the slurry pump and the drilling assembly; the first pressure sensor is used for detecting the confining pressure of the rock sample in real time, the displacement sensor is used for detecting the drilling footage or the jet flow jet distance of the jet drilling assembly in real time, the second pressure sensor is used for detecting the drilling pressure of the jet drilling assembly in real time, the torsion sensor is used for detecting the drilling torque of the jet drilling assembly in real time, the rotating speed sensor is used for detecting the drilling rotating speed of the jet drilling assembly in real time, the angle sensor is used for detecting the drilling direction or the jet flow jet direction of the jet drilling assembly in real time, the pressure transmitter is used for detecting the jet pressure of the jet flow of the jet drilling assembly in real time, the flow sensor is used for detecting the flow of the jet drilling assembly in real time, and the weighing sensor is used for detecting the jet flow striking force value of the jet drilling assembly in real time.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the first pressure sensor, the displacement sensor, the second pressure sensor, the torsion sensor, the rotating speed sensor, the angle sensor, the pressure transmitter and the flow sensor weighing sensor can respectively measure the confining pressure of the rock sample, the drilling footage or the jet flow spraying distance of the jet drilling assembly, the drilling pressure of the jet drilling assembly, the drilling torque of the jet drilling assembly, the drilling rotating speed of the jet drilling assembly, the drilling direction or the jet flow spraying direction of the jet drilling assembly, the spraying pressure of the fluid sprayed by the jet drilling assembly, the flow of the fluid sprayed by the jet drilling assembly and the jet flow striking force of the jet drilling assembly, so that various parameters can be adjusted to experimental required values, and the experimental detection of different working condition parameters can be successfully completed.
Further: the data acquisition unit comprises a camera and a velocimeter, the camera and the velocimeter are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of the simulated shaft, the camera and the velocimeter are electrically connected with the central control unit and are respectively used for dynamically shooting the flow field in the jet drilling experimental process and the test jet drilling experimental process in real time, and the display storage unit adopts a PC (personal computer) or a paperless recorder.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the camera can dynamically shoot the flow field in the drilling experimental process and the testing jet drilling experimental process in real time, so that the visual, scientific and quantitative jet drilling indoor experimental study can be carried out.
Further: the fluid circulation module further comprises a stirring device, the stirring device is arranged on the water tank, the lower end of the stirring device stretches into the water tank, and the stirring device is electrically connected with the central control unit and stirs fluid in the water tank.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the fluid in the water tank can be stirred through the stirring device, so that the fluid in the water tank, the additive and the like are uniformly mixed, and a better experimental effect can be achieved when drilling is performed through jet or high-pressure jet.
Further: the fluid circulation module further comprises a fluid recovery device, the fluid recovery device is arranged below the water tank, a liquid outlet is formed in the bottom of the water tank, and the liquid outlet is communicated with the fluid recovery device through a pipeline.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the fluid recovery device can discharge the waste liquid which is positioned in the water tank after the jet drilling experiment is finished and meets the discharge requirement after being treated, so that environmental pollution is avoided.
Further: electromagnetic valves are arranged on pipelines between the water tank and the water tap, between the water tank and the slurry pump, between the sewage pump and the sedimentation filter tank, between the sedimentation filter tank and the simulation shaft and between the water tank and the fluid recovery device, and all the electromagnetic valves are electrically connected with the central control unit.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: through setting up the solenoid valve can carry out automatic control through well accuse unit to above-mentioned pipeline to realize the circulation condition of fluid in the different pipelines, thereby realize remote control.
Further: the spray drilling component is a spray drill bit or a spray nozzle.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the jet drill bit or the jet nozzle is arranged, so that jet drilling experiments and high-pressure jet experiments can be respectively carried out, multifunctional tests and experiments are realized, the functions of products are enriched, and the universality of the products is enhanced.
Further: the bottom of the simulated wellbore is provided with a supporting frame for supporting the simulated wellbore, and the rock sample is arranged at the central position of the simulated wellbore.
The beneficial effects of the above-mentioned further scheme are: the whole simulation shaft can be stably supported by the support frame, the center of the whole simulation shaft can be further stable by arranging the rock sample at the center of the simulation shaft, and the whole simulation shaft is stable in the experimental process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of the electrical connection of a multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a multi-functional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a sensing unit according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a data acquisition unit according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of electrical connections between a multifunctional test and experimental platform for jet drilling chamber research in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the electrical connection of a multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention.
In the drawings, the list of components represented by the various numbers is as follows:
1. The device comprises a power module, a test working condition regulation module, a test and detection module, a fluid circulation module, a spray drilling assembly, a rock sample, a support frame and a test and detection module, wherein the power module, the test working condition regulation module, the test and detection module, the fluid circulation module, the spray drilling assembly, the rock sample and the support frame are arranged in sequence;
11. The micro-drilling experimental device comprises 12 parts of a micro-drilling experimental device, 21 parts of a slurry pump, a central control unit, 22 parts of a confining pressure regulation and control unit, 31 parts of a sensing detection unit, 32 parts of a data acquisition unit, 33 parts of a data processing unit, 34 parts of a display storage unit, 41 parts of a water tap, 42 parts of a water tank, 43 parts of a sedimentation filter tank, 44 parts of a sewage pump, 45 parts of a simulated shaft, 46 parts of a stirring device, 47 parts of a fluid recovery device, 48 parts of a solenoid valve;
211. The device comprises a display screen, 212, control buttons, 213, a control cabinet, 221, a hydraulic cylinder, 222, a clamping die, 311, a first pressure sensor, 312, a displacement sensor, 313, a second pressure sensor, 314, a torsion sensor, 315, a rotating speed sensor, 316, an angle sensor, 317, a pressure transmitter, 318, a flow sensor, 319, a weighing sensor, 321, a camera, 322 and a velocimeter.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more apparent, the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is apparent that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments, and the examples are merely for explaining the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1 and 2, a multifunctional test and experiment platform for research in an injection drilling chamber comprises a power module 1, an experiment condition regulation and control module 2, a test and detection module 3, a fluid circulation module 4 and an injection drilling assembly 5.
The power module 1 comprises a micro-drilling experimental device 11 and a slurry pump 12, and the spray drilling assembly 5 is connected with the micro-drilling experimental device 11. In practice, the power module 1 is used for providing the required power for jet drilling experiments, wherein the micro-drilling experiment device 11 has the function of a drilling machine during the jet drilling experiments, namely, the drilling machine during the actual jet drilling, and can apply the drilling pressure and the torque (rotating speed) required for drilling the broken rock sample 6 to the jet drilling assembly 5 during the jet drilling experiments and adjust the drilling angle (jet injection angle); the mud pump 12 is a power source for driving the closed circulation flow of the jet drilling fluid during jet drilling experiments, and simultaneously provides the jet drilling assembly 5 with pressurized drilling fluid or jet pressure (flow rate) of jet. Here, the variable frequency high pressure slurry pump is used as the slurry pump 12, and is matched with a high pressure rubber pipe.
The experiment condition regulation and control module 2 comprises a central control unit 21 and a confining pressure regulation and control unit 22, and the experiment condition regulation and control module 2 is used for regulating and controlling the working conditions and conditions of the jet drilling experiment, wherein the central control unit 21 mainly controls the start/stop of the micro-drilling experiment device 11, the slurry pump 12, the testing and detecting module 3 and the electrical equipment in the fluid circulation module 4 in the jet drilling experiment; and simultaneously, the size of the bit pressure, torque (rotating speed) or jet pressure (flow) of the jet drilling assembly can be controlled. The confining pressure regulating unit 22 is a hydraulic system.
The testing and detecting module 3 comprises a sensing detecting unit 31, a data collecting unit 32, a data processing unit 33 and a display storage unit 34, wherein the sensing detecting unit 31 detects working condition parameters of the micro-drilling experimental device 11 and confining pressure values applied to the rock sample 6 in real time. The testing and detecting module 3 is used for testing and detecting related parameters in the jet drilling experiment process in real time, and displaying, analyzing, recording and storing related data, images and the like in real time.
The fluid circulation module 4 comprises a water tap 41, a water tank 42, a sedimentation filter tank 43, a sewage pump 44 and a simulation shaft 45 which is open at the upper end and closed at the lower end and transparent. The simulated well bore 45 is filled with the rock sample 6, the micro-drilling experimental device 11 is arranged above the simulated well bore 45, the jet drilling assembly 5 is positioned in the upper port of the simulated well bore 45, the confining pressure regulating unit 22 penetrates through the side wall and/or the bottom wall of the simulated well bore 45 and can regulate the confining pressure value for extruding the rock sample 6, and the jet drilling assembly 5 is arranged in the upper port of the simulated well bore 45 and jets fluid downwards. The side wall of the water tank 42 is respectively provided with a liquid inlet, a liquid outlet and a reflux port, the liquid inlet on the water tank 42 is communicated with the faucet 41 through a pipeline, the liquid outlet on the water tank 42 is communicated with the liquid inlet of the slurry pump 12 through a pipeline, the liquid outlet of the slurry pump 12 is communicated with the spray drill assembly 5 through a pipeline, the reflux port on the water tank 42 is communicated with the liquid outlet of the sewage pump 44 through a pipeline, the liquid inlet of the sewage pump 44 is communicated with the liquid outlet of the sedimentation filter tank 43 through a pipeline, and the liquid inlet of the sedimentation filter tank 43 is communicated with the upper port of the simulation shaft 45 through a pipeline; the central control unit 21 is electrically connected with the micro-drilling experimental device 11, the slurry pump 12, the sensing detection unit 31, the data acquisition unit 32, the data processing unit 33, the display storage unit 34 and the sewage pump 44 respectively.
Wherein the function of the tap 41 is to provide clean water for jet drilling experiments; the water tank 42 is a container for storing fluid, and a liquid inlet communicated with the water tap 41, a liquid outlet communicated with the slurry pump 12 and a liquid return port communicated with the sewage pump 47 are respectively arranged at proper positions on the side surface of the water tank 42, and each port of the water tank 42 is communicated with the corresponding component by a proper rubber pipe/high-pressure rubber pipe. The rubber tube/high-pressure rubber tube is used for constructing a passage for circulating fluid (drilling fluid), and is a medium for normally circulating the fluid (drilling fluid), if the circulating section of the fluid (drilling fluid) is high-pressure fluid, the high-pressure rubber tube is needed, otherwise, the common rubber tube is adopted for communication. The precipitation and filtration tank 43 is used for precipitating and filtering drill cuttings mixed in drilling fluid generated by drilling broken rock samples in the process of jet drilling experiments so as to ensure normal closed circulation of the drilling fluid. If the requirement of removing rock debris in drilling fluid is not met by the precipitation filter tank 43, other solid control equipment or flocculating agents for deslagging can be added according to the actual situation. The sewage pump 44 is used to assist the drilling fluid treated by the precipitation filtration tank to flow back into the water tank 42, and can also be used as a backup pump in emergency during treatment experiments. The simulated wellbore 45 is a component used in jet drilling experiments to simulate drilling, and is the primary site for placing rock samples, drilling broken rock samples, or conducting high-pressure jet research, etc. The rock sample 6 is used for simulating a rock stratum which is drilled in actual jet drilling, and the specification of the rock sample 6 is required to be matched with the internal specification of the simulated well bore 45.
The multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention can simulate the actual jet drilling process in a laboratory, can create necessary conditions for developing the laboratory experimental study of jet drilling, can realize automatic control, and can visualize the underground and invisible jet drilling process, thereby changing semi-empirical study into scientific and quantitative study.
In the process of carrying out indoor experimental study of jet drilling by using the multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention, each working condition parameter condition (drilling pressure, torque, rotating speed, jet pressure, jet flow, jet angle, test sample and confining pressure) of the jet drilling can be dynamically regulated so as to meet the requirement of carrying out simulation experimental study on different working conditions, each parameter can be detected in real time by the test and detection module 3, and the display, recording and storage of data images are carried out by the test and detection module 3.
The multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention is not limited by site conditions, and can test the jet drilling effect under different combination types by replacing different test samples, drilling fluid types, drill bit types, nozzle types and the like in a laboratory so as to reasonably optimize jet drilling parameters. In addition, the multifunctional test and experiment platform provided by the invention can not only carry out indoor experimental study of jet drilling, but also carry out experimental study work in the aspect of high-pressure jet flow. The fluid in the whole experimental process is in closed circulation, so that waste and environmental pollution can be avoided, and the experimental cost is effectively reduced. The related results and conclusions obtained by the invention can provide scientific guiding basis for the smooth implementation of jet drilling (or high-pressure jet).
As shown in fig. 2, in the above embodiment, the central control unit 21 includes a display screen 211, a control button 212, a main control circuit (not shown in the figure) and a power supply (not shown in the figure), the main control circuit and the power supply are disposed in a control cabinet 213, the display screen 211 and the control button 212 are respectively embedded and disposed on a front panel of the control cabinet 213, the display screen 211 and the control button 212 are respectively electrically connected with the main control circuit, the power supply is respectively electrically connected with the display screen 211, the control button 212 and the main control circuit, and the main control circuit is also respectively electrically connected with the micro-drilling experimental device 11, the slurry pump 12, the sensing detection unit 31, the data acquisition unit 32, the data processing unit 33, the display storage unit 34 and the sewage pump 44. The central control unit 21 can conveniently control the working states of the electric devices such as the micro-drilling experimental device 11, the slurry pump 12, the sensing detection unit 31, the data acquisition unit 32, the data processing unit 33, the display storage unit 34, the sewage pump 44 and the like, and control the drilling pressure, the torque (rotating speed) and the injection pressure (flow) of the jet drilling assembly 5.
In the above embodiment, the confining pressure regulating unit 22 includes a hydraulic pump station, a plurality of hydraulic cylinders 221, and holding molds 222 having the same number as the hydraulic cylinders 221, where the hydraulic pump station is communicated with the hydraulic cylinders 221, and an output end of the hydraulic cylinders 221 passes through a side wall and/or a bottom wall of the simulated wellbore 45 and then abuts against the rock sample 6 through the corresponding holding molds 222. The movement stroke of the hydraulic cylinder 221 can be conveniently adjusted by the confining pressure adjusting and controlling unit 22, so that the confining pressure of the rock sample 6 can be accurately adjusted, and the test and experiment can be performed under different confining pressures.
It should be noted that when the output end of the hydraulic cylinder 221 passes through the side wall and/or the bottom wall of the simulated wellbore 45, sealing and seepage preventing treatment needs to be performed at the contact position between the hydraulic cylinder 221 and the wall of the simulated wellbore 45, so as to avoid seepage of the rock sample 6 of the simulated wellbore 45.
Preferably, in this embodiment, the number of the hydraulic cylinders 221 and the holding molds 222 is five, one of the hydraulic cylinders 221 is abutted with the bottom of the rock sample 6 through the corresponding holding mold 222 after passing through the bottom wall of the simulated wellbore 45, the other four hydraulic cylinders 221 are uniformly and symmetrically disposed at two sides of the simulated wellbore 45, and the hydraulic cylinders 221 are abutted with the side of the rock sample 6 through the corresponding holding molds 222 after passing through the side wall of the simulated wellbore 45. Such five hydraulic cylinders 221 form circumferential and bottom presses of the rock sample 6 by means of corresponding holding dies 222, respectively, in order to better control and adjust the confining pressure of the rock sample 6. Of course, in practice, more or fewer hydraulic cylinders 221 and holding dies 222 may be used, and the arrangement mode may be correspondingly adjusted, which is not described herein.
In this embodiment, the holding mold 222 is made of transparent, high-strength plastic glass, or the like.
As shown in fig. 3, in the above embodiment, the sensing unit 31 includes the same number of first pressure sensors 311 as the hydraulic cylinders 221, and further includes one or more of a displacement sensor 312, a second pressure sensor 313, a torsion sensor 314, a rotation speed sensor 315, an angle sensor 316, a pressure transmitter 317, a flow sensor 318, and a weighing sensor 319, where the first pressure sensor 311 is disposed between the corresponding holding mold 222 and the rock sample 6, and the displacement sensor 312, the second pressure sensor 313, the torsion sensor 314, the rotation speed sensor 315, and the angle sensor 316 are disposed in the micro-drilling experiment device 11, and the pressure transmitter 317 and the flow sensor 318 are disposed on a pipeline between the slurry pump 12 and the drilling assembly 5. Here, the first pressure sensor 311 is a strain gauge pressure sensor.
The first pressure sensor 311 is used for detecting the confining pressure of the rock sample 6 in real time, the displacement sensor 312 is used for detecting the drilling footage or the jet distance of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time, the second pressure sensor 313 is used for detecting the drilling pressure of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time, the torsion sensor 314 is used for detecting the drilling torque of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time, the rotation speed sensor 315 is used for detecting the drilling rotation speed of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time, the angle sensor 316 is used for detecting the drilling direction or the jet direction of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time, the pressure transmitter 317 is used for detecting the jet pressure of the jet fluid of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time, the flow sensor 318 is used for detecting the flow of the jet fluid of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time, and the weighing sensor 319 is used for detecting the jet striking force value of the jet drilling assembly 5 in real time.
The values of the confining pressure of the rock sample 6, the drilling footage or the jet nozzle jet distance of the jet drilling assembly 5, the drilling pressure of the jet drilling assembly 5, the drilling torque of the jet drilling assembly 5, the drilling direction or the jet injection direction of the jet drilling assembly 5, the injection pressure of the fluid injected by the jet drilling assembly 5, the flow rate of the fluid injected by the jet drilling assembly 5 and the jet striking force of the jet drilling assembly 5 can be measured respectively through the first pressure sensor 311, the displacement sensor 312, the second pressure sensor 313, the torsion sensor 314, the rotation speed sensor 315, the angle sensor 316, the pressure transmitter 317 and the flow sensor 318 weighing sensor 319, so that various working condition parameters can be adjusted to experimental required values, and experimental detection of different working condition parameters can be successfully completed.
As shown in fig. 4, in the above embodiment, the data acquisition unit 32 includes a camera 321 and a velocimeter 322, where the camera 321 and the velocimeter 322 are respectively disposed on opposite sides of the simulated wellbore 45, the camera 321 and the velocimeter 322 are electrically connected to the central control unit 21 and are respectively used for dynamically shooting the flow field in the jet drilling experimental process and the test jet drilling experimental process in real time, and the display storage unit 34 adopts a PC or a paperless recorder. The camera 321 can dynamically shoot the flow field in the drilling experimental process and the testing jet drilling experimental process in real time, so that the visual, scientific and quantitative jet drilling indoor experimental study can be carried out. Here, the camera 321 is a high-speed camera, and the velocimeter 322 may be a Particle Image Velocimeter (PIV) or a doppler velocimeter.
In this embodiment, the data processing unit 33 adopts an Intel Core microprocessor, however, any other type of data processor capable of meeting the experimental requirements is acceptable, and the present invention is not limited thereto.
As shown in fig. 5, in the above embodiment, preferably, the fluid circulation module 4 further includes a stirring device 46, the stirring device 46 is disposed on the water tank 42, and a lower end of the stirring device 46 extends into the water tank 42, and the stirring device 46 is electrically connected to the central control unit 21 and stirs the fluid in the water tank 42. The fluid in the water tank 42 can be stirred by the stirring device 46, so that the fluid in the water tank 42, the additive and the like are uniformly mixed, and a better experimental effect can be obtained when drilling by spraying or high-pressure jet flow. The stirring device 46 is used for stirring operation in preparing drilling fluid,
Preferably, in the above embodiment, the fluid circulation module 4 further includes a fluid recovery device 47, the fluid recovery device 47 is disposed below the water tank 42, a drain port is disposed at the bottom of the water tank 42, and the drain port is in communication with the fluid recovery device 47 through a pipe. The fluid recovery device 47 can discharge the waste liquid which is positioned in the water tank 42 after the jet drilling experiment is finished and meets the discharge requirement after being treated, so that environmental pollution is avoided. The fluid recovery device 47 is used for discharging the waste liquid which is placed in the water tank 42 after the end of the jet drilling experiment and is treated to meet the discharge requirement. In this embodiment, the fluid recovery device 47 employs a floor drain. Of course, other recycle bin arrangements may be employed, and are not listed here.
As shown in fig. 6, in the above embodiment, preferably, electromagnetic valves 48 are provided on the pipes between the water tank 42 and the faucet 41, between the water tank 42 and the slurry pump 12, between the sewage pump 44 and the sediment filter tank 43, between the sediment filter tank 43 and the simulation shaft 45, and between the water tank 42 and the fluid recovery device 47, and all the electromagnetic valves 48 are electrically connected with the central control unit 21. By arranging the electromagnetic valve 48, the above-mentioned pipelines can be automatically controlled by the central control unit 21, so as to realize the circulation condition of the fluid in different pipelines, thereby realizing remote control. The electromagnetic valves 48 are installed in different pipelines to control the fluid circulation conditions in the corresponding pipelines, and the opening and closing states of the electromagnetic valves 48 can be controlled remotely and centrally by the central control unit 21 according to the actual requirements of the jet drilling experiment.
In the above embodiment, the jet drilling assembly 5 is a jet drill bit or a nozzle. The jet drill bit or the jet nozzle is arranged, so that the jet drilling experiment can be carried out, the high-pressure jet experiment can be carried out, meanwhile, the test and experiment of multiple functions can be completed, the functions of products are enriched, and the universality of the products is enhanced.
The jet drill bit is a tool for drilling and crushing rock samples in jet drilling experiments, is a contracted version of the drill bit used in actual jet drilling operation, and mainly comprises a steel body, cutting teeth, a water gap (groove) and a plurality of nozzles embedded at the bottom of the drill bit in a certain mode, so that when the jet drill bit drills and crushes rock, the high-speed jet ejected from the nozzles can assist in crushing rock and cleaning a bottom hole, and the drilling (exploratory) mechanical drilling speed and other beneficial effects are effectively and greatly improved.
Preferably, in the above embodiment, in order to ensure the stability of the simulated wellbore 45 during the experiment, the bottom of the simulated wellbore 45 is provided with a supporting frame 7 for supporting the simulated wellbore 45, and the rock sample 6 is disposed at the central position of the simulated wellbore 45. The whole simulated well bore 45 can be stably supported by the supporting frame 7, the center of the whole simulated well bore is stable by arranging the rock sample 6 at the center of the simulated well bore 45, and the whole simulated well bore 45 is stable in the experimental process. The support 7 is a triangular support, but other support forms are possible, and are within the scope of the present invention.
Specifically, if the multifunctional test and experiment platform of the invention is used for experimental study of jet drilling, firstly, all components required by the experiment can be connected as shown in fig. 2, the central control unit 21 is started, the rock sample 6 is placed at the center of the simulated shaft 45, the hydraulic pump station respectively regulates and controls the movement strokes of five hydraulic cylinders 221 arranged at the two sides and the bottom of the simulated shaft 45, the rock sample holding mould 222 fixedly connected at the front end of each hydraulic cylinder 221 and matched with the specification of the rock sample 6 applies confining pressure to the rock sample 6 from different directions, the pressurizing operation of the hydraulic cylinders 221 is stopped until the confining pressure reaches the value required by the experiment, and the value of the confining pressure can be detected in real time by a plurality of first pressure sensors 311 arranged at the outer side of the rock sample.
The water tap 41 and the electromagnetic valve 48 arranged on the pipeline between the water tap and the water tank 42 are opened, a certain amount of clean water is put into the water tank 42, materials required for preparing the experimental drilling fluid are added into the water tank 42 (the sequence of adding the clean water and other additional materials can be flexibly adjusted according to the actual situation), and the stirring device 46 is started to stir the substances in the water tank 42 until all the substances are dissolved to prepare the required drilling fluid. The micro-drilling experimental device 11 and the slurry pump 12 are respectively started, and sensor units including a first pressure sensor 311, a displacement sensor 312, a second pressure sensor 313, a torsion sensor 314, a rotation speed sensor 315, an angle sensor 316, a pressure transmitter 317 and a flow sensor 318 are also started, and meanwhile, a data acquisition unit 32, a data processing unit 33 and a display storage unit 34 are started, and debugging work of all equipment and components is performed. According to the corresponding parameters obtained by real-time detection of each sensor, the drilling pressure, torque (rotating speed), angle and pump pressure (jet pressure of jet) and flow (flow of jet) provided by the micro-drilling experimental device 11 are regulated to the values required by the jet drilling experiment by controlling the corresponding control buttons 212 on the central control unit 21, and the drilling time of the jet drilling can be obtained by timing a stopwatch by controlling the micro-drilling experimental device 11 to enable the gyrator to drive the drill rod and the jet drill bit to feed downwards along the axial direction, so that the drilling length operation of the rock sample 6 in the jet drilling experiment is realized.
Along with the beginning of the drilling footage of the jet drilling experiment, the camera 321 arranged at one side of the simulated shaft 45 shoots and records the whole process of the jet drilling experiment in real time, and meanwhile, the velocimeter 322 arranged at the other side of the simulated shaft 45 tests and displays the flow field condition of the jet drilling accurately and scientifically in real time. The data collected by each sensor in the jet drilling experiment process is transmitted to the display storage unit 34 after A/D conversion by the data processing unit 33, and then is processed and analyzed by the corresponding data processing software to generate the required chart, and the charts are recorded and stored; at the same time, the relevant videos, images, etc. captured and tested by the camera 321 and the velocimeter 322 may also be transmitted to the display storage unit 34 for display, recording, and storage.
The flow process of the drilling fluid in the jet drilling experiment process is described as follows: in the jet drilling experiment process, high-pressure drilling fluid generated by the suction effect of the slurry pump 12 flows through a drill rod through a three-way pipeline arranged at the upper part of the micro-drilling experiment device 11, a jet drill bit and a plurality of nozzles embedded on the jet drill bit, a plurality of high-pressure jet flows are generated, so that jet drilling is realized, along with the continuous progress of the jet drilling experiment, a rock sample 6 is continuously broken by the jet drill bit and forms a drilling scale, meanwhile, drill cuttings are generated at the front end (namely, the bottom of the well) of the jet drill bit, drilling fluid which continuously circulates upwards can be carried to the top of the simulated shaft 45 from the bottom of the well, then flows into the sedimentation filter tank 43 through a pipeline communicated with the top of the simulated shaft 45, the solid content of the drilling fluid mixed with the drill cuttings is greatly reduced after multistage sedimentation and filtration, the effect of recycling is achieved (if the solid content is more, additional solid control equipment can be added or flocculation reagent is added to assist removal according to practical situations), the sewage pump 44 is started to suck the drilling fluid after the purification treatment and enable the drilling fluid to flow back into the water tank 42, the circulation of the primary fluid is completed, the drilling fluid is required to be discharged from the water tank 47 after the drilling fluid is required to be recycled after the drilling fluid is circulated and the drilling fluid is required to be recycled.
If the invention is used for directly connecting the nozzle to perform experimental study of high-pressure jet, the rock sample 6 can be used for performing experimental study of high-pressure jet broken rock at the moment; the hydraulic cylinder 221 arranged at the bottom of the simulated shaft 45 can be used as a supporting frame, and the rock sample holding mould 222 fixedly connected to the front end of the hydraulic cylinder 221 is provided with the weighing sensor 319, so that the striking force test experiment of the high-pressure jet flow can be performed. Experiment one: the process of the high-pressure jet rock crushing experiment is basically similar to that of the jet drilling experiment, only a proper nozzle is connected after the jet drill bit is not required to be connected, and drilling parameters required in the jet drilling experiment such as weight on bit, torque (rotating speed) and the like are not required to be considered; experiment II: in the high-pressure jet striking force test experiment, the jet drill bit is not required to be connected, the rock sample 6 is not required to be placed, and the rest of the experiment process is similar to the previous experiment. In two experiments of high-pressure jet, the main focused experimental parameters are jet pressure, flow, jet distance, jet angle, nozzle structure and drilling fluid type of the jet, and the obtained experimental results mainly comprise optimizing the nozzle structure, optimizing parameters of high-pressure jet crushed rock and the like.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the directions or positional relationships indicated by the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", etc. are based on the directions or positional relationships shown in the drawings, are merely for convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the apparatus or elements referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like, are used for descriptive purposes only and are not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless explicitly specified and limited otherwise, the terms "mounted," "connected," and "connected" are to be construed broadly, and may be either fixedly connected, detachably connected, or integrally connected, for example; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, and can be communication between two elements. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention will be understood in specific cases by those of ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, in the description of the present invention, unless otherwise indicated, the meaning of "a plurality" is two or more.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and any such modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A multi-functional test and experimental platform for research in jet drilling room, its characterized in that: the device comprises a power module (1), an experimental working condition regulation and control module (2), a testing and detection module (3), a fluid circulation module (4) and a spray drilling assembly (5);
the power module (1) comprises a micro-drilling experimental device (11) and a slurry pump (12), and the spray drilling assembly (5) is connected with the micro-drilling experimental device (11);
the experimental working condition regulation and control module (2) comprises a central control unit (21) and a confining pressure regulation and control unit (22);
the testing and detecting module (3) comprises a sensing detecting unit (31), a data acquisition unit (32), a data processing unit (33) and a display storage unit (34), wherein the sensing detecting unit (31) detects working condition parameters of the micro-drilling experimental device (11) and confining pressure values applied to a rock sample (6) in real time;
the fluid circulation module (4) comprises a water tap (41), a water tank (42), a sedimentation filter tank (43), a sewage pump (44) and a simulation shaft (45) with an upper end opening and a lower end being closed and transparent;
The micro-drilling experimental device (11) is arranged above the simulated well bore (45), the confining pressure regulating unit (22) penetrates through the side wall and/or the bottom wall of the simulated well bore (45) and can regulate and squeeze the confining pressure value of the rock sample (6), the jet drilling assembly (5) is arranged in the upper port of the simulated well bore (45) and sprays fluid downwards, the fluid is drilling fluid, a liquid inlet on the water tank (42) is communicated with the faucet (41) through a pipeline, a liquid outlet on the water tank (42) is communicated with a liquid inlet of the slurry pump (12) through a pipeline, a liquid outlet of the slurry pump (12) is communicated with the jet drilling assembly (5) through a pipeline, a backflow port on the water tank (42) is communicated with a liquid outlet of the sewage pump (44) through a pipeline, a liquid inlet of the sewage pump (44) is communicated with a liquid outlet of the sedimentation filter tank (43) through a pipeline, and a liquid outlet on the sedimentation filter tank (43) is communicated with the liquid inlet of the simulated well bore (45);
The central control unit (21) is electrically connected with the micro-drilling experimental device (11), the slurry pump (12), the sensing detection unit (31), the data acquisition unit (32), the data processing unit (33), the display storage unit (34) and the sewage pump (44) respectively;
the confining pressure regulating and controlling unit (22) comprises a hydraulic pump station, a plurality of hydraulic cylinders (221) and holding dies (222) the same in number as the hydraulic cylinders (221), wherein the hydraulic pump station is communicated with the hydraulic cylinders (221), and the output ends of the hydraulic cylinders (221) penetrate through the side wall and/or the bottom wall of the simulated shaft (45) and then are in butt joint with the rock sample (6) through the corresponding holding dies (222);
The sensing detection unit (31) comprises first pressure sensors (311) with the same quantity as the hydraulic cylinders (221), and further comprises one or more of displacement sensors (312), second pressure sensors (313), torsion sensors (314), rotating speed sensors (315), angle sensors (316), pressure transmitters (317), flow sensors (318) and weighing sensors (319), wherein the first pressure sensors (311) are arranged between the corresponding holding die (222) and the rock sample (6), the displacement sensors (312), the second pressure sensors (313), the torsion sensors (314), the rotating speed sensors (315) and the angle sensors (316) are arranged in the micro-drilling experimental device (11), and the pressure transmitters (317) and the flow sensors (318) are arranged on pipelines between the slurry pump (12) and the jet drill assembly (5);
The first pressure sensor (311) is used for detecting the confining pressure of the rock sample (6) in real time, the displacement sensor (312) is used for detecting the drilling footage or the jet distance of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time, the second pressure sensor (313) is used for detecting the drilling pressure of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time, the torsion sensor (314) is used for detecting the drilling torque of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time, the rotation speed sensor (315) is used for detecting the drilling rotation speed of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time, the angle sensor (316) is used for detecting the drilling direction or the jet direction of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time, the pressure transmitter (317) is used for detecting the jet pressure of the jet fluid of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time, the flow sensor (318) is used for detecting the flow of the jet fluid of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time, and the weighing sensor (319) is used for detecting the value of the jet pressure of the jet drilling assembly (5) in real time;
The fluid circulation module (4) further comprises a stirring device (46), the stirring device (46) is arranged on the water tank (42), the lower end of the stirring device (46) stretches into the water tank (42), and the stirring device (46) is electrically connected with the central control unit (21) and stirs fluid in the water tank (42).
2. The multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research of claim 1, wherein: the central control unit (21) comprises a display screen (211), a control button (212), a main control circuit and a power supply, wherein the main control circuit and the power supply are arranged in a control cabinet (213), the display screen (211) and the control button (212) are respectively embedded and arranged on a front panel of the control cabinet (213), the display screen (211) and the control button (212) are respectively electrically connected with the main control circuit, the power supply is respectively electrically connected with the display screen (211), the control button (212) and the main control circuit, and the main control circuit is also respectively electrically connected with the micro-drilling experimental device (11), the slurry pump (12), the sensing detection unit (31), the data acquisition unit (32), the data processing unit (33), the display storage unit (34) and the sewage pump (44).
3. The multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research of claim 1, wherein
In the following steps: the data acquisition unit (32) comprises a camera (321) and a velocimeter (322), the camera (321) and the velocimeter (322) are respectively arranged on two opposite sides of the simulated shaft (45), the camera (321) and the velocimeter (322) are electrically connected with the central control unit (21) and are respectively used for dynamically shooting flow fields in the jet drilling experimental process and the test jet drilling experimental process in real time, and the display storage unit (34) adopts a PC (personal computer) or a paperless recorder.
4. The multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research of claim 1, wherein: the fluid circulation module (4) further comprises a fluid recovery device (47), the fluid recovery device (47) is arranged below the water tank (42), a liquid outlet is formed in the bottom of the water tank (42), and the liquid outlet is communicated with the fluid recovery device (47) through a pipeline.
5. The multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research of claim 4, wherein: electromagnetic valves (48) are arranged on pipelines between the water tank (42) and the water tap (41), between the water tank (42) and the slurry pump (12), between the sewage pump (44) and the sedimentation filter tank (43), between the sedimentation filter tank (43) and the simulation shaft (45) and between the water tank (42) and the fluid recovery device (47), and all the electromagnetic valves (48) are electrically connected with the central control unit (21).
6. A multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: the jet drilling assembly (5) is a jet drill bit or a nozzle.
7. A multifunctional test and experiment platform for jet drilling chamber research according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: the bottom of the simulated wellbore (45) is provided with a support frame (7) for supporting the simulated wellbore, and the rock sample (6) is arranged at the central position of the simulated wellbore (45).
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