CN107557549A - A kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress - Google Patents
A kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress Download PDFInfo
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- CN107557549A CN107557549A CN201710973719.7A CN201710973719A CN107557549A CN 107557549 A CN107557549 A CN 107557549A CN 201710973719 A CN201710973719 A CN 201710973719A CN 107557549 A CN107557549 A CN 107557549A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress, comprises the following steps：1st step, the Temperature Distribution field of weldment is calculated first；According to Temperature Distribution field, distribution and size of the welding residual stress around weld seam are calculated；Step 2：External force and torque are applied on the welding assembly of welding point side, welding assembly is produced plastic deformation, to eliminate the welding residual stress calculated in the 1st step.The residual stress of weldment can be effectively eliminated by the present invention, solves the problems, such as weldment stress corrosion cracking and fatigue at high temperature cracking.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to welding technology field, more particularly to a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress.
Background technology
Welding is that solder fusing forms melting, and two or more of the same race or foreign material workpiece by atom or is divided
The technical process that combination and diffusion between son link into an integrated entity.In the intermetallic composite coating in modern age, welding is than casting, Forging Technology
Develop later, but development speed is quickly.Welded weight accounts for the 45% of steel yield.Welding procedure has good warp
Ji property and practicality, are widely used in large scale structure, including nuclear power station pipeline, oil field stone catalytic cracking chemical pipeline, steamer
Machine gas turbine welded disc turbine rotor, large vessel, submarine, pressure vessel harden structure etc..
In fusion process, if air directly contacts with the molten bath of high temperature, the oxygen in air will oxidized metal and each
Kind alloying element.Nitrogen, water vapour in air etc. enter molten bath, can also in subsequent cooling process in weld seam formed stomata,
The defects of slag inclusion, crackle, deteriorate the quality and performance of weld seam.Postwelding Seam and heat effected zone there may be overheat, it is brittle, quench
Hard or ruckbildung, also make weldment hydraulic performance decline, deteriorate weldability.So weld seam is structure most weak in welding structure.
In addition to weld defect, weldment is in welding process, because the temperature around weld seam is higher, in cooling procedure
Due to principle of expanding with heat and contracting with cold, under the influence of thermal coefficient of expansion, weld material is intended to contraction distortion caused by temperature.If weldering
If part has restrictive function to weld material, this temperature deformation has reformed into the residual thermal stress of welding, and is tension.
If welded pipe line applies to transmit corrosive gas or liquid, residual thermal stress there can possibly be formed stress corruption
The reason for erosion cracking.Stress corrosion cracking enbrittles fracture apperance, but it is it can also happen that in the high material of toughness.Occur
The necessary condition of stress corrosion cracking be tension to be had (whether residual stress or applied stress, or both and and have
It) and the presence of specific corrosive medium.The formation and extension of crackle are substantially vertical with tension direction.This causes stress corrosion
The stress value of cracking, it is more much smaller than the stress value required for Materials Fracture in the presence of no corrosive medium.
In addition to exposed to corrosive medium, soldering part, for example welded disc turbine rotor may be exposed to alternate load
In (fatigue load), high-temperature alternate load (thermal mechanical fatigue) working environment.
Can solve the problems, such as that high-quality heavy forging forging difficulty is big using welded disc turbine rotor, find to be also easy to reprocess during defect and more
Change, rotor can be made hollow, drastically reduce the area materials'use.Aircraft engine, industry gas turbine welded disc turbine rotor exist
Under high-temperature alternate load, crack site is easy to aoxidize, and can produce high-temerature creep (creep) under the action of the centrifugal for a long time, then
Plus reversed fatigue load, the quality and welding residual stress of weld seam can directly affect low-cycle fatigue (the low cycle of rotor
Fatigue) life-span, the high-cycle fatigue strength limit (endurance of high cycle fatigue).
Welding residual stress can aoxidize, high-temerature creep (creep), along with reversed fatigue load synergy, weldering
Connect cracking.Improve weld stress state, prevent Crack Extension, it is extremely important for the service life of raising weldment.The rotor longevity
Life and a relation of stress are to reduce stress 50%, can improve 50 times of life-span.
Determine that residual thermal stress method has a lot：Method of testing includes boring method, X-ray method, Neutron Scattering Method, the side in magnetic field
Method, the method for piezoelectric ceramics, the method for resistance strain gage.The present invention can form a three-dimensional residual thermal stress by calculating
, and what these methods can not all be done.
Peening is to produce the process for the thin surface layer that material is in compressive state.The presence of surface compression will prevent should
The generation of power corrosion cracking.It will be apparent, however, that the compression on any this surface will not prevent the depth beyond compression layer
Existing crackle extension.
In order to reduce remnants thermal stress in welding process, generally use preheats and welded later heat treatment.
Pre- heat energy reduces postwelding cooling velocity, advantageously reduces the maximum hardness of medium carbon steel heat affected area, prevents cold
Crackle, this is the main technique measure for welding medium carbon steel.Preheating can also improve joint plasticity, reduce at postwelding residual stress heat
Reason is that postwelding should be incubated 2-6 hours at 200-350 DEG C, further slows down cooling velocity, increase plasticity, toughness, and reduce and quench
Hard tendency, eliminate diffusible hydrogen these methods in joint all very effectively, but poor compared with controllability for plastic deformation.
Induction heating stress improvement is a kind of method currently used for improving the remaining welding stress in pipeline and shell.So
And induction heating technology is unable to the position and direction of proof stress loading, it is impossible to cause net compressive force in the axial direction.Can not
Effectively prevent stress corrosion, fatigue crack.It is probably conversely further expanded crack, and reduces the residue of shell or shell wall
Intensity and durability, and them is easier further cracking and leakage.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress, to effectively eliminate the remnants of weldment
Stress, solve the problems, such as weldment stress corrosion cracking and fatigue at high temperature cracking.
To achieve these goals, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that：
A kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress, comprises the following steps：
1st step, the Temperature Distribution field of weldment is calculated first；According to Temperature Distribution field, calculate welding residual stress and welding
Distribution and size around stitching；
Step 2：External force and torque are applied to welding assembly, welding assembly is produced plastic deformation, is fallen into a trap with eliminating the 1st step
The welding residual stress of calculation.
Further, the Temperature Distribution field of weldment is obtained in the 1st step using method A or method B：
Method A：The Temperature Distribution of weldment is obtained using Fluent software Conjugate Heat Transfers Hydrostatic injection；
Method B：The Temperature Distribution of weldment is obtained using ANSYS software Solid Mechanics method.
Further, in the 1st step, in ANSYS software configuration Mechanical Calculation and Analysis, the welding for just having welded completion is read
The Temperature Distribution field of part, carries out cooling calculating in structural mechanics, determines weld seam environment temperature remnants welding stresses size and divides
Cloth.
Further, simulated in ANSYS softwares in the 2nd step, using the nonlinear stress and strain curve of material, led to
Adjustment external force size and reinforcing position are crossed, residual compressive stress is being produced in bead direction so that produces plastic deformation and exists
Welding residual stress is eliminated on size and Orientation.
Further, the external force of loading and torque are the linear deformation by setting 0.5%~1% and 0.5%~1% °
Angular distortion complete.
Further, weldment has plastic metal to be welded；The shaping metal is mild steel, nickel Lip river alloy or Ovshinsky
Body stainless steel.
Further, weldment is that plate is formed with plate weld；External force is applied along perpendicular to bead direction to two plates, produced
Linear deformation；And torque is applied to plate, the angle change between plate and plate is produced plasticity angular distortion；The 1st step is eliminated to fall into a trap
The welding residual stress of calculation.
Further, weldment is that rotor and rotor welding are formed；The process structure of annular is reserved in weld seam both sides, is passed through
Hydraulic means can produce moment of flexure to loop configuration axial pressure, the pressure of this axial direction to weld seam；This pressure and bending moment
Eliminate the welding residual stress on the outside of rotor；Or directly axially apply compression external force along welded disc turbine rotor both ends and eliminate on the outside of rotor
Welding residual stress.
Further, weldment is that pipeline is formed with pipeline welding；By hydraulic means, radially applied in pipe welding seam both sides
Plus-pressure makes pipeline produce radial displacement, counteracts the welding residual stress of pipeline so that insides of pipes produces compression；Or
Directly axially apply compression external force along welded pipe line both ends and eliminate the welding residual stress calculated in the 1st step.
Further, welding assembly produces the external force and torque that plastic deformation cancels application.
Present invention welding is mainly used in the welding of plate and shell structure, can be sheet material, pipeline or rotor (thick shell).
The present invention utilizes FEM calculation Solid Mechanics using the distribution of the method temperature field of Fluid Mechanics Computation
Method determines weld seam environment temperature remnants welding stresses size and distribution.Then by on-load pressure and moment of flexure perpendicular to weld seam
Plastic deformation is produced on the direction of middle section.Because welding structure is different, it can make sheet material, can be pipeline, can turn
Son, it is necessary to design different external force or displacement load mode so that pressure and moment of flexure on weld seam are produced, for plate shell knot
Structure, thickness direction, length direction 0.5%-1% length deformation displacements can be loaded.For mutually perpendicular plate weld, Ke Yijia
Carry the angular distortion displacement of 0.5%-1% degree.It is big using the stress-strain diagram of material, control external force by FEM calculation
It is small, or displacement caused by external force so that produce plastic deformation in position with temperature residual stress is eliminated on direction.Also may be used
To produce appropriate residual compressive stress perpendicular to bead direction.Such controllable residual compressive stress can be prevented effectively should
Power corrosion cracking and fatigue at high temperature cracking.
The elimination temperature residual stress method scope of application：
1：Large-scale plate, large-scale pipeline, large-scale shells, large rotor structure, such as submarine plate, shells it
Between, the welding of pressure vessel, nuclear power station, the welding between petrochemical pipe, gas turbine rotor, civilian military aircraft starts
Welding, the welding between turbine rotor and impeller etc. between machine rotor.
2：Suitable for the welding between various plastic metal materials, including low-carbon alloy steel, austenitic stainless steel, nickel chromium triangle closes
Gold etc..
3：This method is applicable welding assembly and is subjected to bigger stress, alternate stress.Working environment is more severe, high
Temperature, high rotating speed, aoxidize, creep, in corrosivity radioactivity electrolyte.Reduce the application that temperature residual stress is related to people's livelihood safety
Background.
Relative to prior art, the present invention has the benefit that：
1st, security：From the experience of fatigue fracture, profit 50% is reduced, 50 times of fatigue life can be improved.Eliminate
Temperature stress, improves the security of product and the life-span is most important in engineering design to consider index.He is used in nuclear power station
Pipeline can be avoided because corrosion is drawn up, and the radioactive fluid for being will not be compromised.Stay on aircraft engine machine rotor, improve
In the aircraft engine rotating speed life-span, this is related to the life security of people.
2nd, economy：It is exactly the quality for improving weld seam that machinery plastic deformation, which eliminates welding residual stress, is reduced using expensive
Large forgings.Design margin can be increased by improving the quality of weld seam, can be designed that more frivolous structure.
3rd, total calculation analog temperature surpasses, temperature residual stress field, is plastically deformed field.Welding procedure is realized, eliminates temperature
The controllability and optimization property of residual stress technical process.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is to the pressure of weld seam and the application schematic diagram of moment of flexure；
Fig. 2A is that Fig. 1 pressure produces the stress envelope of one；The moment of flexure that Fig. 2 B are Fig. 1 produces pure bending stress distribution
Figure；Fig. 2 C be Fig. 2A be added to Fig. 2 B formation combined stress diagram be intended to；
Fig. 3 is the welding assembly schematic diagram of plate and plate；
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram that plastic bending mould to the welding assembly of plate and plate apply external force and torque；
Fig. 5 is the welding assembly schematic diagram of gas turbine rotor and rotor；
Fig. 6 is the schematic diagram of the welding assembly progress weld joint mechanical plastic deformation loading of gas turbine rotor and rotor；
Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of the welding assembly progress weld joint mechanical plastic deformation loading of pipeline and pipeline；
Fig. 8 is the schematic diagram that the life and death of range site simulates the stacking order of welding rod in layer in groove.
Embodiment
A kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress, comprises the following steps：
1st step：Butt-welding fitting carries out residual stress calculation：
1.1)：Temperature Distribution calculates：
A methods：Welded using Fluent software Conjugate Heat Transfers Hydrostatic injection (conjugate heat transfer)
The Temperature Distribution of part：This method can calculate soldering part solid domain and surrounding air computational fields simultaneously；Calculate weld heating
Process, obtain the Temperature Distribution of soldering part solid and surrounding fluid.It can more accurately consider that radiation heat transfer and convection current are changed
Heat.
B methods：Classical ANSYS software Solid Mechanics method (ANSYS Classic) obtains the Temperature Distribution of weldment：It is this
Method can only calculate soldering part solid domain.Welding moving heat source (moving heat can be loaded with passage time step-length
Source), the life and death (element birth and death) of range site simulates the welding rod one in groove as shown in Figure 8
The stacking order of one layer of layer；Radiation heat transfer and heat convection must carry out hand computation, and the surface of solids is loaded into as boundary condition.
1.2) residual stress calculations：In ANSYS software configuration Mechanical Calculation and Analysis, reading is just welded more than completion
The Temperature Distribution (Temperature Distribution that the weldment that method A or B are calculated just has welded) that method calculates, is cooled in structural mechanics
Calculate, determine weld seam environment temperature remnants welding stresses size and distribution.
2nd step：Plastic deformation calculates：
In ANSYS softwares, using the nonlinear stress and strain curve of material, by adjusting external force size (or external force
Displacement) and reinforcing position, so appropriate residual compressive stress can be being produced in bead direction so that produce plasticity and become
Shape eliminates temperature residual stress on size and Orientation.
Refer to shown in Fig. 1, usual external force is a kind of combination of pressure and moment of flexure to weld seam.As illustrated, Fig. 2A is
It is distributed for producing compression field Fig. 2 B and representing a pure bending and produce by weld stress.Wherein lower surface is that pressure should
Power is distributed, and upper surface is tension.The side of compression is for preventing stress corrosion from drawing up either fatigue at high temperature fracture.Figure
2A Fig. 2 B that are added to can form a preferable stress constitutional diagram 2C for preventing weld cracking.The power and moment of flexure of loading are by setting
Fixed 0.5%~1% linear deformation and 0.5%~1% ° of angular distortion are completed.This method is applied to can be moulding
The metal of deformation, including mild steel, nickel Lip river alloy, austenitic stainless steel etc..
Power and moment of flexure collectively form welded plastic deformation, and then, ANSYS utilizes nonlinear ess-strain
The curve simulation plastic deformation, ANSYS nonlinear structural analyses can catch the size of power and moment of flexure, so that caused modeling
Deformation compensation temperature residual stress.
In order to be better understood from the present invention, three examples are the following provided：
Embodiment：
Embodiment 1：The welding of plate and plate
Fig. 3 describes one equipped with the square waste material container of corrosive liquid；Two pieces of mutually perpendicular plate welds exist
Together.In order to effectively prevent stress corrosion cracking, it is necessary to eliminate the residual tension of container inside.
When welding, deliberately make it that the angle between two plates is 91 degree.After welding is completed, pass through modeling shown in Fig. 4
Property bending mould (shaping mould 1, bending die 2, welded plates 3), soldering part is by the same of face internal pressure stress (inplane)
When, the weldment at 91 degree of angles is produced 1% linear deformation and 1% angular distortion is squeezed into 90 degree, produces plasticity angular distortion.
Using FEM calculation is plastically deformed, consider that resilience (spring back) plastic bending deformation causes the angle between two plates
For 90 degree, so that the stress between weld seam is compression.This applies unlimited 90 degree of right angle plate welds, can be any angle
Plate and plate weld.
Embodiment 2：Rotor and rotor welding
Refer to shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, second of situation describes one welded between gas turbine rotor and rotor
Structure.There is higher high-temperature gas (650 DEG C of ＞) on the outside of rotor, turn have cooling gas by order to effectively improve from inner side
Fatigue at high temperature (the thermal mechanical fatigue) life-span, it is necessary to eliminate the residual tension of pipe exterior measuring.Weld joint mechanical
Load mode is plastically deformed as shown in fig. 6, reserving the process structure of annular during structure design in weld seam both sides, passes through liquid
Pressure device can produce moment of flexure to loop configuration axial pressure, the pressure of this axial direction to weld seam.This pressure and bending moment can
To eliminate the residual tension on the outside of rotor.After the method implementation for eliminating residual stress, reserved loop configuration can be removed.
If no loop configuration or loop configuration are difficult to manufacture, it is outer directly axially to apply compression along welded disc turbine rotor both ends
Power.
Embodiment 3：The welding of pipeline and pipeline
Refer to shown in Fig. 7, the third situation is the welding of pipeline and pipeline, and this pipeline is used to convey corrosive liquid
Body, the residual tension surveyed in pipe is eliminated, can effectively prevent stress corrosion cracking.Weld joint mechanical is plastically deformed load mode
It is the moulding displacement deformation of pipeline radial direction.By hydraulic means, radially apply pressure F1 in pipe welding seam both sides, produce
Radial displacement in the range of 0.5% to about 1.0%, counteract the temperature residual stress of pipeline so that insides of pipes produces certain
Compression.Thus mitigate and prevent the potential generation of corrosion cracking.
If welded pipe line is shorter, it directly can also axially apply compression external force F2 along welded pipe line both ends.
Claims (9)
- A kind of 1. method for eliminating welding residual stress, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：1st step, the Temperature Distribution field of weldment is calculated first；According to Temperature Distribution field, welding residual stress is calculated in weld seam week The distribution enclosed and size；Step 2：External force and torque are applied to welding assembly, welding assembly is produced plastic deformation, to eliminate what is calculated in the 1st step Welding residual stress.
- 2. a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that using side in the 1st step Method A or method B obtains the Temperature Distribution field of weldment：Method A：The Temperature Distribution of weldment is obtained using Fluent software Conjugate Heat Transfers Hydrostatic injection；Method B：The Temperature Distribution of weldment is obtained using ANSYS software Solid Mechanics method.
- A kind of 3. method for eliminating welding residual stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in the 1st step, In ANSYS software configuration Mechanical Calculation and Analysis, the Temperature Distribution field for the weldment for just having welded completion is read, in structural mechanics Cooling calculating is carried out, determines weld seam environment temperature welding residual stress size and distribution.
- 4. a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in ANSYS in the 2nd step Simulated in software, using the nonlinear stress and strain curve of material, by adjusting external force size and reinforcing position, vertical In producing residual compressive stress in bead direction so that produce plastic deformation and welding residual stress is eliminated on size and Orientation；Then, the external force size and reinforcing position obtained is actually applied on the welding assembly of welding point side, makes welding Part produces plastic deformation, with the welding residual stress calculated in removal process 1.
- 5. a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the external force and power of loading Square is completed by the linear deformation and 0.5%~1% ° of angular distortion of setting 0.5%~1%.
- 6. a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that weldment has plasticity golden Category is welded；The shaping metal is mild steel, nickel Lip river alloy or austenitic stainless steel.
- 7. a kind of method for eliminating welding residual stress according to claim 1, it is characterised in that weldment is plate and plate Welding is formed；External force is applied along perpendicular to bead direction to two plates, produces linear deformation；And to plate apply torque, make plate with Angle change between plate produces plasticity angular distortion；Eliminate the welding residual stress calculated in the 1st step.
- 8. it is according to claim 1 it is a kind of eliminate welding residual stress method, it is characterised in that weldment be rotor and Rotor welding is formed；The process structure of annular is reserved in weld seam both sides, by hydraulic means to loop configuration axial pressure, this The pressure of axial direction can produce moment of flexure to weld seam；This pressure and bending moment eliminate the welding residual stress on the outside of rotor；Or Directly axially apply the welding residual stress on the outside of compression external force elimination rotor along welded disc turbine rotor both ends.
- 9. it is according to claim 1 it is a kind of eliminate welding residual stress method, it is characterised in that weldment be pipeline with Pipeline welding is formed；By hydraulic means, radially applying pressure in pipe welding seam both sides makes pipeline produce radial displacement, counteracts The welding residual stress of pipeline so that insides of pipes produces compression；Or directly axially apply compression along welded pipe line both ends External force eliminates the welding residual stress calculated in the 1st step.
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Cited By (8)
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| CN108504847A (en) * | 2018-04-08 | 2018-09-07 | 阳泉煤业集团华越机械有限公司 | A kind of hydraulic support structural member post weld heat treatment method |
| CN109799020A (en) * | 2019-02-19 | 2019-05-24 | 中国石油大学(华东) | It is a kind of can manufacture on-the-spot test welding residual stress method |
| CN110778804A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-02-11 | 中国石油集团渤海石油装备制造有限公司 | Oil and gas conveying pipe and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN111187892A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-05-22 | 东莞材料基因高等理工研究院 | Process for reducing residual stress of butt weld of dissimilar metal thick-wall cylinder |
| CN111940584A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-11-17 | 东莞材料基因高等理工研究院 | Device and method capable of reducing residual stress of butt weld of dissimilar metal cylinder |
| CN112464528A (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2021-03-09 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | Method for measuring residual stress on inner surface and inside of welded pipeline |
| CN115018129A (en) * | 2022-05-12 | 2022-09-06 | 中国航发四川燃气涡轮研究院 | Method for predicting rupture rotation speed of dissimilar material welding rotor by considering residual stress influence |
| CN115018129B (en) * | 2022-05-12 | 2024-06-04 | 中国航发四川燃气涡轮研究院 | Method for predicting fracture rotational speed of dissimilar welded rotor by considering residual stress influence |
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| CN109799020B (en) * | 2019-02-19 | 2020-11-13 | 中国石油大学(华东) | Method capable of testing welding residual stress on manufacturing site |
| CN110778804A (en) * | 2019-12-04 | 2020-02-11 | 中国石油集团渤海石油装备制造有限公司 | Oil and gas conveying pipe and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN111187892A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-05-22 | 东莞材料基因高等理工研究院 | Process for reducing residual stress of butt weld of dissimilar metal thick-wall cylinder |
| CN111940584A (en) * | 2020-06-16 | 2020-11-17 | 东莞材料基因高等理工研究院 | Device and method capable of reducing residual stress of butt weld of dissimilar metal cylinder |
| CN112464528A (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2021-03-09 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | Method for measuring residual stress on inner surface and inside of welded pipeline |
| CN112464528B (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2022-02-11 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | Method for measuring residual stress on inner surface and inside of welded pipeline |
| CN115018129A (en) * | 2022-05-12 | 2022-09-06 | 中国航发四川燃气涡轮研究院 | Method for predicting rupture rotation speed of dissimilar material welding rotor by considering residual stress influence |
| CN115018129B (en) * | 2022-05-12 | 2024-06-04 | 中国航发四川燃气涡轮研究院 | Method for predicting fracture rotational speed of dissimilar welded rotor by considering residual stress influence |
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