CN107478113A - A kind of UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method - Google Patents
A kind of UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107478113A CN107478113A CN201710604535.3A CN201710604535A CN107478113A CN 107478113 A CN107478113 A CN 107478113A CN 201710604535 A CN201710604535 A CN 201710604535A CN 107478113 A CN107478113 A CN 107478113A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D1/00—Blasting methods or apparatus, e.g. loading or tamping
- F42D1/08—Tamping methods; Methods for loading boreholes with explosives; Apparatus therefor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
- F42D3/04—Particular applications of blasting techniques for rock blasting
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
The present invention is directed to the excavation project of UHV transmission line stake well (depth is not more than 10m), propose a kind of wide-angle double focusing energy presplit blasting, a kind of UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method that high-precision digital detonator is layered hole-by-hole initiation, water pressure blasting is combined, it is characterised in that:All Drillings of design blasthole of stake well are completed, and are once lighted a fire after powder charge, Sub-region and hierarchical delayed ignition, whole stake well onepull shaping.Compared with prior art, realize once drilling, the stake well explosion of onepull shaping, UHV transmission line stake well is excavated artificial underground work amount and time substantially reduces, greatly reduce explosion number, explosion of once lighting a fire is become by traditional multiple circulation explosion, reduces the security risk of work progress.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to stake well blasting technique field, and in particular to a kind of UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming explosion
Method.
Background technology
Frequently with digging formula stake well is drawn, rock location need to be opened project of transmitting and converting electricity foundation excavation using blasting method at present
Dig.Light section (is less than 10m2) in deep (being less than 10m) stake well Blasting Excavation, proportion is larger in high-voltage line stake well construction.
Vertical shaft deep hole Slicing blasting method (discussion and application of vertical shaft deep hole Slicing blasting method, the Zhang Yi that the adopted equality of Central South University proposes
Flat, Chen Shouru, Wang Maoling, mining technique, 2002.06), on the excavation scar of vertical shaft or similar vertical shaft, set with borehole drilling
Standby disposable (actual tunnelling footage is less than 30m) or the by several times vertical long hole of (excavate quick-fried depth and be more than 30m) Drilling major diameter, in making
Heart hole, via hole, periphery hole reach same level depth, and the snubber of minor diameter is beaten using medium-length hole cutting method cloth hole
Eye.Deep drilling finishes, and is just filled to certain altitude with river sand, and packed height is that actual hole depth subtracts next explosion hole depth.It is quick-fried
Quarrel clearly is carried out after broken ventilation (conditions permit can use machinery and the clear quarrel of artificial joint).Pneumatic pick and airduct can be used clear after having cleared up
Go out the macropore aperture that bottom plate leaves, then the sandstone in macropore is blown into sky to required height with high-pressure air hose.Then keyhole is carried out
Perforating, after the completion of perforating start subsequent cycle explosion, until whole deep hole depth of round complete.It is high (such as when all stage
30m) after the completion of development blasting, then carry out the drilling of next deep hole depth of round.Patent of invention CN201510255636.5, preboring
Mesopore shaft excavation blasting method description is comprised the following steps using the drill bursting construction of explosive forming twice:A, in blast area
Domain is drilled, and after backfilling mesopore with sand, onepull keyhole, onepull are drilled out according to the requirement of central emptying aperture burn cut formula
Via hole and onepull periphery hole;B, explosive is loaded;D, detonating charge;E, secondary blasting via hole and secondary blasting week are drilled out
It is lateral opening;F, explosive is loaded;G, detonating charge;H, it is aerated to underground, pernicious gas is completely exhausted out;F, repeat step a is extremely
Step h, layering carries out explosion, until designed elevation.
Because stake well section is small, an only scope of freedom, the clamping action of explosion is big, and drilling depth is restricted, conventional at present
Blasting method excavate, usual onepull drilling depth is 0.3 times~0.5 times of cross section diameter.It is more to there is blast working circulation, bores
Number of perforations is more, and blast hole utilization factor is low, and explosive consumption is big, and the shaping of stake well is undesirable, backbreaks, owes to dig the problems such as phenomenon is serious.
Construction quality is have impact on, constrains construction speed, adds construction cost, and current Small-sectional Pile-walls Blasting Excavation is faced
Technical barrier.And the big depth basis blasting digging method under specified conditions, courtyard deep hole blasting method, large diameter, deep borehole are spherical
Pack retrusive caved stopes, it is Blasting Excavation order from the bottom to top, does not meet practice of construction requirement.Vertical shaft deep hole point
Layer blasting procedure, is once drilled using centre bore, via hole, periphery hole, and keyhole repeatedly drills, and vertical shaft is layered the side of more separate explosions
Method, the destruction of the vertical long hole of major diameter is easily caused in this method implementation process, operation difficulty is big, construction period and routine
Blasting method does not more significantly improve.Preboring mesopore shaft excavation blasting method is repeatedly to drill, and circulates blasting method, the party
Method only centre bore once drills in place, and remaining Kong Jun according to a conventional method construct by Drilling, and backfill mesopore with sand adds work simultaneously
Measure, without significantly improving, construction cost increases construction speed, it is impossible to meets that UHV transmission line stake well excavates needs.
The content of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is:For the excavation of UHV transmission line stake well (depth is not more than 10m)
Engineering, the borehole blasting construction circulation of solution stake well Blasting Excavation is more, and drilling number is more, and blast hole utilization factor is low, and explosive consumption is big, construction
The problems such as risk is high.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention proposes a kind of wide-angle double focusing energy presplit blasting, high-precision digital thunder
A kind of UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method that pipe layering hole-by-hole initiation, water pressure blasting are combined,
Compared with background technology, once drilling, the stake well explosion of onepull shaping are realized.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method, it is characterised in that:All design blastholes one of stake well
Secondary Drilling is completed, and is once lighted a fire after powder charge, Sub-region and hierarchical delayed ignition, whole stake well onepull shaping.
Specifically, described all design Drillings of blasthole of stake well concretely comprise the following steps and first utilize machinery in stake well construction region
Equipment cuts out surface soil layer and builds out complete pledge excavation plane, then with the disposable Drilling major diameter of borehole drilling equipment
Heart hole, keyhole, via hole and periphery hole reach same level depth;The form of the powder charge is that periphery hole is double using wide-angle
Cumulative presplit blasting charge structure, keyhole and via hole use layered charge form, and centre bore only carries out powder charge in bottom hole and filled out
Plug;After ignition and detonation, periphery hole presplit blasting first, onepull forms the borehole wall of whole stake well, then keyhole, via hole,
Hole-specifically, successively detonate, be finally reached the onepull molding effect of a well.
Preferably, the vertical property of drilling is ensured when the borehole drilling equipment disposably drills, error is not more than 5 ‰.
Preferably, the borehole drilling equipment is down-the-hole drill.
Preferably, it is characterised in that:The keyhole and via hole use layered charge form, layer and layer powder charge at intervals of
0.8-1 times of stake well diameter, hard material interval is used between keyhole powder charge, between via hole powder charge using hard material with
Water spacer charge structure.
Preferably, it is characterised in that:Hole-by-hole initiation is layered using high-precision digital detonator.
Preferably, it is characterised in that:After powder charge and detonator filling, when setting gradually the accurate extension of each region detonator
Between;In blasting process, periphery hole presplit blasting first, the borehole wall of whole stake well is once formed;After 200-300ms delays, first
Layer powder charge is by keyhole, the order hole-by-hole initiation successively of via hole, interval time 30-50ms between hole;Detonation, layer are successively completed again
Between interval time 200-300ms, during bottom explosion, centre bore powder charge is detonated at first, is followed successively by keyhole, via hole, Kong Jian
Interval time is consistent with upper strata.
Advantages of the present invention is with good effect:
1st, invention realizes the once drilling of UHV transmission line stake well, onepull shaping;
2nd, the present invention, which makes UHV transmission line stake well excavate artificial underground work amount, substantially reduces, and greatly reduces explosion
Number (becomes explosion of once lighting a fire) by traditional multiple circulation explosion, reduces the security risk of work progress;
3rd, the present invention realize preferable demolition effect, reduce UHV transmission line stake well excavation drill, manually,
The costs such as time, effectively increase efficiency of construction.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method overall plan;
Fig. 2 is blasthole layout diagram;
Fig. 3 is blast hole projectile filling schematic diagram;
Fig. 4 is firing order schematic diagram.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with drawings and examples, the present invention is described in further detail.
Mainly for the Blasting Excavation of UHV transmission line stake well, solves traditional project of transmitting and converting electricity basis Blasting Excavation side
Method exist blast working circulation it is more, drilling number it is more, blast hole utilization factor is low, and explosive consumption is big, stake well shaping it is undesirable, construction wind
Many practical problems of the high restriction extra-high voltage grid engineering construction development in danger, realize once drilling, the stake of onepull shaping
Well Blasting Excavation needs.Stake well one-shot forming blasting method avoids the underground work mode of artificial circulation drilling, effectively reduces
Artificial below ground activity duration, explosion number become onepull by circulating more separate explosions, effectively reduce whole explosion and apply
The security risk of work.Meanwhile the present invention repeatedly circulates construction party relative to traditional stake well drilling, powder charge, explosion, scarfing cinder process
Method, efficiency of construction are higher.The present invention is used for UHV transmission line stake well of the depth no more than 10m and once drilled in place,
Once lighted a fire after powder charge, Sub-region and hierarchical delay blasting, mechanically or manually scarfing cinder operation, blast working process are carried out after the completion of explosion
Efficiency significantly improves.
The invention mainly relates to the stake well Blasting Excavation in above-mentioned environment, including bore mode, charge constitution, detonation side
Formula, filling mode, overall composition as shown in figure 1,
(1) bore mode
Compared with common rock drill, down-the-hole drill is with drilling is deep, bore diameter is big, drilling efficiency is high, accommodation
The features such as wide, it is current general large-scale rock drilling equipment.It must be closed in drilling construction according to geology, landform and technical conditions
The track of reason design drilling.But influenceed by nature, technology and human factor, under current technical conditions, down-the-hole drill exists
Often occur different degrees of deflection in rock drilling work progress, especially in, borehole drilling construction in it is more apparent.Rock drilling deviation proportion
Generation to stake well can onepull shaping there is large effect.In construction, to reduce rock drilling deviation proportion respectively from rig
Job platform transformation (building pledge excavation plane using plant equipment, it is levelling to carry out concreting for place if necessary), down-the-hole
The driller parameters such as rig the pressure of the drill drilling speed control etc. carries out operation.(also it may be selected according to construction orographic condition using hidden hole drilling
Geology drilling row bore operation), it is ensured that the vertical property of drilling, error cannot be greater than 5 ‰.
(2) periphery forming hole
Using wide-angle double focusing energy Pre-splitting Blasting Technique.The forming technique of Explosive cartridge with double cumulative energy grooves and ensure that energy-gathering jetting can
The centering technology of Action of blade is played along pre- broken face, makes Explosion stress wave effect, the expansion of gases at high pressure, energy-gathering jetting
Action of blade form moment in crack in rock mass and can organically combine, interact, bring out the best in each other, so as to complete presplitting
Explosion and the combination of CUMULATIVE BLASTING mechanism, realize the full-scale application of cumulative Pre-splitting Blasting Technique.Wide-angle double focusing energy
Pre-splitting Blasting Technique is to be molded needs according to the onepull of UHV transmission line stake well, and double focusing energy Pre-splitting Blasting Technique is changed
Enter, the angle of double focusing energy is mainly adjusted according to the sectional dimension of stake well, ensure the one-shot forming effect of the stake well borehole wall, at the same it is also big
Harm of the explosion to stake well borehole wall rock mass is reduced greatly, strengthens the stability of rock of borehole.
(3) detonation mode selects
High-precision digital detonator is layered hole by hole initiation technique.It has the ability of high-precision millisecond extension simultaneous initiation, energy
Enough engine requests realized and meet high accuracy delay buffer blasting.Extension scope can arbitrarily be set in the range of 1-15000ms,
Minimum delays setting at intervals of 1ms.Working condition can on-line checking, extension data can retaking of a year or grade checking.Pass through parallel network networking
Application environment, can be achieved conveniently, safely with large-scale design of blasting net.Due to the energy with online programming and detection
Power, easily at any time change networking Ignition plan, can preferably meet UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming explosion layering by
The actual requirement of hole detonation.
(4) selection of charge structure
Via hole uses water pressure blasting technology.Using water transmission shock wave to the Incoercibility of water,
Explosion energy is set to pass through Water transport almost free of losses into country rock, meanwhile, water " water caused by under explosion gas expansion
Wedge " effect, is advantageous to catalase, and the water in borehole can play atomized dust settling effect, substantially reduce dirt of the dust to environment
Dye.It ensure that a well onepull molding effect, improve powder charge capacity usage ratio, while serve reduction hazardous effects of explosion
Effect.
Slag powder charge slotting, high-precision digital detonator water spacer powder charge point are thrown using the presplit blasting of double focusing energy, big emptying aperture bottom
The stake well one-shot forming blasting method of layer hole-by-hole initiation using hidden hole drilling or geology when it is implemented, creep into row bore operation (root
According to construction orographic condition selection, construction surface leveling is carried out), centre bore, keyhole, via hole and the periphery of Drilling major diameter
Hole reaches same level depth, ensures the vertical property of drilling, and error cannot be greater than 5 ‰;After drilling, cleaning blasthole blowout is residual
Slag;As shown in figure 3, during powder charge, periphery hole uses wide-angle double focusing energy presplit blasting charge structure, and keyhole and via hole use
Layered charge form, layer and layer powder charge are at intervals of 0.8-1 times of stake well diameter, using between hard material between keyhole powder charge
Every using hard material and water spacer charge structure between via hole powder charge, centre bore is only in bottom hole progress powder charge filling;It is all
Use high-precision digital blasting cap initiation;After powder charge and detonator filling, when setting gradually the accurate extension of each region detonator
Between.
In blasting process, as shown in figure 4, periphery hole presplit blasting first, the borehole wall of whole stake well is once formed;200-
After 300ms delays, first layer powder charge is by keyhole, the order hole-by-hole initiation successively of via hole, interval time 30-50ms between hole;
Detonation is successively completed again, and time interval between layers 200-300ms, during bottom explosion, centre bore powder charge is detonated at first, is followed successively by and is drawn
Slotted eye, via hole, interval time is consistent with upper strata between hole.
Using the inventive method, compared to existing stake well blasting construction method, the spy that depth is not more than 10m is mainly realized
The once drilling of ultra-high-tension power transmission line stake well, a powder charge, the onepull of once detonation shaping purpose, avoid circulation explosion
The shortcomings that operation, reduce manual operation amount, reduce the security risk of work progress, while reduce UHV transmission line stake
The departmental cost of well construction, effectively increases efficiency of construction.
Embodiment:
Diameter 2.5m, deep 9m UHV transmission line stake well.
Blasting parameter design is as follows:
(1) blasthole diameter.Centre bore, keyhole, the blasthole diameter of via hole and periphery hole take 90mm, centre bore conduct
The scope of freedom and compensation space.
(2) blast hole depth.Centre bore, keyhole, via hole and periphery hole hole depth 9.5m.
(3) hole arrangement parameters.Periphery hole pitch-row 0.87m, 9 holes are laid altogether;Via hole pitch-row 0.63,6 are laid altogether
Hole;Keyhole lays 3 altogether, centre bore 1.Blasthole is laid as shown in Figure 2.
(4) charge structure.Periphery hole uses wide-angle double focusing energy presplit blasting charge structure, and keyhole and via hole use
Layered charge form, layer and layer powder charge are at intervals of 0.8-1 times of stake well diameter, using between hard material between keyhole powder charge
Every using hard material and water spacer charge structure between via hole powder charge, centre bore is only in bottom hole progress powder charge filling.Blasthole
Powder charge is as shown in Figure 3.
(5) firing order.Periphery hole presplit blasting first, once form the borehole wall of whole stake well;After 200ms delays, the
One layer of powder charge is by keyhole, the order hole-by-hole initiation successively of via hole, interval time 50ms between hole;Detonation, layer are successively completed again
Between interval time 300ms, during bottom explosion, centre bore powder charge is detonated at first, is followed successively by keyhole, via hole, is spaced between hole
Time is consistent with upper strata.Firing order is as shown in Figure 4.
Technique effect:Using the presplit blasting of wide-angle double focusing energy, high-precision digital detonator layering hole-by-hole initiation, medium-length hole water
The stake well onepull forming technique that is combined of pressure explosion, can in rock matter harder, stratification owe educate, the more complete geology bar of rock
Under part, onepull cutting depth 9m stake wells, borehole wall integrality is preferable, and the control of blasting vibration occurrence situation is preferable.The present invention is quick-fried
Broken construction period is 2 working days, and scarfing cinder and borehole wall supporting operation are carried out after the completion of explosion, without secondary blasting, is integrally applied
10 days work cycles.Conventional method, the size stake well need to carry out the explosion, scarfing cinder, supporting operation of 5-6 circulation, need to carried out 6 times
Drillhole blasting operation above, construction period 20-25 days.
Above content described in this specification is only illustration made for the present invention.Technology belonging to the present invention
The technical staff in field can make various modifications or supplement to described specific embodiment or using similar mode
Substitute, content without departing from description of the invention or surmount scope defined in the claims, this all should be belonged to
The protection domain of invention.
Claims (7)
- A kind of 1. UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method, it is characterised in that:All design blastholes of stake well are once Drilling is completed, and is once lighted a fire after powder charge, Sub-region and hierarchical delayed ignition, whole stake well onepull shaping.
- A kind of 2. UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that:It is described All design Drillings of blasthole of stake well concretely comprise the following steps first builds out complete rock in stake well construction region using plant equipment Stone excavates plane, then is reached with centre bore, keyhole, via hole and the periphery hole of the disposable Drilling major diameter of borehole drilling equipment Same level depth;The form of the powder charge is that periphery hole uses wide-angle double focusing energy presplit blasting charge structure, and keyhole and via hole use Layered charge form, centre bore only carry out powder charge filling in bottom hole;After ignition and detonation, periphery hole presplit blasting first, onepull forms the borehole wall of whole stake well, then keyhole, via hole, Hole-specifically, successively detonate, be finally reached the onepull shaping of a well.
- A kind of 3. UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that:It is described Borehole drilling equipment will ensure the vertical property of drilling when disposably drilling, error is not more than 5 ‰.
- A kind of 4. UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that:It is described Borehole drilling equipment is down-the-hole drill.
- A kind of 5. UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method as claimed in claim 2, it is characterised in that:It is described Keyhole and via hole use layered charge form, and layer is with layer powder charge at intervals of 0.8~1 times of stake well diameter, keyhole powder charge Between use hard material interval, using hard material and water spacer charge structure between via hole powder charge.
- 6. such as any UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method of claim 1 to 5, it is characterised in that:Using High-precision digital detonator is layered hole-by-hole initiation.
- A kind of 7. UHV transmission line stake well one-shot forming blasting method as claimed in claim 6, it is characterised in that:Powder charge After detonator filling, the accurate extension time of each region detonator is set gradually;In blasting process, periphery hole presplit blasting first, the borehole wall of whole stake well is once formed;After 200~300ms delays, the One layer of powder charge is by keyhole, the order hole-by-hole initiation successively of via hole, 30~50ms of interval time between hole;Successively complete again Quick-fried, 200~300ms of time interval between layers, during bottom explosion, centre bore powder charge is detonated at first, is followed successively by keyhole, auxiliary Hole, interval time is consistent with upper strata between hole.
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN108374661A (en) * | 2018-02-06 | 2018-08-07 | 浙江省隧道工程公司 | A kind of middle pilot shaft shaft formatting by one blasting method |
CN110332866A (en) * | 2019-07-09 | 2019-10-15 | 中南大学 | Single free-face combines blasthole kerf blasting method |
CN110595306A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-12-20 | 中国科学技术大学 | Construction method of efficient blasting pile foundation based on principle that external free surface forms tensile wave superposition boundary region |
CN111457800A (en) * | 2020-04-14 | 2020-07-28 | 郑州信息科技职业学院 | Straight-eye barrel-shaped cutting hole arrangement structure and roadway straight-eye barrel-shaped cutting blasting method thereof |
CN111705833A (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2020-09-25 | 武汉大学 | Large-diameter offshore wind power rock-socketed single pile excavation method |
CN111707151A (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2020-09-25 | 武汉大学 | One-time blasting excavation forming method for offshore rock-socketed pile foundation |
CN112432570A (en) * | 2020-11-16 | 2021-03-02 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Controlled blasting construction method for vertical shaft wall beam nest |
CN114199088A (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2022-03-18 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Carbon dioxide cracker brush-expanded shaft bottom coal bunker hole distribution structure and brush-expanded process |
CN115342696A (en) * | 2022-09-06 | 2022-11-15 | 南昌大学 | Rock foundation excavation forming construction method |
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CN108374661A (en) * | 2018-02-06 | 2018-08-07 | 浙江省隧道工程公司 | A kind of middle pilot shaft shaft formatting by one blasting method |
CN110332866A (en) * | 2019-07-09 | 2019-10-15 | 中南大学 | Single free-face combines blasthole kerf blasting method |
CN110595306A (en) * | 2019-09-05 | 2019-12-20 | 中国科学技术大学 | Construction method of efficient blasting pile foundation based on principle that external free surface forms tensile wave superposition boundary region |
CN111457800A (en) * | 2020-04-14 | 2020-07-28 | 郑州信息科技职业学院 | Straight-eye barrel-shaped cutting hole arrangement structure and roadway straight-eye barrel-shaped cutting blasting method thereof |
CN111705833A (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2020-09-25 | 武汉大学 | Large-diameter offshore wind power rock-socketed single pile excavation method |
CN111707151A (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2020-09-25 | 武汉大学 | One-time blasting excavation forming method for offshore rock-socketed pile foundation |
CN111705833B (en) * | 2020-06-11 | 2022-01-04 | 武汉大学 | Large-diameter offshore wind power rock-socketed single pile excavation method |
CN112432570A (en) * | 2020-11-16 | 2021-03-02 | 中国矿业大学(北京) | Controlled blasting construction method for vertical shaft wall beam nest |
CN114199088A (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2022-03-18 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Carbon dioxide cracker brush-expanded shaft bottom coal bunker hole distribution structure and brush-expanded process |
CN114199088B (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2024-01-02 | 北京中煤矿山工程有限公司 | Brushing and expanding shaft bottom coal bunker hole distribution structure of carbon dioxide fracturing device and brushing and expanding process |
CN115342696A (en) * | 2022-09-06 | 2022-11-15 | 南昌大学 | Rock foundation excavation forming construction method |
CN115342696B (en) * | 2022-09-06 | 2023-09-29 | 南昌大学 | Rock foundation excavation forming construction method |
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