CN107821327A - 一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法,选取大约克、长白与大河乌猪的三元杂交猪作为猪种,将仔猪按常规方法饲养至25kg后,再分小中大三个阶段饲养至160公斤时出栏,饲养周期控制在270~300日龄,在三个饲养阶段采用中草药添加剂替代抗生素,用大麦和魔芋飞粉替代部分玉米,降低了猪的背膘厚度和腹部脂肪的沉积,提高了猪肉脂肪的硬度和熔点。用该猪肉加工的风干发酵肉具有三个特点:持水性好、脂肪硬度大、熔点高,成品不会渗油;肉的大理石纹明显、肌肉脂肪多、干物质含量高,成品风味足;无药物残留。具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及猪的养殖方法技术领域,尤其涉及一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法。
背景技术
发酵肉制品是指畜禽肉类在自然和人工控制环境条件下接种有益微生物的发酵而形成具有特殊风味、色泽和质地,并且具有较长保存期的一类肉制品,主要包括发酵香肠和发酵火腿两大类,我国的金华火腿和宣威火腿等干腌火腿亦属此类产品。畜禽肉类通过有益微生物繁殖发酵,提高了肉中酶的活性,蛋白质和脂肪在酶的作用下产生大量活性因子,同时产生大量氨基酸、酮、醛、醇、烃等芳香类物质,使产品具有特别的风味,发酵肉中的活性因子和有益微生物能提高人体消化吸收率和免疫力;发酵肉中的氨基酸、酮、醛、醇、烃等芳香类物质,使产品具有特别的风味,深受到广大消费者的青睐。发酵肉被称为肉制品中的“皇冠”,在欧美发达国家发酵肉制品是一种高端传统健康食品,并已进入工业化养殖,具备相当的规模,近年来国内亦在引进设备和技术进行开发养殖。
发酵肉制品要求原料猪不使用抗生素,健康无病,无药残,瘦肉率为55%~65%;原料肉持水性强,含水少,干物质含量高,肌内脂肪含量4%以上,肉香味足;脂肪白色,有光泽,熔点高,即饱和脂肪酸含量要高,防止加工产品渗油现象。好的原料猪能使发酵肉制品的发酵更充分,可有效改善成品的风味和外型感官,延长货架期,同时保障肉制品质量安全。
大河乌猪,原产地在云南省曲靖市富源县大河镇,于2003年2月27日正式获农业部批准为国家级新品种。大河乌猪母猪与长白种公猪杂交养殖出来的“二元杂”母猪,再与大约克种公猪杂交养殖出来的“三元杂”具有育肥性能好、增重快、瘦肉率和肌内脂肪含量高、骨细皮薄、肉质鲜嫩、后腿比例大、腌制失水率低等显著特点,适宜加工优质云腿和发酵肉制品。同时具有生长速度快、耐粗饲、抗逆性强、产仔多等优良特性,非常适宜农家饲养。
魔芋又称蒟蒻,是天南星科魔芋属的多年生草本植物。我国魔芋资源丰富,有20多种。云南共有魔芋品种17个,占全国魔芋属种质资源的63%。魔芋飞粉是在魔芋精粉的加工过程中,飘落到周围的重量轻、颗粒小的细粉。魔芋飞粉作为魔芋精粉加工中产生的副产品,占魔芋粉质量的30%~40%。对云南省富源县魔芋飞粉的主要成分分析表明,含粗蛋白21.3%、可溶糖8.59%、淀粉22.81%、粗纤维2.5%、粗脂肪0.2%,以及对人畜必需的微量元素铁、锌、铜、锰和葡甘露聚糖等。随着魔芋加工业的发展,产生大量的魔芋飞粉,资源丰富,价格便宜。魔芋飞粉具有较为丰富合理的营养成分,但同时有一些抗营养因子,主要是三甲胺、生物碱及单宁等,影响了营养成分的吸收利用,且有恶臭味及辣涩的口感,也影响它作为饲料的适口性。
大麦是我国主要谷物之一,云南是中国最大的饲料大麦养殖基地,常年种植面积为11.4万公顷。裸大麦营养价值高,有研究表明,大麦替代饲粮中玉米对各生长时期猪的生长性能及胴体品质均有影响。带皮大麦粗纤维含量较高,达4.8%,非淀粉多糖含量高,其中木聚糖7.6%,β-葡聚糖4.3%,纤维素3.9%。高含量的粗纤维和非淀粉多糖影响了大麦作为饲料的营养价值。大麦脱皮用于饲料养殖成本较高,还产生部分破碎粒,导致不便于储存、营养氧化损失、滋生霉菌等问题。
因此,充分利用地方猪种和农作物资源,研究开发一种成本适宜的猪肉干原料猪养殖方法是客观需要。
发明内容
本发明的目的是利用地方猪种和农作物资源,进一步优化养殖方法,提供一种成本适宜的猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法。
本发明的目的是这样实现的,该猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法是选取大约克、长白与大河乌猪的三元杂交猪作为猪种,将仔猪按常规方法饲养至25kg后按以下步骤进行饲养:
1)小猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米540公斤、麦麸16公斤、大麦150公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物60公斤、豆粕190公斤、70%赖氨酸7公斤、苏氨酸1.6公斤、蛋氨酸1.4公斤、石粉8.3公斤、磷酸氢钙14公斤、氯化钠3.5公斤、复合维生素2.5公斤、复合微量元素2.5公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为25公斤至45公斤的小猪进行饲养;
2)中猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米520公斤、大麦200公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物80公斤、豆粕164公斤、70%赖氨酸5.5公斤、苏氨酸1公斤、蛋氨酸0.5公斤、石粉7.3公斤、磷酸氢钙11公斤、氯化钠3.5公斤、复合维生素2公斤、复合微量元素2公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为45公斤至85公斤的中猪进行饲养;
3)大猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米464公斤、大麦250公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物120公斤、豆粕135公斤、70%赖氨酸4公斤、苏氨酸0.4公斤、石粉8公斤、磷酸氢钙8公斤、氯化钠3.4公斤、复合维生素2公斤、复合微量元素2公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为85公斤至160公斤的大猪进行饲养。
所述原料猪的饲养周期控制在270~300日龄,出栏体重标准为160公斤。
所述玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物是按如下方法制作的:先将玉米粉碎后过孔径为3mm筛片,然后将魔芋飞粉与玉米粉按1:1比列混合后经蒸汽调质进行湿法膨化,膨化后冷却3~4分钟,再将混合物粉碎并过孔径为2mm筛片。
所述的膨化时的蒸汽压力为0.4~0.6Mpa,膨化温度为120~140℃,膨化后成品的含水率小于10.5%。
所述中草药添加剂中各组分的质量配比为:黄芪16%、马齿苋15%、当归10%、白芍8%、茯苓8%、厚朴6%、党参10%、甘草2%、橘皮15%、白术10%,各组分按比例称取后混合并研磨成粒度为100~150目的细粉。所述中草药添加剂以黄芪为主药。黄芪具有补气固表、利水退肿、托毒排脓、生肌等功效,有增强机体免疫功能、保肝、利尿、抗衰老、抗应激、降压和较广泛的抗菌作用。马齿苋清热解毒,散血消肿,治热痢脓血,热淋,血淋,带下,痈肿恶疮,丹毒,痕疬,用于湿热所致的腹泻、痢疾。当归补血尤以虚证。白芍泻肝安神、清热利肠、养血敛阴。茯苓能养脾养心,利水渗湿,其利湿而不伤正,为通补两草之药,凡脾虚及水湿内停之证常用,对脾虚湿盛更宜,对脾虚生化不足导致心神失养,用之能达到健脾安神之功效。厚朴温中燥湿,健肺化瘀。党参补中益气,健脾益肺。甘草补脾益气,清热解毒,祛痰止咳,缓急止痛,调和诸药。橘皮有理气调中,燥湿化痰功效,可用于治疗脾胃气滞,脘腹胀满,呕吐。白术健脾益气,燥湿利水,止汗,安胎,用于脾虚食少,腹胀泄泻,水肿。日粮中中草药添加剂的添加提高了猪的免疫力,改善了猪肠道健康,减少了疾病;同时中草药添加剂替代了抗生素,减少了肉品的药物残留,提高了肉品质安全。
所述复合维生素中各组分的质量配比为:每公斤复合维生素中含维生素A为300万IU、维生素D3为150万IU、维生素E为15克、维生素K3为1.5克、维生素B1为1.5克、维生素B2为3.8克、维生素B6为1.5克、维生素B12为0.0115克、D-泛酸钙为7.5克、烟酰胺为15克、叶酸为0.76克和D-生物素为0.1克,其余为载体米糠粕。
所述复合微量元素中各组分的质量配比为:每公斤复合微量元素中含碱式氯化铜24克、一水硫酸亚铁160克、一水硫酸锌100克、一水硫酸锰60克、含硒1%的***钠预混剂8克、含碘1%的碘化钾预混剂24克、含硒0.2%的酵母硒40克、甘氨酸亚铁200克、含铬0.2%的蛋氨酸铬40克,其余为载体沸石粉。
所述的抗氧化剂为乙氧基喹啉和沸石粉按3:7的质量比混合成的混合物。
所述防霉剂中各组分的质量百分比为:食品用香料10%、丙酸15%、沸石粉75%。
本发明将育肥猪分三个阶段用不同配比的饲料进行饲养,充分利用猪在各阶段的生长性能特点和各种饲料原料的特性,根据猪各阶段的营养需求适时饲喂不同营养指标的饲料,大幅提高了饲料利用率。利用了约长大乌猪的瘦肉率和肌内脂肪含量高、骨细皮薄、肉质鲜嫩、后腿比例大、腌制失水率低等显著特点,同时延长饲养周期,把出栏体重控制在160公斤,饲养周期控制在270~300日龄,增加肉的干物质积累,改善了猪肉品质。本发明根据猪各阶段的营养需求特点,配制不同营养指标的饲料进行饲喂,在饲料中采用自配中草药添加剂替代抗生素,自配微量元素添加剂改善肉质,在饲料中添加大麦和经膨化处理过的魔芋飞粉,特别是在中大猪阶段大麦添加比例在20%~25%,降低了猪的背膘厚度和腹部脂肪的沉积,提高了猪肉脂肪的硬度和熔点。利用这种方法养殖的猪肉加工的风干发酵肉具有瘦肉率高、持水性好、成品率高、脂肪硬度大、熔点高、肉的大理石纹明显、成品不会渗油、品相好、肌肉脂肪多、干物质含量高、成品风味足、没有药物残留、产品安全有保障等特点。具有较好的经济效益和社会效益。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但不以任何方式对本发明加以限制,基于本发明教导所作的任何变换或替换,均属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1:
选取大约克、长白与大河乌猪的三元杂交猪作为猪种,约长大乌猪的体重在25公斤之前的饲料配方及营养水平参照其他猪种。体重在25公斤之后分三个阶段饲喂,饲料的配方及营养水平相应分三个阶段:小猪、中猪和大猪。猪在生长前期生长速度快,饲料配方营养水平相对较高,在生长中后期消化能力不断增强,更加耐粗饲,配方营养水平适当降低,同时大麦和魔芋飞粉可适当提高添加量。这样既充分利用了当地饲料资源,降低了配方成本,同时又利用了魔芋飞粉和大麦改善猪胴体品质的优势,降低猪的背膘厚度和腹部脂肪的沉积,使猪肉脂肪硬度大,熔点高,肉质好。仔猪按常规方法饲养至25kg后按以下步骤进行饲养:
1)小猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米540公斤、麦麸16公斤、大麦150公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物60公斤、豆粕190公斤、70%赖氨酸7公斤、苏氨酸1.6公斤、蛋氨酸1.4公斤、石粉8.3公斤、磷酸氢钙14公斤、氯化钠3.5公斤、复合维生素2.5公斤、复合微量元素2.5公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为25公斤至45公斤的小猪进行饲养;
2)中猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米520公斤、大麦200公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物80公斤、豆粕164公斤、70%赖氨酸5.5公斤、苏氨酸1公斤、蛋氨酸0.5公斤、石粉7.3公斤、磷酸氢钙11公斤、氯化钠3.5公斤、复合维生素2公斤、复合微量元素2公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为45公斤至85公斤的中猪进行饲养;
3)大猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米464公斤、大麦250公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物120公斤、豆粕135公斤、70%赖氨酸4公斤、苏氨酸0.4公斤、石粉8公斤、磷酸氢钙8公斤、氯化钠3.4公斤、复合维生素2公斤、复合微量元素2公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为85公斤至160公斤的大猪进行饲养。
所述玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物是按如下方法制作的:先将玉米粉碎后过孔径为3mm筛片,然后将魔芋飞粉与玉米粉按1:1比列混合后经蒸汽调质进行湿法膨化,膨化后冷却3~4分钟,再将混合物粉碎并过孔径为2mm筛片。所述的膨化时的蒸汽压力为0.4~0.6Mpa,膨化温度为120~140℃,膨化后成品的含水率小于10.5%。通过采用高温调制、挤压蒸煮膨化技术对魔芋飞粉进行处理,降解其中的生物碱,消除三甲胺带来的异味,处理后的魔芋飞粉适口性大大提高,在约长大乌猪饲料中添加处理过的魔芋飞粉,利用了魔芋飞粉资源,降低了饲料配方成本,提高了饲料的颗粒稳定性,还提高了猪采食量,同时还提高了猪的生长性能,提高了经济效益,此外,长期饲喂含魔芋飞粉的饲料,降低了猪的背膘厚度和腹部脂肪的沉积,提高了猪肉品质。
所述中草药添加剂中各组分的质量配比为:黄芪16%、马齿苋15%、当归10%、白芍8%、茯苓8%、厚朴6%、党参10%、甘草2%、橘皮15%、白术10%,各组分按比例称取后混合并研磨成粒度为100~150目的细粉。
所述复合维生素中各组分的质量配比为:每公斤复合维生素中含维生素A为300万IU、维生素D3为150万IU、维生素E为15克、维生素K3为1.5克、维生素B1为1.5克、维生素B2为3.8克、维生素B6为1.5克、维生素B12为0.0115克、D-泛酸钙为7.5克、烟酰胺为15克、叶酸为0.76克和D-生物素为0.1克,其余为载体米糠粕。
所述复合微量元素中各组分的质量配比为:每公斤复合微量元素中含碱式氯化铜24克、一水硫酸亚铁160克、一水硫酸锌100克、一水硫酸锰60克、含硒1%的***钠预混剂8克、含碘1%的碘化钾预混剂24克、含硒0.2%的酵母硒40克、甘氨酸亚铁200克、含铬0.2%的蛋氨酸铬40克,其余为载体沸石粉。
所述复合酶制剂采用广东溢多利生物科技股份有限公司养殖的复合酶制剂,其组成与含量为:木聚糖酶20000U/g、葡聚糖酶20000U/g、纤维素酶10000U/g、甘露聚糖酶400U/g、α-淀粉酶100000U/g。
所述的抗氧化剂为乙氧基喹啉和沸石粉按3:7的质量比混合成的混合物。
所述防霉剂中各组分的质量百分比为:食品用香料10%、丙酸15%、沸石粉75%。
所述全价配合饲料加工方法为,先将玉米、大麦、麦麸、豆粕等需粉碎的原料进行粉碎,粉碎筛片的孔径为2mm,过20目。再按比例逐一称取玉米、大麦、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物、麦麸、豆粕、磷酸氢钙、石粉、氯化钠、50%氯化胆碱、70%赖氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸、中草药添加剂、复合酶制剂、防霉剂、抗氧化剂、复合维生素、复合微量元素等其他原料。将称好的原料投入混合机混合120秒。混合完毕进行打包。
为验证本实施例技术方案的科学性,在云南东恒经贸集团猪育种有限公司多乐种猪场进行了饲养试验。选取日龄、体重相近的约长大乌仔猪共64头,按性别比例一致的原则,随机分为2组,每组4个重复,每个重复8头猪。试验猪由专人饲养管理,自由采食,以重复为单位饲喂和记录采食量,自由饮水,早晚各清圈一次。按照场内饲养管理规程进行免疫和治疗。试验开始和结束的当天早上空腹称重,统计日采食量,计算日增重和料肉比。
试验日粮和饲喂方法:日粮分3个阶段,分别为小猪阶段(25公斤~45公斤)、中猪阶段(45公斤~85公斤)和大猪阶段(85公斤至出栏)。对照组日粮为不含大麦与魔芋飞粉的配合饲料,试验组日粮为本发明配合饲料,两组日粮的营养指标保持一致,用配方软件重新优化配方。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂含大麦和魔芋飞粉的试验日粮。
测定指标及方法:在体重达到100kg、160kg左右时分别从对照组和试验组各随机选取2个重复(16头)结束试验。在试验结束的当天早晨称重、统计耗料,并进行屠宰(屠宰前禁食24小时)测定和肉质性状测定。评定生长性能、胴体品质和肉质性状等指标。
试验结论:经对试验数据进行分析得出,试验组的日粮配方成本可降低约2%~5%;试验组的日增重、采食量和料肉比指标均比对照组有改善;试验组猪只的膘厚比对照组有所降低,后腿比例、屠宰率、眼肌面积和瘦肉率等指标均有所改善;试验组的粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪、干物质、肌肉PH值、滴水损失、肉色、大理石纹和熟肉率等指标均比对照组有不同程度的改善;试验组的脂肪酸中各饱和脂肪酸含量比对照组普遍高,而不饱和脂肪酸含量普遍比对照组低,脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量较高,即脂肪熔点高,能有效防止产品渗油现象,提高成品的保水性、发色度及货架期;用试验组猪肉制得的发酵香肠和发酵火腿,其在感官要求、理化指标和微生物指标方面均明显优于对照组。
实施例2:
本实施例中的各种饲料原料配比及饲喂方法等均与实施例1相同,不同之处在于对各比例饲料原料混合均匀后所得的全价配合饲料增加以下工序步骤:
将全价配合饲料用制粒机进行制粒,制粒参数为:制粒蒸汽压力在0.3~0.4MPa,锅炉供应压力在0.5~0.7MPa范围内,调质后物料水分保持在15~17%,制粒后的水分含量≤12.5%。制粒机环膜压缩比为1:4.5,制粒温度控制在75~85℃,成品颗粒料粒径3.5~4.5mm,料长8.0~12.0mm,颗粒料经过冷却后再进行打包。
为验证本实施例技术方案的科学性,云南东恒经贸集团猪育种有限公司多乐种猪场采用与与实施例1相同的试验方法和程序进行饲养试验,经对试验数据进行分析得出,试验组的日粮配方成本可降低约2%~5%;试验组的日增重、采食量和料肉比指标均比对照组有改善;试验组猪只的膘厚比对照组有所降低,后腿比例、屠宰率、眼肌面积和瘦肉率等指标均有所改善;试验组的粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪、干物质、肌肉PH值、滴水损失、肉色、大理石纹和熟肉率等指标均比对照组有不同程度的改善;试验组的脂肪酸中各饱和脂肪酸含量比对照组普遍高,而不饱和脂肪酸含量普遍比对照组低,脂肪中饱和脂肪酸含量较高,即脂肪熔点高,能有效防止产品渗油现象,提高成品的保水性、发色度及货架期;用试验组猪肉制得的发酵香肠和发酵火腿,其在感官要求、理化指标和微生物指标方面均明显优于对照组。
Claims (4)
1.一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法,其特征在于选取大约克、长白与大河乌猪的三元杂交猪作为猪种,将仔猪按常规方法饲养至25kg后按以下步骤进行饲养:
1)小猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米540公斤、麦麸16公斤、大麦150公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物60公斤、豆粕190公斤、70%赖氨酸7公斤、苏氨酸1.6公斤、蛋氨酸1.4公斤、石粉8.3公斤、磷酸氢钙14公斤、氯化钠3.5公斤、复合维生素2.5公斤、复合微量元素2.5公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为25公斤至45公斤的小猪进行饲养;
2)中猪饲养阶段:采用在每1000公斤中含玉米520公斤、大麦200公斤、玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物80公斤、豆粕164公斤、70%赖氨酸5.5公斤、苏氨酸1公斤、蛋氨酸0.5公斤、石粉7.3公斤、磷酸氢钙11公斤、氯化钠3.5公斤、复合维生素2公斤、复合微量元素2公斤、50%氯化胆碱1公斤、复合酶制剂0.2公斤、防霉剂0.5公斤、抗氧化剂0.5公斤、中草药添加剂1公斤的饲料对体重为45公斤至85公斤的中猪进行饲养。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述原料猪的饲养周期控制在270~300日龄,出栏体重标准为160公斤。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述玉米-魔芋飞粉膨化物是按如下方法制作的:先将玉米粉碎后过孔径为3mm筛片,然后将魔芋飞粉与玉米粉按1:1比列混合后经蒸汽调质进行湿法膨化,膨化后冷却3~4分钟,再将混合物粉碎并过孔径为2mm筛片。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种猪肉干原料猪的养殖方法,其特征在于:所述的膨化时的蒸汽压力为0.4~0.6Mpa,膨化温度为120~140℃,膨化后成品的含水率小于10.5%。
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CN110881443A (zh) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-03-17 | 江苏省农业科学院 | 一种优质肉猪放牧饲养方法 |
CN113994923A (zh) * | 2021-11-08 | 2022-02-01 | 广州朴成生物科技有限公司 | 一种种公猪促繁殖防控方法 |
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CN110881443A (zh) * | 2019-12-20 | 2020-03-17 | 江苏省农业科学院 | 一种优质肉猪放牧饲养方法 |
CN113994923A (zh) * | 2021-11-08 | 2022-02-01 | 广州朴成生物科技有限公司 | 一种种公猪促繁殖防控方法 |
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