CN107689465B - 一种回收废旧三元动力电池电芯中有价金属的工艺 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种回收废旧三元动力电池电芯中有价金属的工艺。该工艺包括以下步骤:(1)电芯在水保护下进行剪切破碎,使电解液进入水中;(2)电芯碎片在水槽中洗涤以除去隔膜,并进一步洗涤去除残留的电解液;(3)水洗后的电芯碎片过滤后经球磨使三元材料、石墨与铜箔、铝箔分离;(4)采用筛网筛分出铜箔、铝箔;筛下物经摇床重力分选除去石墨,得到三元合金渣;(5)剪切破碎和洗涤所用的水多次循环后采用沉淀法分离出锂,再送至水处理厂处理回用。本发明利用动力电池中三元材料及其他组分的物理性质差异,采用环境友好的物理分选工艺,将有用组分一一分离,同时将电解液一并处理,实现三元动力电池中所有有价金属元素的全部回收。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种回收废旧三元动力电池电芯中有价金属的工艺。
背景技术
随着全球资源的日益紧缺和环境保护的迫切需要,电动汽车的保有量逐年上升。目前,新型的电动汽车采用的动力电池主要为三元锂离子动力电池,三元锂离子动力电池是指采用镍钴锰酸锂(Li(NiCoMn)O2)三元材料作为正极的锂离子电池,其使用年限大概为5-8年。预计到2020年,废旧动力电池总量将超过12万吨。现有废旧锂离子电池处理方法主要是针对小型钴酸锂电池,或采用火法,或无法处理回收电解液,消耗大量能源且容易产生二次污染。因此,需要一种更为经济有效的工艺,充分回收动力电池中所有的有价金属,同时减少能源消耗,避免二次污染。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种回收废旧三元动力电池电芯中有价金属如铜、铝、镍、钴、锰、锂的新工艺,用于处理日益增多的废旧锂离子动力电池,得到可用于湿法处理的三元合金渣,进而将其中的有价金属全部回收。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种回收废旧三元动力电池电芯中有价金属的工艺,包括以下步骤:
(1)电芯在水保护下进行剪切破碎,使电解液进入水中;
(2)电芯碎片在水槽中洗涤以除去隔膜,并进一步洗涤去除残留的电解液;
(3)水洗后的电芯碎片过滤后经球磨使三元材料、石墨与铜箔、铝箔分离;
(4)采用筛网筛分出铜箔、铝箔;筛下物经摇床重力分选除去石墨,得到三元合金渣;
(5)剪切破碎和洗涤所用的水多次循环后采用沉淀法分离出锂,再送至水处理厂处理回用。
其中,剪切破碎、洗涤工序全部在水保护下进行,电解液全部进入水中,不仅将其中的锂金属回收,同时避免了有机气体的弥漫污染。优选地,在所述步骤(1)中电芯剪切破碎后的粒度为1~20mm。
其中,所述步骤(2)中电芯碎片洗涤时搅拌的转速为200~800r/min。
其中,所述步骤(3)中的球磨时间为1~30min。
其中,所述步骤(4)中筛网的孔径为10~100目,所得三元合金渣经常规碱浸-酸浸-萃取-反萃的湿法冶金工艺,分别得到镍、钴、锰、锂。
其中,所述步骤(5)中当水溶液中锂离子浓度达到20g/L时,按碳酸钠质量∶溶液质量=0.2~0.3∶1的比例加入碳酸钠回收其中的锂。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明利用动力电池中三元材料及其他组分的物理性质差异,采用环境友好的物理分选工艺,将有用组分一一分离,同时将电解液一并处理,实现三元动力电池中所有有价金属元素的全部回收。
本发明的工艺能源消耗低,无难处理废水产生,运行稳定,无环境污染,是实现动力电池无害化处理,回收其中有价金属元素的优选工艺。该工艺中废水经常规处理可全部回用,在为企业创造可观经济收入的同时达到了零排放的标准。
附图说明
图1为本发明的工艺流程图。
具体实施方式
以下通过具体实施例对本发明做进一步说明,但不用于限制本发明。
实施例1
江苏某公司,原采用火法回收手机锂离子电池,工艺流程为手工拆解-机械破碎-氧化焙烧-酸浸-萃取。破碎车间电解液中有机气体扩散,危害人体建康;焙烧车间能耗较大,且有少量飞灰散逸,产生二次污染。现改为采用本发明工艺处理动力电池,流程如图1所示,具体工序如下:
(1)三元动力电池包经手工拆解,分离出塑料、钢铁、电路板、导线、单体电芯等;
(2)将单体电芯在水保护下采用剪切破碎机进行破碎,破碎粒度为10mm,同时使电解液进入水中;
(3)将电芯碎片送入洗涤槽水洗,搅拌转速300r/min,进一步洗去残留的电解液,同时浮选出隔膜;
(4)水洗后的电芯碎片过滤后进入球磨,球磨15min后采用筛孔尺寸为50目的筛网筛分,得到铜箔、铝箔;
(5)将筛下物送入摇床重力分选,回收石墨,得到三元合金渣;
(6)洗涤工序及重选工序的水溶液多次循环使用后,其中锂元素达到20g/L时,加入600g固体碳酸钠(废水循环槽约为3m3)回收其中的锂,废水再经常规处理后回用;
(7)三元合金渣经常规碱浸-酸浸-萃取-反萃的湿法冶金工艺,分别得到镍、钴、锰、锂。
该厂原工艺流程处理手机锂离子电池其镍、钴的回收率约为85%,锂的回收率仅为30%。采用本工艺后,不仅能源消耗减少40%,生产成本降低了约30%,其中铜、镍、钴、锰的回收率≥90%、锂的回收率≥80%。
Claims (4)
1.一种回收废旧三元动力电池电芯中有价金属的工艺,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)电芯在水保护下进行剪切破碎,使电解液进入水中,电芯剪切破碎后的粒度为1~20mm;
(2)电芯碎片在水槽中洗涤以除去隔膜,并进一步洗涤去除残留的电解液;
(3)水洗后的电芯碎片过滤后经球磨使三元材料、石墨与铜箔、铝箔分离;
(4)采用筛网筛分出铜箔、铝箔,筛网的孔径为10~100目;筛下物经摇床重力分选除去石墨,得到三元合金渣;得到的三元合金渣经常规碱浸-酸浸-萃取-反萃的湿法冶金工艺,分别得到镍、钴、锰、锂;
(5)剪切破碎和洗涤所用的水多次循环后采用沉淀法分离出锂,再送至水处理厂处理回用。
2.如权利要求1所述的工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(2)中电芯碎片洗涤时搅拌的转速为200~800r/min。
3.如权利要求1所述的工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(3)中的球磨时间为1~30min。
4.如权利要求1所述的工艺,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中当水溶液中锂离子浓度达到20g/L时,按碳酸钠质量:溶液质量=0.2~0.3:1的比例加入碳酸钠回收其中的锂。
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