CN107774136B - 用于正渗透程序的离子液体与正渗透程序 - Google Patents
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- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本揭露关于用于正渗透程序的离子液体,即,正渗透所用的提取液溶质(离子液体),以及正渗透程序。
背景技术
正渗透(forward osmosis,FO)脱盐程序的技术原理是利用半透膜两端溶液或溶质间的渗透压差作为驱动力,即是使低渗透压的进水(feed water)端的水,渗透穿过半透膜至高渗透压的提取液(draw solution)端。而穿过半透膜的水与提取液的混合溶液,可藉由各种分离浓缩的方式,使水与提取液产生分离,达到提取液的回收和产生纯水。正渗透技术应用于水处理上的优点在于低耗能与低薄膜阻塞率,可大幅提升功能稳定性与成本效益。
提取液需具(1)高渗透压(2)亲水性佳和(3)易于分离等特点,其中又以提取液与过膜水的分离,以及提取液的回收是决定正渗透技术能耗的关键因素。目前有一些技术采用离子液体作为提取溶质(draw solute),但其与水混合后的分离方式需加热至35℃至50℃之间,使提取液中的离子液体与水分层。明显地,上述方式存有加热耗能的问题。
综上所述,目前仍需新的提取溶质克服上述问题。
发明内容
本揭露一实施例提供的用于正渗透程序的离子液体,包括:
本揭露一实施例提供的正渗透程序,以半透膜分隔提取液端与进水端;将离子液体置入提取液端;将盐水置入进水端,且盐水的渗透压低于离子液体的渗透压,盐水中的纯水渗透穿过半透膜,并进入提取液端与离子液体混合成提取液;自提取液端取出提取液;以及于室温下静置提取液,使提取液分层成水层与离子液体层。离子液体包括 R1是C4-6的烷基,R2是C4-14的烷基,R3是C3-16的烷基,R4是C1-8的烷基。是CF3COO-、Br-、 或上述的组合。是HSO4 -、NO3 -、Cl-、或上述的组合。
与现有技术相比,本发明提供的用于正渗透程序的离子液体以及正渗透程序是采用特定结构的离子液体作为正渗透的提取液,其可自盐水提取纯水,且两者的混合液(在特定比例下)静置于室温下即可自动分层而不需加热,可有效降低现有正渗透程序在提取液与水相分离的耗能。
附图说明
图1是本揭露一实施例中,正渗透程序的示意图;
图2是本揭露一实施例中,混合液其离子液体浓度与渗透压的关系图;
图3是本揭露一实施例中,混合液其离子液体浓度与导电度的关系图;
图4是本揭露一实施例中,进水端与提取液端的重量变化(水通量)与提取液端的导电度与时间的关系图;
图5是本揭露一实施例中,采用不同离子液体的混合液其分层温度与浓度的关系图;
其中,符号说明:
11 半透膜 13 进水端
15 提取液端 17 盐水
19 离子液体 21 纯水。
具体实施方式
本揭露一实施例提供的正渗透程序,包括:以半透膜11分隔进水端13与提取液端15,如图1所示。接着将盐水17置入进水端13,并将离子液体19置入提取液端15。由于盐水17的渗透压低于离子液体19的渗透压,使盐水中的纯水21渗透穿过半透膜11,进入提取液端15与离子液体19混合成提取液。
在一实施例中,可进一步搅拌提取液,使提取液端15中的提取液不致分层形成水层与离子液体层,以避免影响提取液端15的渗透压,进而降低水通量。当提取液的含水量到达一定浓度后,再将提取液自提取液端15取出,并于室温下静置。
在一实施例中,可采用管线将提取液导入另一槽中静置。由于提取液端15的离子液体阴/阳离子经调控设计后的结构组成,会因离子液体本身的阴离子或两种离子液体相互混合后的高吸水能力(通过氢键),使阴离子于某一浓度范围时,产生内部结构变化(conformational change),如自身分子氢键(intramolecular hydrogen bonding)或其他方式而降低亲水性,增加与疏水性阳离子间的联聚(aggregation)能力,进而使其在特定的浓度范围内产生聚集。如此一来,静置后的提取液将分层形成水层与离子液体层,不需额外供给能量而即达到与水分离纯化离子液体19的目的。
在一实施例中,在提取液分层形成水层与离子液体层后,可将离子液体层再置入提取液端15进行回用。举例来说,可采用管线将另一槽中的离子液体层导回提取液端15,以达重复使用离子液体的效果。在一实施例中,将盐水置入进水端的步骤可为连续地导入海水,以维持进水端13中的盐水渗透压浓度维持恒定。如此一来,自盐水提取的纯水21渗透至提取液端15不会导致进水端13中盐水17的浓度与渗透压增加,避免降低纯水21渗透至提取液端15的通量。在其他实施例中,盐水可为废水,其来源可为工厂、住家、或实验室。
在一实施例中,提取液分层成该水层与该离子液体层的步骤中,该离子液体层与该水层的重量比介于10:90至50:50之间。若提取液中的离子液体的重量比例过低或过高,则提取液无法在室温分层成离子液体层与水层。在一实施例中,上述室温介于15℃至30℃之间。若具相变分离特性的提取液(含离子液体)分层所需的温度过高(比如高于室温),则需额外加热提取液使其分层,额外加热步骤即是能耗损失的主要缺点。
上述离子液体包括 上述R1是C4-6的烷基,R2是C4-14的烷基,R3是C3-16的烷基,且R4是C1-8的烷基。是CF3COO-、Br-、 或上述的组合。是HSO4 -、NO3 -、Cl-、或上述的组合。
由上述可知,本揭露采用特定结构的离子液体作为正渗透的提取溶质,其可自盐水提取纯水,且的离子液体与纯水混合液(在特定比例下)静置于室温下即可自动分层而不需加热,可有效降低现有正渗透程序在分离提取溶质的耗能。
为了让本揭露的上述和其他目的、特征、和优点能更明显易懂,下文特举数实施例配合所附附图,作详细说明如下:
实施例
实施例1
取1摩尔份的四丁基氢氧化磷与1摩尔份的马来酸混合后,于常温下搅拌24小时。接着以二氯甲烷萃取有机层,浓缩后再以减压蒸馏法去除残留水份,即得离子液体[P4444][Mal]。上述反应如下式所示:
取不同重量比的离子液体[P4444][Mal]与水混合后,静置于室温下一段时间,观察是否产生相分离,如表1所示。离子液体[P4444][Mal]与水具备浓度敏化相分离的特性。离子液体[P4444][Mal]浓度介于60-70wt%时属于均相溶液,随水含量增加而浓度逐渐稀释至30-50%时产生相分离,属于自发性相变行为,不需额外供给热能。若离子液体浓度降低至20wt%(或更低)时,离子液体与水将混合而非相分离。
表1(不同浓度的离子液体[P4444][Mal]的相分离)
使用渗透压仪器(OSMOMAT 030,GONOTEC)量测离子液体[P4444][Mal]的渗透压,采用冰点下降法进行分析,原理为使用急速降温冷冻法测定凝固点温度。当摩尔溶质(如离子液体)可使1斤水的凝固点下降1.86℃,则此溶质的渗透压定义为1Osmol/kg。
实验结果显示离子液体[P4444][Mal]浓度范围在5-25wt%时,水与离子液体[P4444][Mal]的混合液的渗透压呈线性关系,如图2所示。当混合液中的离子液体[P4444][Mal]浓度为25wt%时,渗透压为1.0Osmol/kg,与海水的渗透压(1.2Osmol/kg)相近。
此外,含有高浓度的离子液体[P4444][Mal]的混合液其渗透压已超出仪器可侦测范围,因此以含有5-25wt%的离子液体[P4444][Mal]的混合液的渗透压的实测值所得关系式,进一步推估含有30-70wt%的离子液体[P4444][Mal]的混合液其渗透压,如表2所示。实验结果显示含有30-70wt%离子液体[P4444][Mal]的混合液的渗透压为海水的渗透压的2-5倍,具高渗透压的特性。
表2
离子液体[P<sub>4444</sub>][Mal]浓度 | 30wt% | 40wt% | 50wt% | 60wt% | 70wt% |
混合液渗透压(osmol/Kg) | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 4.1 | 6.3 |
*海水渗透压(0.6M NaCl)为1.2Osmol/kg
含有不同浓度的离子液体[P4444][Mal]的混合液,其离子液体浓度与导电度的关系如图3所示。含高浓度离子液体的混合液其初始导电度约为4mS/cm,然而随着水含量增加而导电度上升。这是因为离子液体富集相(ionic liquid-rich)属于离子对(ion pair)形式存在,随着水含量增加会降低自身聚集现象,形成独立存在的阴/阳离子。藉由离子液体这样的特性,可稳定操作并有效提升正渗透的水通量,其优于无机盐类作为正渗透提取溶质的表现。
使用自组装式实验室级设备,正渗透模块为平板式,流道设计为双通道内循环式,使用Dow-filmtec公司生产的薄膜(TW30-1812),薄膜有效面积为64cm2,使用泵浦输送进水端及提取液端溶液,扫流速率为25cm/s,记录不同时间点的进水端与提取液端重量,再藉由重量变化、薄膜面积与实验时间求出水通量,如图4所示。将离子液体[P4444][Mal]输送至提取液端,将纯水(DI water)输送至进水端。在实验初期,导电度与水通量随时间增加。稳定操作8小时后,水通量与导电度仍维持一定,证明离子液体[P4444][Mal]作为正渗透的提取溶质具稳定操作的优势。
实施例2
取1摩尔份的N-辛基吡咯烷酮(NOP)与1摩尔份的硫酸混合后置入冰浴中,反应24小时后即得离子液体[HNOP][HSO4]。
取不同重量比的离子液体[HNOP][HSO4]与水混合后,静置于室温下一段时间,观察是否产生相分离,如表3所示。离子液体[HNOP][HSO4]与水具备浓度敏化相分离的特性。离子液体[HNOP][HSO4]浓度介于50-70wt%时属于均相溶液,随水含量增加而浓度逐渐稀释至40%以下时产生相分离,属于自发性相变行为,不需额外供给热能。
表3(不同浓度的离子液体[HNOP][HSO4]的相分离)
比较例1
取实施例1的离子液体[P4444][Mal]与水于低温(接近10℃)下分别混合成10wt%、30wt%、50wt%、与70wt%的均相溶液后,慢慢升温并观查不同浓度的均相溶液分层的温度,如图5所示。
接着取市售的离子液体[P4444][TSO](86933,购自ALDRICH)与水于低温(接近10℃)下分别混合成10wt%、30wt%、与50wt%的均相溶液后,慢慢升温并观查不同浓度的均相溶液分层的温度,如图5所示。
由图5可知,离子液体[P4444][Mal]与水的混合溶液(30wt%至50wt%)在室温下即可分层,而市售离子液体[P4444][TSO]与水的混合溶液的分层温度均高于室温。与离子液体[P4444][TSO]相较,离子液体[P4444][Mal]与水的混合液在正渗透程序中不需加热即可产生分层,可进一步节省正渗透程序中分离提取溶质与水的热能损失。
虽然本揭露已以数个实施例揭露如上,然其并非用以限定本揭露,任何本技术领域中具有通常知识者,在不脱离本揭露的精神和范围内,当可作任意的更动与润饰,因此本揭露的保护范围当视后附的申请专利范围所界定者为准。
Claims (4)
2.如权利要求1所述的正渗透程序,更包括在所述提取液分层成水层与离子液体层后,将所述离子液体层置入所述提取液端进行回用。
3.如权利要求1所述的正渗透程序,其中将所述盐水置入所述进水端的步骤是连续地导入海水。
4.如权利要求1所述的正渗透程序,更包括搅拌所述提取液端中提取液,以使得其中的纯水与离子液体不至分层。
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