CN107711072A - A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking - Google Patents

A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN107711072A
CN107711072A CN201711221646.2A CN201711221646A CN107711072A CN 107711072 A CN107711072 A CN 107711072A CN 201711221646 A CN201711221646 A CN 201711221646A CN 107711072 A CN107711072 A CN 107711072A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
fixed
picking
motor
support bar
heart
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
CN201711221646.2A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
刘汇
何磊
谷万
倪晓燕
崔应强
杨鹏
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Anhui University of Science and Technology
Original Assignee
Anhui University of Science and Technology
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Anhui University of Science and Technology filed Critical Anhui University of Science and Technology
Priority to CN201711221646.2A priority Critical patent/CN107711072A/en
Publication of CN107711072A publication Critical patent/CN107711072A/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01DHARVESTING; MOWING
    • A01D46/00Picking of fruits, vegetables, hops, or the like; Devices for shaking trees or shrubs
    • A01D46/24Devices for picking apples or like fruit
    • A01D46/247Manually operated fruit-picking tools
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B25HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
    • B25JMANIPULATORS; CHAMBERS PROVIDED WITH MANIPULATION DEVICES
    • B25J15/00Gripping heads and other end effectors
    • B25J15/02Gripping heads and other end effectors servo-actuated
    • B25J15/0206Gripping heads and other end effectors servo-actuated comprising articulated grippers
    • B25J15/0213Gripping heads and other end effectors servo-actuated comprising articulated grippers actuated by gears

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Robotics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Harvesting Machines For Specific Crops (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking, including base, collecting box is fixed on the base, front-wheel and universal wheel are fixed in the base bottom, and fixed support bar is fixed in the base top front end, and the fixed support bar connects first support bar with one heart, the first support bar connects second support bar with one heart, the second support bar top connects picking lever by turnbarrel, and the picking lever front end is connected bar, and the fix bar coordinates with expansion link.This novel dismountable indirect labor's fruit picking is easy to use, contraction and opening by the conjugate control picking paw that adds wheel and rack, made by the rotation of the second motor under fruit torsion, make harvesting with collecting while carrying out using telescoping tube, working time is greatlyd save in actual production process, there is very strong practicality.

Description

A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking
Technical field
The present invention relates to agricultural machinery technological field, specifically a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking.
Background technology
China is the big fruit producing country of the first in the world, and the big fruit country of consumption of the first in the world, application area and total Yield is sure to occupy the first in the world.Developing rapidly for fruit-growing industry improves the market demand of the orchard to machinery.China's fruit at present Harvesting is main by the way of manually plucking, and this mode efficiency is low, the amount of labour is big, time-consuming, is not suitable for large area plantation.
Although China's picking mechanical is developed rapidly in recent years, there is device for picking, power beta pruning picker, more work( The harvesting apparatus such as energy orchard operation machinery, but generally speaking, domestic fruit harvester tool is big multi-functional single, inefficient, holds Fragile fruit, production loss is big, and easily not yet done fruit is arrived in harvesting, and cost is higher, makes orchard worker be difficult to receive use.Therefore, We design a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking;The picking machine applicability is wide, Easy to use and price is relatively low, solves the problems, such as to propose in above-mentioned background technology.
The present invention realizes that goal of the invention adopts the following technical scheme that:
A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking, including base, handle, reception funnel, telescoping tube, harvesting Pawl, it is characterised in that:Collecting box is fixed on the base, front-wheel is fixed in the base bottom front end, and bottom rear end is fixed universal Fixed support bar is fixed in wheel, the base top front end, and the fixed support bar connects first support bar with one heart, described first Strut connects second support bar with one heart, and the second support bar top connects turnbarrel with one heart;
Handle is fixed in the turnbarrel upper end by pin connection picking lever, the harvesting rod rear end, and picking lever front end is set There is motor housing, the first motor is fixed in the motor housing of the picking lever front end, picking machine front end motor housing passes through spiral shell Tether and connect fix bar, first machine shaft is connected with first shaft coupling, and leading screw is fixed in the first shaft coupling front end, described Expansion link end is provided with internal thread and coordinated with leading screw, and the expansion link front end is bolted the second motor support, described to stretch The second motor is fixed in second motor support, second machine shaft connects second shaft coupling, the second shaft coupling and set Cylinder is fixed with one heart, the anterior concentric fixed pawl of the sleeve, and the 3rd motor support plate is fixed at the sleeve rear portion with one heart, and described the Three support plate upper surfaces fix the 3rd motor, fixed gear on the 3rd machine shaft, the barrel forward end concentric fit tooth Bar, the rack front end connect stroke wheel, and ratchet both sides front end connects two picking claws.
Preferably, a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking provided by the invention, set in the fix bar There is bayonet socket, the expansion link end can coordinate with fix bar inner bayonet.
Preferably, a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking provided by the invention, the picking claw lower end Side is provided with pyramidal structure, and the stroke wheel is provided with groove, and the picking claw pyramidal structure is embedded in the groove of stroke wheel.
Preferably, a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking provided by the invention, the rack and pinion Engagement.
Preferably, a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking provided by the invention, the second motor branch Lower end fixed reception funnel is supportted, the reception funnel lower end connects telescoping tube, the flexible pipe end connection flexible pipe connection.
Beneficial effect:
Compared with prior art, its advantage is embodied in the present invention:
(1) novel dismountable indirect labor's fruit picking, by adding motor and rack pinion, operator is made The flexible of expansion link, the rotation of picking claw and the contraction of picking claw can be controlled in handbar, so that can during harvesting With the position of fast positioning fruit and the lower fruit of torsion is caught, reduces labour.
(2) indirect labor's fruit picking apparatus, by adding front and back wheel and telescoping tube, make movement more flexible, harvesting Mode is easier, meets the requirement of different terrain, can also make harvesting and collect while carry out, improve picking efficiency.
(3) indirect labor's fruit picking apparatus, can be adjusted by the height for adjusting first support bar and second support bar Plucking height, so as to pluck the fruit of height skewness, applicability is wider.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly about the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing There is the required accompanying drawing used in technology description to be briefly described, drawings in the following description are only the implementation of the present invention Example, for those of ordinary skill in the art, without having to pay creative labor, can also be obtained according to these accompanying drawings Take other accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is structural front view of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is picking claw partial structurtes enlarged drawing of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is the shaft side figures such as the present invention.
Fig. 4 is expansion link sectional view of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is expansion link partial structurtes enlarged drawing of the present invention.
In figure:1 stroke wheel, 2 reception funnels, 3 telescoping tubes, 4 front-wheels, 5 expansion links, 6 fix bars, 7 picking levers, 8 second Strut, 9 first support bars, 10 fixation support bars, the connection of 11 flexible pipes, 12 handles, 13 collecting boxs, 14 bases, 15 universal wheels, 16 are adopted Pluck pawl, 17 racks, 18 gears, 19 the 3rd motors, 20 ratchets, 21 the 3rd motor support plates, 22 second motor supports, 23 second Axle device, 24 second motors, 25 leading screws, 26 first shaft couplings, 27 first motors, 28 turnbarrels, 29 sleeves.
Embodiment
Below by way of specific embodiment to the present invention, explanation is further explained.
Fig. 1-5 are referred to, the present invention provides a kind of technical scheme:
A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking, including base 14, collecting box 13, base are fixed on base 14 14 rear portions can place power supply, and the bottom front of base 14 fixes front-wheel 4, and universal wheel 15, the top nose of base 14 are fixed in bottom rear end Fixed support bar 10, fixed support bar 10 connect first support bar 9, the support of connection second with one heart of first support bar 9 with one heart Bar 8,8 freely adjustable height of first support bar 9 and second support bar, the top of second support bar 8 connect turnbarrel 28 with one heart, Handle 12 is fixed in the upper end of turnbarrel 8 by pin connection picking lever 7, the rear end of picking lever 7, and the front end of picking lever 7 is provided with motor housing, The first motor 27 is fixed in the front end motor housing of picking lever 7, the front end motor housing of picking machine 7 is bolted fix bar 6, the The rotating shaft of one motor 27 is connected with first shaft coupling 26, and leading screw 25 is fixed in the front end of first shaft coupling 26.
The end of expansion link 5 coordinates provided with internal thread with leading screw 25, and bayonet socket is provided with fix bar 6, and the end of expansion link 5 can be with consolidating The inner bayonet of fixed pole 6 coordinates, so that expansion link 5 can not rotate relative to fix bar 6, the front end of expansion link 5 is bolted the Two motor supports 22, fix the second motor 24 in the second motor support 22, the rotating shaft of the second motor 24 connection second shaft coupling 23, the Two shaft couplings 23 with sleeve 29 is concentric fixes, the anterior fixed pawl 20 with one heart of sleeve 29, the 3rd electricity is fixed at the rear portion of sleeve 29 with one heart The 3rd motor 19 is fixed in machine supporting plate 21, the upper surface of the 3rd supporting plate 21, fixed gear 18 in the rotating shaft of the 3rd motor 19, sleeve 29 Front end concentric fit rack 17, rack 17 engages with gear 18, and the front end of rack 17 connection stroke wheel 1, the both sides front end of ratchet 20 connects Two picking claws 16 are connect, the lower end side of picking claw 16 is provided with pyramidal structure, and stroke wheel 1 is provided with groove, the taper knot of picking claw 16 In the groove of structure insertion stroke wheel 1, rack 17 engages with gear 18, the lower end fixed reception funnel 2 of the second motor support 22, receives The lower end of funnel 2 connects telescoping tube 3, the end connection flexible pipe connection 11 of telescoping tube 3.
When deployed, second support bar 8, first support bar 9 are stretched can be relative to suitable height, picking lever 7 The left-right rotation of one support bar 9, it can also be rotated to an angle relative to turnbarrel about 28, it is adjustable during operator's hand grip 12 The position of picking lever 7 is saved, picking claw 16 is directed at fruit, the switch of three motors is provided with handle 12, now opens first Motor 27, the first motor 27 drive leading screw 25 to rotate, and by coordinating with the internal thread of the end of expansion link 5 relative turn occurs for leading screw 25 It is dynamic, expansion link 5 is not rotated because the inner bayonet of fix bar 6 coordinates with the end of expansion link 5, therefore expansion link 5 does forward straight line fortune It is dynamic, the first motor 27 is closed when picking claw 16 reaches fruit position, now opens the 3rd motor 19, the 3rd motor 19 is with moving teeth Wheel 18 is rotated, and gear 8 is moved by engaging band carry-over bar 17, and rack 17, which is moved rearwards, drives stroke wheel 1 to be moved rearwards, stroke wheel 1 drive picking claw 16 shrinks, and so as to catch fruit, now closes the 3rd motor 19, opens the second motor 24, make 16 turns of picking claw It is dynamic to turn round lower fruit, the second motor 24 is closed, the 3rd motor 19 is inverted, opens picking claw 16, fruit is fallen, and passes through reception funnel 2nd, telescoping tube 3 connects 11 with flexible pipe and eventually fallen into collecting box 13.
It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that the invention is not restricted to the details of above-mentioned one exemplary embodiment, Er Qie In the case of without departing substantially from spirit or essential attributes of the invention, the present invention can be realized in other specific forms.Therefore, no matter From the point of view of which point, embodiment all should be regarded as exemplary, and be nonrestrictive, the scope of the present invention is by appended power Profit requires rather than described above limits, it is intended that all in the implication and scope of the equivalency of claim by falling Change is included in the present invention.Any reference in claim should not be considered as to the involved claim of limitation.
Moreover, it will be appreciated that although the present specification is described in terms of embodiments, not each embodiment is only wrapped Containing an independent technical scheme, this narrating mode of specification is only that those skilled in the art should for clarity Using specification as an entirety, the technical solutions in the various embodiments may also be suitably combined, forms those skilled in the art It is appreciated that other embodiment.

Claims (5)

1. a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking, including it is base (14), handle (12), reception funnel (2), flexible Manage (3), picking claw (16), it is characterised in that:Collecting box (13), base (14) bottom front are fixed on the base (14) Universal wheel (15) is fixed in fixed front-wheel (4), bottom rear end, and base (14) top nose fixes fixed support bar (10), institute To state fixed support bar (10) and connect first support bar (9) with one heart, the first support bar (9) connects second support bar (8) with one heart, Second support bar (8) top connects turnbarrel (28) with one heart;
Turnbarrel (28) upper end is fixed handle (12), adopted by pin connection picking lever (7), picking lever (7) rear end Pluck bar (7) front end and be provided with motor housing, the first motor (27), the harvesting are fixed in the motor housing of picking lever (7) front end Machine (7) front end motor housing is bolted fix bar (6), and the first motor (27) rotating shaft connects with first shaft coupling (26) Connect, leading screw (25) is fixed in first shaft coupling (26) front end, and expansion link (5) end is matched somebody with somebody provided with internal thread with leading screw (25) Close, expansion link (5) front end is bolted the second motor support (22), and described stretch in the second motor support (22) is fixed Second motor (24), the second motor (24) rotating shaft connection second shaft coupling (23), the second shaft coupling (23) and sleeve (29) fixed with one heart, the anterior fixed pawl (20) with one heart of the sleeve (29), the 3rd electricity is fixed at sleeve (29) rear portion with one heart The 3rd motor (19) is fixed in machine supporting plate (21), the 3rd supporting plate (21) upper surface, in the 3rd motor (19) rotating shaft Fixed gear (18), sleeve (29) the front end concentric fit rack (17), rack (17) the front end connection stroke wheel (1), Ratchet (20) the both sides front end connects two picking claws (16).
2. a kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking according to claim 1, including expansion link (5), it is special Sign is:Bayonet socket is provided with the fix bar (6), expansion link (5) end can coordinate with fix bar (6) inner bayonet.
A kind of 3. novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The harvesting Pawl (16) lower end side is provided with pyramidal structure, and the stroke wheel (1) is provided with groove, picking claw (16) the pyramidal structure insertion In the groove of stroke wheel (1).
A kind of 4. novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The rack (17) engaged with gear (18).
A kind of 5. novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Described second Motor support (22) lower end fixed reception funnel (2), reception funnel (2) the lower end connection telescoping tube (3), the telescoping tube (3) end connection flexible pipe connection (11).
CN201711221646.2A 2017-11-24 2017-11-24 A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking Withdrawn CN107711072A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201711221646.2A CN107711072A (en) 2017-11-24 2017-11-24 A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201711221646.2A CN107711072A (en) 2017-11-24 2017-11-24 A kind of novel dismountable indirect labor fruit picking

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Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108353633A (en) * 2018-04-17 2018-08-03 梧州学院 A kind of lichee picking machine
CN108377742A (en) * 2018-04-27 2018-08-10 温州大学 A kind of lichee picking machinery
CN108401665A (en) * 2018-05-10 2018-08-17 滨州学院 Automatic fruit device for picking
CN108401663A (en) * 2018-04-23 2018-08-17 武汉工程大学 A kind of fruit picker
CN108419522A (en) * 2018-05-17 2018-08-21 武夷学院 A kind of rotating cutting type fruit picker and its control method
CN108476726A (en) * 2018-04-16 2018-09-04 安徽理工大学 A kind of simple type strawberry auxiliary picking lever
CN108575293A (en) * 2018-04-28 2018-09-28 蚌埠学院 Picking fruit lever apparatus
CN108582129A (en) * 2018-06-06 2018-09-28 山东广达源照明电器有限公司 Lamps and lanterns process feeding claw structure
CN108633468A (en) * 2018-04-26 2018-10-12 西安交通大学 Detachably stretch torsion formula fruit picking transport device and its picking method
CN108668626A (en) * 2018-05-23 2018-10-19 河海大学 A kind of universal fruit picking grading plant
CN108713391A (en) * 2018-05-29 2018-10-30 苏州市职业大学 A kind of fruit picker
CN108718688A (en) * 2018-06-12 2018-11-02 陕西科技大学 A kind of apple-picking tool
CN108811738A (en) * 2018-07-27 2018-11-16 浙江机电职业技术学院 Adjustable apple assists picker
CN108886966A (en) * 2018-07-25 2018-11-27 江汉大学 A kind of device of indirect labor's fruit-picking
CN108925238A (en) * 2018-09-21 2018-12-04 西安交通大学城市学院 A kind of semi-automatic apple picking
CN108934461A (en) * 2018-06-27 2018-12-07 延安大学 Fruit picker on a kind of branch
CN108990537A (en) * 2018-06-12 2018-12-14 陕西科技大学 A kind of apple-picking device alarmed
CN109089546A (en) * 2018-10-25 2018-12-28 天津城建大学 A kind of Multi-functional backpack fruit picking
CN109168621A (en) * 2018-09-20 2019-01-11 中南林业科技大学 A kind of device for picking easy to use
CN109197154A (en) * 2018-11-01 2019-01-15 天津城建大学 Automation is without knife Rotary Water fruit picking machine and its control method
CN109258090A (en) * 2018-11-09 2019-01-25 华侨大学 A kind of hand-held pineapple picker
CN109348845A (en) * 2018-10-26 2019-02-19 南昌大学 A kind of diamond shape arm fruit picking trolley
CN109436388A (en) * 2018-10-31 2019-03-08 绩溪县桐坑源家庭农场 A kind of Chinese date feeding device dedicated
CN110393084A (en) * 2018-10-14 2019-11-01 沈阳工业大学 A kind of double track coordinated type fruit picker
CN110447386A (en) * 2019-09-05 2019-11-15 郭文杰 A kind of prickly pear picking collection device
CN111052936A (en) * 2019-12-30 2020-04-24 陈光福 Fruit picking cart
CN111296067A (en) * 2020-04-16 2020-06-19 兰州理工大学 Fruit picking machine
CN111937592A (en) * 2020-08-27 2020-11-17 上海大学 Melon and fruit picking robot end effector
WO2021103028A1 (en) * 2019-11-30 2021-06-03 陈响 Citrus picking machine

Cited By (38)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108476726A (en) * 2018-04-16 2018-09-04 安徽理工大学 A kind of simple type strawberry auxiliary picking lever
CN108353633A (en) * 2018-04-17 2018-08-03 梧州学院 A kind of lichee picking machine
CN108353633B (en) * 2018-04-17 2023-06-27 梧州学院 Litchi picking machine
CN108401663A (en) * 2018-04-23 2018-08-17 武汉工程大学 A kind of fruit picker
CN108633468A (en) * 2018-04-26 2018-10-12 西安交通大学 Detachably stretch torsion formula fruit picking transport device and its picking method
CN108377742B (en) * 2018-04-27 2023-08-15 温州大学 Litchi picking mechanical device
CN108377742A (en) * 2018-04-27 2018-08-10 温州大学 A kind of lichee picking machinery
CN108575293A (en) * 2018-04-28 2018-09-28 蚌埠学院 Picking fruit lever apparatus
CN108401665A (en) * 2018-05-10 2018-08-17 滨州学院 Automatic fruit device for picking
CN108419522A (en) * 2018-05-17 2018-08-21 武夷学院 A kind of rotating cutting type fruit picker and its control method
CN108668626A (en) * 2018-05-23 2018-10-19 河海大学 A kind of universal fruit picking grading plant
CN108713391A (en) * 2018-05-29 2018-10-30 苏州市职业大学 A kind of fruit picker
CN108582129A (en) * 2018-06-06 2018-09-28 山东广达源照明电器有限公司 Lamps and lanterns process feeding claw structure
CN108718688A (en) * 2018-06-12 2018-11-02 陕西科技大学 A kind of apple-picking tool
CN108990537A (en) * 2018-06-12 2018-12-14 陕西科技大学 A kind of apple-picking device alarmed
CN108934461A (en) * 2018-06-27 2018-12-07 延安大学 Fruit picker on a kind of branch
CN108934461B (en) * 2018-06-27 2022-02-22 延安大学 Fruit picking device on branches
CN108886966A (en) * 2018-07-25 2018-11-27 江汉大学 A kind of device of indirect labor's fruit-picking
CN108811738A (en) * 2018-07-27 2018-11-16 浙江机电职业技术学院 Adjustable apple assists picker
CN109168621A (en) * 2018-09-20 2019-01-11 中南林业科技大学 A kind of device for picking easy to use
CN109168621B (en) * 2018-09-20 2021-06-18 中南林业科技大学 Picking device
CN108925238A (en) * 2018-09-21 2018-12-04 西安交通大学城市学院 A kind of semi-automatic apple picking
CN110393084A (en) * 2018-10-14 2019-11-01 沈阳工业大学 A kind of double track coordinated type fruit picker
CN109089546A (en) * 2018-10-25 2018-12-28 天津城建大学 A kind of Multi-functional backpack fruit picking
CN109089546B (en) * 2018-10-25 2024-05-28 天津城建大学 Multifunctional backpack fruit picking machine
CN109348845A (en) * 2018-10-26 2019-02-19 南昌大学 A kind of diamond shape arm fruit picking trolley
CN109436388A (en) * 2018-10-31 2019-03-08 绩溪县桐坑源家庭农场 A kind of Chinese date feeding device dedicated
CN109197154A (en) * 2018-11-01 2019-01-15 天津城建大学 Automation is without knife Rotary Water fruit picking machine and its control method
CN109258090B (en) * 2018-11-09 2024-02-27 华侨大学 Handheld pineapple picking device
CN109258090A (en) * 2018-11-09 2019-01-25 华侨大学 A kind of hand-held pineapple picker
CN110447386A (en) * 2019-09-05 2019-11-15 郭文杰 A kind of prickly pear picking collection device
WO2021103028A1 (en) * 2019-11-30 2021-06-03 陈响 Citrus picking machine
CN111052936B (en) * 2019-12-30 2022-03-29 陈光福 Fruit picking cart
CN111052936A (en) * 2019-12-30 2020-04-24 陈光福 Fruit picking cart
CN111296067B (en) * 2020-04-16 2023-02-28 兰州理工大学 Fruit picking machine
CN111296067A (en) * 2020-04-16 2020-06-19 兰州理工大学 Fruit picking machine
CN111937592B (en) * 2020-08-27 2022-05-13 上海大学 Melon and fruit picking robot end effector
CN111937592A (en) * 2020-08-27 2020-11-17 上海大学 Melon and fruit picking robot end effector

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Application publication date: 20180223