CN107646277B - Effectively reduce tobacco field N2Fertilizing method for O emission - Google Patents

Effectively reduce tobacco field N2Fertilizing method for O emission Download PDF

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CN107646277B
CN107646277B CN201711150784.6A CN201711150784A CN107646277B CN 107646277 B CN107646277 B CN 107646277B CN 201711150784 A CN201711150784 A CN 201711150784A CN 107646277 B CN107646277 B CN 107646277B
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tobacco
fertilizer
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compound fertilizer
soil
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CN107646277A (en
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马二登
徐照丽
李军营
童文杰
邓小鹏
张瑞勤
孙军伟
王津军
封幸兵
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Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences
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Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern

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  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for effectively reducing N in tobacco field2A method for fertilizing O-emissions, said method comprising: (1) applying base fertilizer in a deep layer; (2) applying a seedling extracting fertilizer; (3) applying additional fertilizer in an annular mode; (4) and (4) applying a balance fertilizer. The invention can effectively improveThe nitrogen utilization rate of the flue-cured tobacco is obviously reduced, and the N in the tobacco field is obviously reduced2The O emission promotes the absorption of the flue-cured tobacco to nutrients, increases the biomass of tobacco plants, is beneficial to improving the yield and quality of the tobacco leaves, improves the economic benefit of the tobacco leaves and can also reduce the environmental risk caused by nutrient residue.

Description

Effectively reduce tobacco field N2Fertilizing method for O emission
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of flue-cured tobacco cultivation technology and ecological environment protection, and particularly relates to a method for effectively reducing N in a tobacco field2And (3) a fertilizing method for O emission.
Background
Nitrous oxide (N)2O) is second only to CO2And CH4The concentration of the important greenhouse gases is increased, so that the global greenhouse effect is aggravated, and the destruction of the ozone layer and the enhancement of ground ultraviolet radiation are caused. Agriculture is atmospheric N2O is the most important emission source, and the emission amount accounts for 80 percent of the total artificial emission amount. Agricultural N2The O emission mainly comes from the soil, and the large amount of application of the nitrogen fertilizer is that the farmland soil becomes the atmosphere N2O the first major cause of human origin. According to investigation, the direct discharge of N from agricultural soil caused by the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizers (urea, nitrate nitrogen fertilizers and the like) in the world2The content of O reaches 36 percent.
In order to reduce the farmland soil N caused by fertilization2O mass discharge, and related scholars develop a series of researches on the optimization of fertilization technologyThe optimization and adjustment of fertilization technologies such as optimizing fertilizer dosage, changing fertilizer types and adjusting fertilizer application modes can reduce farmland N to a certain extent2And (4) discharging O. In actual agricultural production, the amount and type of fertilizer used for crops are often established. Therefore, the mode of adjusting and optimizing the fertilizer application is farmland N2Relatively feasible approaches and means for O abatement.
According to statistics, in 2017, Yunnan has 609 ten thousand mu tobacco fields, which is the largest tobacco leaf producing area in China. In recent years, the application amount of the fertilizer in the Yunnan tobacco field is 105kgN/hm2About, part of the smoke area is as high as 135kgN/hm2. The long-term large amount of fertilizer is input, so that the usage amount of the nitrogen fertilizer exceeds the absorption amount of the flue-cured tobacco, and N in the tobacco field is caused2A large amount of O is discharged, simultaneously, the tobacco planting soil is hardened and acidified, the C/N ratio is reduced, the microbial activity energy is reduced, and finally the yield and the quality of tobacco leaves are influenced. Therefore, in tobacco agricultural production, the fertilization mode is optimized and adjusted to improve the fertilizer utilization rate and reduce N2O emissions are imperative.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for effectively reducing the N content of tobacco field2O-discharging fertilizing method capable of effectively reducing N in tobacco field2O discharge amount, and the yield and quality of tobacco leaves are not influenced.
The object of the invention is achieved by the following steps:
(1) deep-layer annular application of base fertilizer: after ridging is carried out on a tobacco field, on the same day of tobacco seedling transplanting and before the tobacco seedling transplanting, 50% -70% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, a fertilizing groove is excavated by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a datum point and taking 10-15 cm as a radius, the groove depth is 4-6 cm, and soil is covered after the base fertilizer is applied;
(2) applying a seedling raising fertilizer: 7-10 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 1-3 kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 200-600 kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying;
(3) and (3) circularly applying additional fertilizer: uniformly scattering 25-40% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer on the soil surface by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a reference point for 30-35 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, circularly applying the compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer on the soil surface by taking 10-15 cm as a radius, and covering soil;
(4) applying a balance fertilizer: and (3) digging a hole on the ridge surface 15-20 cm away from the tobacco plant 40-45 days after the tobacco seedling is transplanted, applying the residual 5-10% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer into the hole, and covering soil.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, by adjusting and optimizing the application mode of the fertilizer, the investment of the fertilizer is effectively reduced, the nitrogen utilization rate of the flue-cured tobacco can be improved by about 50%, and the N in the tobacco field is remarkably reduced2And (4) discharging O.
2. The fertilizing method of the invention effectively absorbs the nutrients of the flue-cured tobacco, increases the biomass of tobacco plants, is beneficial to improving the yield and quality of the tobacco leaves, improves the economic benefit of the tobacco leaves and can also reduce the environmental risk caused by nutrient residues.
3. The base fertilizer is applied by a deep-layer ring application mode with 50-70% of fertilizer (compound/mixed fertilizer), the top dressing is applied by a ring application mode with 25-40% of fertilizer (compound/mixed fertilizer), the balance fertilizer is applied by a hole application mode with 5-10% of fertilizer (compound/mixed fertilizer), the deep-layer ring application and the top dressing ring application of the base fertilizer are both beneficial to the uniform growth and development of tobacco plant roots, the full absorption and utilization of the tobacco plant to the fertilizer and the reduction of nitrogen residue in soil, and further the accumulation of tobacco plant dry matters is promoted and the N caused by the nitrogen residue in the soil is reduced2And O is discharged in a large amount. The balanced fertilizer hole application can balance the nutrition of tobacco plants and further promote the tobacco plants to fully absorb and utilize the fertilizer.
4. The invention effectively reduces the N content in the tobacco field2And O is discharged, the problems of hardening and acidification of tobacco-planting soil, reduction of C/N ratio and reduction of microorganism activity energy are avoided, and the yield and quality of tobacco leaves are effectively improved.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way, and any modifications or alterations based on the teachings of the present invention are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
The invention effectively reduces the N content in tobacco field2The fertilizing method for O emission comprises the following steps:
(1) deep-layer annular application of base fertilizer: after ridging is carried out on a tobacco field, on the same day of tobacco seedling transplanting and before the tobacco seedling transplanting, 50% -70% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, a fertilizing groove is excavated by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a datum point and taking 10-15 cm as a radius, the groove depth is 4-6 cm, and soil is covered after the base fertilizer is applied;
(2) applying a seedling raising fertilizer: 7-10 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 1-3 kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 200-600 kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying;
(3) and (3) circularly applying additional fertilizer: uniformly scattering 25-40% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer on the soil surface by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a reference point for 30-35 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, circularly applying the compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer on the soil surface by taking 10-15 cm as a radius, and covering soil;
(4) applying a balance fertilizer: and (3) digging a hole on the ridge surface 15-20 cm away from the tobacco plant 40-45 days after the tobacco seedling is transplanted, applying the residual 5-10% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer into the hole, and covering soil.
The compound fertilizer and/or the fertilizing amount of the compound fertilizer is 60-105 kg N/hm2。
The N: P of the compound fertilizer2O5:K2O=14:14:17。
The N: P ratio of the compound fertilizer2O5:K2O=8:12:24。
The depth of the fertilizing groove in the step (1) is 5 cm.
3kg/667m of potassium nitrate in the step (2)2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying.
K of potassium nitrate2The content of O is more than or equal to 50 percent.
And irrigating after applying the base fertilizer to the deep layer in a surrounding manner, so that the water content of the soil with the depth of 30cm reaches 50% -65% of WFPS.
Example 1
Effectively reduce tobacco field N2The fertilizing method for O emission comprises the following steps:
(1) deep-layer annular application of base fertilizer: after ridging of the tobacco field and the day before transplanting of tobacco plants, 50 percent compound fertilizer (N: P) is added2O5:K2O =14:14: 17) as a base fertilizer, excavating a fertilizing groove with the center of the tobacco pond as a reference point and with the radius of 10cm as a radius, wherein the depth of the groove is about 5cm, and covering soil after the base fertilizer is applied;
(2) applying a seedling raising fertilizer: 7 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 1kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 200 kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying;
(3) and (3) circularly applying additional fertilizer: 30 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, taking the center of the tobacco pond as a reference point, and adding the remaining 40 percent of compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O =14:14: 17), uniformly scattering the mixture on the soil surface by taking 10cm as a radius, performing annular application, and then covering soil;
(4) applying a balance fertilizer: 40 days after transplanting tobacco seedlings, making a small hole on the ridge surface 15cm away from the tobacco plants, and adding the remaining 5% of compound fertilizer (N: P)2O5:K2O =14:14: 17), applied into the hole and covered with soil.
Example 2
Effectively reduce tobacco field N2The fertilizing method for O emission comprises the following steps:
(1) deep-layer annular application of base fertilizer: after ridging is carried out on a tobacco field, on the same day of tobacco seedling transplanting and before the tobacco seedling transplanting, 70% of compound fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, a fertilizing groove is excavated by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a datum point and taking 15cm as a radius, the groove depth is 6cm, and soil is covered after the base fertilizer is applied; then irrigating to ensure that the water content of the soil with the depth of 30cm reaches 50 percent WFPS;
(2) applying a seedling raising fertilizer: 10 days after transplanting tobacco seedling, potassium nitrate (K) is added2O content is more than or equal to 50%) 3kg/667m2Adding water 600kg/667m2 Pouring and applying;
(3) and (3) circularly applying additional fertilizer: after 35 days of tobacco seedling transplantation, uniformly scattering 25% of compound fertilizer on the soil surface by taking the center of the tobacco pond as a reference point, performing annular application by taking 15cm as a radius, and then covering soil;
(4) applying a balance fertilizer: and (4) digging a hole on the ridge surface 20cm away from the tobacco plant 45 days after the tobacco seedling is transplanted, applying the rest 5% of compound fertilizer into the hole and covering soil.
The fertilizing amount of the compound fertilizer is 60 kg N/hm2。
Example 3
Effectively reduce tobacco field N2The fertilizing method for O emission comprises the following steps:
(1) deep-layer annular application of base fertilizer: after ridging is carried out on a tobacco field, on the day of tobacco seedling transplanting and before the tobacco seedling transplanting, 60% of compound fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, a fertilizing groove is excavated by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a datum point and taking 12cm as a radius, the groove depth is 5cm, and soil is covered after the base fertilizer is applied; then irrigating to ensure that the water content of the soil with the depth of 30cm reaches 65 percent WFPS;
(2) applying a seedling raising fertilizer: 8 days after transplanting tobacco seedling, potassium nitrate (K) is added2O content is more than or equal to 50%) 2kg/667m2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying;
(3) and (3) circularly applying additional fertilizer: uniformly scattering 30% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer on the soil surface by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a reference point for 32 days after tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and covering soil after circular application by taking the radius of 10-15 cm;
(4) applying a balance fertilizer: and (3) after 42 days of transplanting the tobacco seedlings, making a hole on the ridge surface at a position 16cm away from the tobacco plants, applying the rest 10% of compound fertilizer and/or compound fertilizer into the hole, and covering soil.
The fertilizing amount of the compound fertilizer is 105kg N/hm2. The N: P of the compound fertilizer2O5:K2O=8:12:24。
Example 4
Effectively reduce tobacco field N2The fertilizing method for O emission comprises the following steps:
(1) deep-layer annular application of base fertilizer: after ridging is carried out on a tobacco field, on the day of tobacco seedling transplanting and before the tobacco seedling transplanting, 65% of compound fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, a fertilizing groove is excavated by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a datum point and taking 14cm as a radius, the groove depth is 5.5cm, and soil is covered after the base fertilizer is applied; then irrigating to ensure that the water content of the soil with the depth of 30cm reaches 60 percent WFPS;
(2) applying a seedling raising fertilizer: transplanting tobacco seedling for 9 days, adding potassium nitrate (K)2O content is more than or equal to 50%) 2.5kg/667m2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying;
(3) and (3) circularly applying additional fertilizer: uniformly scattering 27% of compound fertilizer on the soil surface by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a reference point and covering soil after circular application by taking 10-15 cm as a radius 34 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted;
(4) applying a balance fertilizer: and (4) digging a hole on the ridge surface 18cm away from the tobacco plant 44 days after the tobacco seedling is transplanted, applying the residual 8 percent of compound fertilizer into the hole and covering soil.
The fertilizing amount of the compound fertilizer and/or the compound fertilizer is 80kgN/hm2. The N: P of the compound fertilizer2O5:K2O=14:14:17。
Example 5
Yunnan Yuxi mountain tobacco field N2And (3) effect test of the O emission reduction fertilization method: the test site is located in the research and town of Yuxi city, Yunnan province, the variety of flue-cured tobacco is K326, 3 treatments are totally set, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, and the area of a cell is 90m2And (3) random arrangement:
treatment (1): no fertilizer was applied, as a control: no fertilizer is applied during the whole growth period of the tobacco plant, and other cultivation measures are carried out according to the conventional method;
treatment (2): tobacco grower habit fertilization mode: after ridging of the tobacco field and the same day before transplanting of tobacco plants, 25kg/667m of special compound fertilizer for tobacco is added2（N:P2O5:K2O =14:14: 17) is placed in the middle of the tobacco pond and is fully and uniformly mixed with pond soil, and then tobacco is planted; 7 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 3kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying; 35 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, digging a small hole on the ridge surface 20cm away from the tobacco plants, and adding 10.8kg/667m of special compound fertilizer for tobacco2（N:P2O5:K2O =14:14: 17) into the hole and covered with soil.
Treatment (3): the fertilizer application mode of the invention is as follows: after ridging of the tobacco field and the same day before transplanting of tobacco plants, 25kg/667m of special compound fertilizer for tobacco is added2（N:P2O5:K2O =14:14: 17), excavating fertilizing grooves with the center of the tobacco pond as a reference point and 15cm as a radius, wherein the depth of the grooves is about 5cm, and covering soil after base fertilizer is applied; 7 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 3kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying; 35 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, taking the center of a tobacco pond as a reference point, and mixing 9kg/667m of the special compound fertilizer for the tobacco2（N:P2O5:K2O =14:14: 17), uniformly scattering the mixture on the soil surface by taking 15cm as a radius, performing annular application, and then covering soil; 45 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, digging a small hole on the ridge surface 20cm away from the tobacco plants, and adding 1.8kg/667m of compound fertilizer special for tobacco2（N:P2O5:K2O =14:14: 17), applied into the hole and covered with soil.
N of soil of each cell2O-dischargeThe amount was measured by a static box method, which is cylindrical with a bottom diameter of 0.3m and a box height of 0.5 m. The upper layer of each pot is provided with a sampling box base, and water is added during sampling and is injected into the base for sealing. Sampling once at 3d, wherein the sampling time is 9 a.m.: 00-11: 00. each sampling point takes 4 samples at a time, and 1 sample is taken at intervals of 15 min. And measuring the air temperature and the box temperature while sampling. Determination of sample N by gas chromatography with ECD Detector (Shimadzu GC-12B)2O concentration, column temperature 65 ℃ and detector temperature 300 ℃. According to N2Calculating N according to the relation curve of O concentration and time2O discharge flux. Sampling the whole tobacco plant in the mature period of the flue-cured tobacco, and measuring the biomass and the utilization rate of the N element of the tobacco plant. Different treatments on tobacco field N2The effects of O emission, tobacco plant biomass and N utilization are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 cured tobacco season tobacco field N of this example2O emission, flue-cured tobacco biomass and N utilization rate
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
As can be seen from Table 1, the fertilization mode (treatment 3) of the present invention for flue-cured tobacco season tobacco field N is comparable to the tobacco grower habit fertilization mode (treatment 2)2The average emission flux and the total emission amount of O are respectively reduced by 51.0 percent and 51.6 percent, and the biomass of tobacco plants and the utilization rate of N are respectively improved by 35.7 percent and 45.9 percent. Therefore, the fertilizing method effectively improves the nitrogen utilization rate of the flue-cured tobacco, and obviously reduces the N content in the tobacco field2And (4) discharging O. Meanwhile, the method is beneficial to improving the yield of the tobacco leaves and increasing the economic benefit of the tobacco leaves.
Example 6
Yunnan Emei county tobacco field N2And (3) effect test of the O emission reduction fertilization method: the test site is located in small street town of Emhan county of Yunnan province, the flue-cured tobacco variety is Yunyan 87, 3 treatments are totally set, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, and the area of the cell is 110m2And (3) random arrangement:
treatment (1): no fertilizer was applied, as a control: no fertilizer is applied during the whole growth period of the tobacco plant, and other cultivation measures are carried out according to the conventional method;
treatment (2): tobacco grower habit fertilization mode: after the ridge is formed on the tobacco field,on the day before tobacco plant transplantation, 40kg/667m of special compound fertilizer for tobacco is added2（N:P2O5:K2O =8:12: 24) is placed in the middle of the tobacco pond and is fully and uniformly mixed with pond soil, and then tobacco is planted; 7 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 2kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying; 30 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, digging a small hole on the ridge surface 20cm away from the tobacco plants, and mixing the special compound fertilizer 35kg/667m for tobacco2（N:P2O5:K2O =8:12: 24) into the hole and covered with soil.
Treatment (3): the fertilizer application mode of the invention is as follows: after ridging of the tobacco field and the same day before transplanting of tobacco plants, 40kg/667m of special compound fertilizer for tobacco is mixed2（N:P2O5:K2O =8:12: 24), excavating fertilizing grooves with the center of the tobacco pond as a reference point and 15cm as a radius, wherein the depth of the grooves is about 5cm, and covering soil after base fertilizer is applied; 7 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 2kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying; 30 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, taking the center of a tobacco pond as a reference point, and mixing 30kg/667m of the special compound fertilizer for the tobacco2（N:P2O5:K2O =8:12: 24), uniformly scattering the mixture on the soil surface by taking 15cm as a radius, performing annular application, and then covering soil; 45 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, digging a small hole on the ridge surface 20cm away from the tobacco plants, and mixing the special compound fertilizer 5kg/667m for tobacco2（N:P2O5:K2O =8:12: 24), and is applied into the hole and covered with soil.
Determination of N by the method of example 52O emission, flue-cured tobacco biomass and N utilization rate. Each treatment is on tobacco field N2The effects of O emission, tobacco plant biomass and N utilization are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 cured tobacco season tobacco field N of this example2O emission, flue-cured tobacco biomass and N utilization rate
Figure 188275DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
As can be seen from Table 2, the fertilization mode (treatment 3) of the present invention for flue-cured tobacco season tobacco field N is comparable to the tobacco grower-accustomed fertilization mode (treatment 2)2Average and total emissions of OThe reduction of 33.4 percent and 35.7 percent, the biomass of tobacco plants and the utilization rate of N element are respectively improved by 50.3 percent and 32.7 percent. In the same way, the fertilizing method of the invention effectively improves the nitrogen utilization rate of the flue-cured tobacco and obviously reduces the N content in the tobacco field2And (4) discharging O. And is beneficial to improving the yield of the tobacco leaves and increasing the economic benefit of the tobacco leaves.

Claims (4)

1. Effectively reduce tobacco field N2The fertilizing method for O emission is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) deep-layer annular application of base fertilizer: after ridging is carried out on a tobacco field, on the same day of tobacco seedling transplanting and before the tobacco seedling transplanting, 50% -70% of compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, a fertilizing groove is excavated by taking the center of a tobacco pond as a datum point and taking 10-15 cm as a radius, the groove depth is 4-6 cm, and soil is covered after the base fertilizer is applied; irrigating after applying base fertilizer in a deep layer in a surrounding manner to enable the water content of soil with the depth of 30cm to reach 50-65% of WFPS;
(2) applying a seedling raising fertilizer: 7-10 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, 1-3 kg/667m of potassium nitrate is added2Adding 200-600 kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying; potassium nitrate of K2The content of O is more than or equal to 50 percent;
(3) and (3) circularly applying additional fertilizer: uniformly scattering 25-40% of compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer with the radius of 10-15 cm on the soil surface for annular application 30-35 days after tobacco seedlings are transplanted, taking the center of a tobacco pond as a reference point, and covering soil;
(4) applying a balance fertilizer: after 40-45 days of tobacco seedling transplantation, drilling a hole on the ridge surface 15-20 cm away from the tobacco plant, applying the rest 5-10% of compound fertilizer or compound fertilizer into the hole and covering soil;
n: P of the compound fertilizer2O5:K2O =14:14:17, N: P of compound fertilizer2O5:K2O=8:12:24。
2. The fertilization method of claim 1, wherein the fertilization amount of the compound fertilizer or the compound fertilizer is 60-105 kg N/hm2。
3. Fertilizing method according to claim 1, characterized in that the fertilizing groove in step (1) has a groove depth of 5 cm.
4. The fertilization method of claim 1, wherein in step (2), potassium nitrate is added in an amount of 3kg/667m2Adding 400kg/667m of water2 Pouring and applying.
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