CN107453630B - A kind of stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter and its control method with high-frequency rectification control - Google Patents
A kind of stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter and its control method with high-frequency rectification control Download PDFInfo
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- CN107453630B CN107453630B CN201710774294.7A CN201710774294A CN107453630B CN 107453630 B CN107453630 B CN 107453630B CN 201710774294 A CN201710774294 A CN 201710774294A CN 107453630 B CN107453630 B CN 107453630B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/4807—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode having a high frequency intermediate AC stage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/4815—Resonant converters
- H02M7/4818—Resonant converters with means for adaptation of resonance frequency, e.g. by modification of capacitance or inductance of resonance circuits
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/56—Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
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Abstract
The invention belongs to electroporation fields, it is related to a kind of single stage type off-network inverter and its control method with high-frequency rectification control, transformer primary side realizes photovoltaic inversion with a switching tube, switching tube realizes that no-voltage turns on and off simultaneously, and isolating transformer is made to realize bidirectional excitation, the asymmetrical voltage that two sets of high-frequency rectification control circuits of transformer secondary export transformer secondary winding is utilized effectively, and the conducting dutycycle by controlling HF switch pipe realizes MPPT；The controllable inverse switch plumber frequency alternate conduction of transformer secondary；The resonant capacitance and transformer primary side inductance of transformer primary side parallel connection, which carry out resonance, makes voltage gain with higher between inverter input/output, and can be adjusted by changing the switching frequency of primary side switch pipe；Its circuit structure is simple, small in size, at low cost, high-efficient, is easy to control, and high reliablity is widely used.
Description
Technical field:
The invention belongs to electroporation field, it is related to a kind of off-network inverter and its control method, especially one kind is directed to
Input is the single stage type off-network inverter and its control method with high-frequency rectification control of solar cell panel assembly.
Background technique:
The micro- inverter of traditional photovoltaic off-grid generally has following three kinds of structure type: the first is non-isolation type two-stage type knot
Structure, i.e. prime are boosted with non-isolated Boost circuit, rear class H bridge inversion, its advantage is that circuit is relatively easy, the disadvantage is that micro- inverse
The output and solar panel for becoming device are not isolated, and can bring security risk, and its efficiency is lower.Second is isolated form two-stage type knot
The boosting of structure, i.e. prime isolation voltage or current mode half-bridge LLC circuit, rear class H bridge inversion, its advantage is that micro- inverter is defeated
Electrical isolation is realized with solar panel out, eliminates security risk, and its front stage circuits can realize Sofe Switch by resonance, it is preceding
Grade circuit efficiency is relatively higher, the disadvantage is that inverter volume is relatively large, higher cost, prime is current mode half-bridge LLC
Circuit control is relative complex, and needs two inductance, increases the volume of inverter；Prime is voltage-fed half-bridge LLC circuit control
Make relative complex, two switching tubes are easy straight-through and burn circuit bridge arm up and down；The third is isolated form single stage type structure, at present
Transformer primary side generally uses flyback, interleaving inverse excitation type or interleaving inverse excitation active-clamp type circuit, and transformer secondary uses work
Frequency inversion not only can realize electrical isolation but also possibility of reversal with primary circuit, and rear class H-bridge inverter circuit eliminated, for flyback
Or interleaving inverse excitation type circuit, its advantage is that circuit structure is simple, is easy to control, the disadvantage is that the unidirectional excitation of transformer, magnetic core is easy
Saturation, power are difficult to do greatly, and switching tube can not achieve Sofe Switch, relatively inefficient；For interleaving inverse excitation active-clamp type electricity
Road, switching tube and main switch complementation conducting in active-clamp branch, makes two switching tubes all realize zero electricity by resonance
Sofe Switch is pressed, and reduces the pressure resistance of switching tube, it is opposite to improve efficiency, but the unidirectional excitation of existing transformer, magnetic core
It is easily saturated, power is difficult to do greatly, increases the complexity of control.
Three kinds of structure types of the comprehensive small-sized inverter of conventional photovoltaic off-network, it is small-sized inverse for isolation or non-isolated two-stage type
Become device, following stage generally uses H bridge inversion, is easy straight-through there is two switching tubes above and below bridge arm and burns out circuit, control difficulty
High, the shortcomings that reliability is low, low efficiency, along with causing the volume of inverter to increase after front and back stages cascade, reliability reduction,
Efficiency further decreases, and is gradually isolated replaced type single stage type structure at present, but isolated form single stage type structure jointly there is
The complicated problem of the unidirectional excitation of transformer, control.Therefore, design a circuit structure it is simple, it is small in size, at low cost, high-efficient,
It is easy to control, the sigle-stage AC formula photovoltaic off-grid inverter of transformer bidirectional excitation and its control method are with very big practical
Value.
Summary of the invention:
It is an object of the invention to overcome defect of the existing technology, design provides a kind of list with high-frequency rectification control
Grade formula photovoltaic off-grid inverter and its control method, i.e. isolating transformer primary side are only used a switching tube to realize that transformer is two-way and are encouraged
Magnetic, and switching tube not only may be implemented no-voltage and open but also may be implemented zero voltage turn-off, it can be to change during turning on and off
Energy is transmitted on depressor pair side, which does not have to while undertaking MPPT maximum power point tracking (Maximum Power Point
Tracking, MPPT) control task；Transformer secondary uses two sets of high-frequency rectification control circuits, in every set high-frequency rectification control
In circuit processed increase a switching tube, for realizing MPPT, by control allow its by power frequency output, then reverse parallel connection, in conjunction with
The modulation of transformer primary side HF switch pipe forms the pulse train by the variation of Sine Modulated rule, becomes power frequency after filtering
220V alternating current.
To achieve the goals above, the main body of the stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter of the present invention with high-frequency rectification control
Structure includes reversed hold-off diode, capacitor, resonant capacitance, first switch tube, freewheeling diode, high frequency transformer, first high
Frequency rectifier control circuit, the second high-frequency rectification control circuit, the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube, filter capacitor, filter inductance,
First voltage sample circuit, the first current sampling circuit, second voltage sample circuit, the second current sampling circuit, output voltage
Sample circuit, flyback sourse, control single chip computer, the first driving circuit, the second driving circuit, third driving circuit, the 4th driving
Circuit and the 5th driving circuit；Input voltage is by reversed hold-off diode and by capacitor filtering later as the defeated of circuit below
Enter, wherein input voltage is the output voltage of solar cell panel assembly, and reversed hold-off diode is for preventing reverse current stream
To solar cell panel assembly, capacitor is used to absorb the energy of high frequency transformer primary side inductance feedback, while playing filter action.
Primary side inductance, resonant capacitance, first switch tube, the freewheeling diode electrical connection composition single tube resonance circuit of high frequency transformer, are used
In by filtered DC inverter at high-frequency alternating current；High frequency transformer is by primary side inductance, magnetic core, the first secondary inductance,
Two secondary inductances, third secondary inductance, fourth officer side inductance connection composition, wherein magnetic core is the magnetic core with air gap, primary side electricity
Sense and the first secondary inductance, primary side inductance and the second secondary inductance, primary side inductance and third secondary inductance, primary side inductance and the 4th
The coefficient of coup between secondary inductance is 0.5-0.9, and the first secondary inductance is identical with the coiling of third secondary inductance, the
Two secondary inductances are identical with the coiling of the 4th secondary inductance, and high-frequency alternating current is applied to high frequency transformer primary side inductance two
End, induces the asymmetric high-frequency ac voltage of positive and negative amplitude on high frequency transformer pair side；Single tube resonance circuit and high frequency transformation
Device is used to energy being transmitted to secondary side from primary side；First high-frequency rectification control circuit by the first secondary inductance, the second secondary inductance,
First high-frequency rectification diode, second switch, the second high-frequency rectification diode electrical connection composition, for transformer secondary
High-frequency alternating current carries out rectification control；Second high-frequency rectification control circuit is high by third secondary inductance, the 4th secondary inductance, third
Frequency rectifier diode, third switching tube, the 4th high-frequency rectification diode electrical connection composition, are handed over for the high frequency to transformer secondary
Galvanic electricity carries out rectification control；4th switching tube and the 5th switching tube power frequency alternate conduction, for realizing power frequency inversion, wherein the 4th
Switching tube is connected in power frequency positive half period, and the 5th switching tube is connected in power frequency negative half-cycle；Filter capacitor and filter inductance
Electrical connection composition filter circuit, for being filtered to the high-frequency alternating current after the 4th switching tube and the 5th switching tube power frequency inversion
Wave filters out high-frequency harmonic and obtains power frequency 220V alternating current；The output of first voltage sample circuit acquisition solar cell panel assembly
Voltage signal is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer, and the output current signal of the first current sampling circuit acquisition solar cell panel assembly is sent
To control single chip computer, control single chip computer receives the output voltage and output current signal for the solar cell panel assembly that acquisition comes
Carry out MPPT control；The voltage signal of second voltage sample circuit acquisition first switch tube drain-source interpolar is simultaneously sent to control monolithic
Machine, before the current driving signal rising edge of first switch tube arrives, detect first switch tube drain-source interpolar voltage whether be
Zero judges whether current first switch tube realizes that no-voltage is open-minded；The output electric current of second current sampling circuit acquisition inverter
Signal is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer, and output voltage sampling circuit acquisition inverter output voltage signal is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer,
Control single chip computer receives the output electric current for the inverter that acquisition comes and output voltage signal carries out feedback of voltage and current control；Instead
Swash power supply and the output voltage of solar cell panel assembly is down to the mutually isolated+12V output and+5V output all the way in five tunnels, the
The cathode of+12V output is electrically connected with the cathode of solar cell panel assembly all the way, is powered for the first driving circuit driving side；The
The cathode of two tunnel+12V output is electrically connected with second switch source electrode, is powered for the second driving circuit driving side；Third road+12V
The cathode of output is electrically connected with third switching tube source electrode, is powered for third driving circuit driving side；4th tunnel+12V output is born
Pole is electrically connected with the 4th switching tube source electrode, for the 4th driving circuit drives side power supply；The cathode and the 5th of 5th tunnel+12V output
The electrical connection of switching tube source electrode, powers for the 5th driving circuit driving side；The cathode of+5V output and bearing for solar cell panel assembly
Pole electrical connection is control single chip computer, output voltage sampling circuit outlet side, output voltage sampling circuit direct current biasing, the first drive
Dynamic circuit control signal side, the second driving circuit control data side, third driving circuit control data side, the 4th driving circuit control
Data side processed, the control data side power supply of the 5th driving circuit；Control single chip computer receives first voltage sample circuit, the first electric current
The voltage and current letter that sample circuit, second voltage sample circuit, the second current sampling circuit, output voltage sampling circuit acquire
Number, it is common via MPPT control program, Sofe Switch determining program, feedback of voltage and current control program and PWM+PFM control program
Generate first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube, the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube control signal, control signal
It is sent respectively to the first driving circuit, the second driving circuit, third driving circuit, the 4th driving circuit, the 5th driving circuit；First
Driving circuit is amplified driving first switch tube after receiving the first switch tube control signal that control single chip computer is sent；Second drives
Dynamic circuit is amplified driving second switch after receiving the second switch control signal that control single chip computer is sent；Third driving
Circuit is amplified driving third switching tube after receiving the third switch controlled signal that control single chip computer is sent；4th driving electricity
Amplified the 4th switching tube of driving after receiving the 4th switch controlled signal that control single chip computer is sent in road；5th driving circuit
Amplified the 5th switching tube of driving after receiving the 5th switch controlled signal that control single chip computer is sent.
The present invention realize the stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter control process controlled with high-frequency rectification the following steps are included:
(1) circuit powers on, and SCM program initialization, first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube use pulse
Width modulated (Pulse Width Modulation, PWM) and pulse frequency modulated (Pulse Frequency
Modulation, PFM) combine mode soft start, i.e. given first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube just
Beginning switching frequency and initial turn-on time allow the 4th switching tube and the 5th switching tube by power frequency alternate conduction, export inverter
Voltage peak reaches 311V；
(2) it after the completion of soft start, detects inverter output voltage and current signal, control single chip computer is adopted according to output voltage
Sample circuit and the collected inverter output voltage of the second current sampling circuit and current signal adjust first switch tube, second
The modulated signal of switching tube, third switching tube allows the 4th switching tube and the 5th switching tube by power frequency half-wave alternate conduction, then inversion
Device output voltage changes according to the rule of power frequency 220V AC voltage；The frequency of inverter output voltage is by program setting, inversion
The sine wave modulation of device output voltage is carried out according to the area principle of equal effects, before and after inverter output power-frequency voltage is in zero crossing
Equal a period of time T0(in the case where inverter circuit parameter is certain, T0Value by first switch tube, second switch
And the switching frequency of third switching tube and the duty ratio of driving signal determine) it is interior when, each switch week of fixed first switch tube
The frequency and duty ratio of phase driving signal, while corresponding to adjustment second switch, the frequency of third switch controlled signal and accounting for
Empty ratio adjusts the output of inverter by changing connection cycle and disconnecting the ratio of cycle, to reduce voltage distortion rate；
When inverter output power-frequency voltage is in other times section, first switch tube drive is controlled in such a way that PFM, PWM are combined
The frequency and duty ratio of dynamic signal, while corresponding adjustment second switch, the frequency and duty ratio of third switch controlled signal,
Inverter output voltage is set to meet the variation of power frequency sinusoidal rule；
(3) when inverter output voltage is unstable, by PFM control control first switch tube, second switch,
The driving signal of third switching tube stablizes the output voltage of inverter；Output voltage sampling circuit, the second current sampling circuit point
Not Cai Ji the output voltage of inverter, output current signal and send to control single chip computer, control program by feedback of voltage and current
Compared with given value, after digital PID compensation, the driving signal of first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube is carried out
PFM control, if inverter output voltage amplitude is constant, keeps first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube set
Modulated signal issues if inverter output voltage amplitude becomes larger and increases first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube
The signal of switching frequency issues if inverter output voltage amplitude becomes smaller and reduces first switch tube, second switch, third
The signal of switching tube switching frequency, to stablize the output voltage amplitude of inverter；
(4) whether the voltage of its drain-source interpolar is zero to judge that first switch tube is before being opened by detecting first switch tube
No realization no-voltage is open-minded, interrupts by first and controls its driving pulse width with the method that PWM is controlled to realize first switch
The no-voltage of pipe is open-minded, and the first priority interrupted is better than other interruptions；It is arrived in the current driving signal rising edge of first switch tube
Before coming, the voltage signal of second voltage sample circuit acquisition first switch tube drain-source interpolar is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer, if soft
Switch determining program judges that the voltage of first switch tube drain-source interpolar is not zero, then first switch tube is not carried out no-voltage and opens
It is logical, it is interrupted into first, reduces first switch tube, second switch, the pulse width a reference value of third switch controlled signal,
Keep the 4th switching tube, the driving signal of the 5th switching tube constant, first interrupts return, and waiting detects next time；
(5) it when the maximum power point of solar cell panel assembly shifts, is interrupted by second and controls second switch
The duty ratio of pipe, third switch controlled signal, to adjust the equivalent impedance and solar cell panel assembly of inverter and load
Equivalent internal resistance it is equal, to realize MPPT, the second priority interrupted is interrupted inferior to first；First voltage sample circuit, first
Current sampling circuit collects the output voltage of solar cell panel assembly, output current signal and send to control single chip computer, often
Entered one time second interruption every n seconds, the value of n by program setting, remember in upper primary progress MPPT control by MPPT control program
Continue MPPT control on the basis of the characteristic information of record, until inverter work interrupts return in maximum power point, second；
(6) judge whether inverter needs to stop working, if inverter needs stop working, block output first switch
Pipe, second switch, the driving signal of third switching tube, the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube；If inverter does not need to stop work
Make, then detects inverter output voltage again, repeat the above steps, realize the control of inverter.
For the present invention compared with existing single stage type inverter, transformer primary side only uses a switching tube can the level-one realization sun
Energy photovoltaic inversion, switching tube had not only been able to achieve no-voltage and has opened but also can realize zero voltage turn-off, and realized isolating transformer
Bidirectional excitation, the volume of transformer is reduced under Same Efficieney, and two sets of high-frequency rectification control circuits of transformer secondary to become
The asymmetrical voltage of depressor vice-side winding output is utilized effectively, to keep the whole efficiency of inverter and reliability further
It improves, and MPPT may be implemented in the conducting dutycycle for controlling HF switch pipe, reduces the control difficulty of primary side switch pipe；Become
The controllable inverse switch plumber frequency alternate conduction on depressor pair side, there is no straight-through problems；The resonant capacitance of transformer primary side parallel connection
Resonance is carried out with transformer primary side inductance and makes voltage gain with higher between inverter input/output, and can be passed through
The switching frequency for changing primary side switch pipe is adjusted, and reduces transformer so as to further decrease transformer turn ratio
Volume；Its circuit structure is simple, small in size, at low cost, high-efficient, is easy to control, high reliablity, except can dedicated for photovoltaic from
Net outside small-sized inverter, can also promote the use of other small off-grid inverters, vehicle-mounted inverter, ups power, frequency converter, every
From in boosting DC-AC converter.
Detailed description of the invention:
Fig. 1 is the circuit theory schematic diagram of the stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter of the present invention with high-frequency rectification control.
Fig. 2 is the control process flow chart of the stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter of the present invention with high-frequency rectification control.
Fig. 3 is the voltage modulated schematic diagram of the stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter of the present invention with high-frequency rectification control,
Wherein UoFor the output voltage of inverter.
Fig. 4 is the working waveform figure of the stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter of the present invention with high-frequency rectification control, wherein
Ugs1For first switch tube Q1Driving voltage, Uds1For first switch tube Q1Voltage between hourglass source electrode, UPFor resonant capacitance CrTwo
The voltage at end, IPFor primary inductor LPElectric current.
Specific embodiment:
Technical solution of the present invention is described in more detail in the following with reference to the drawings and specific embodiments.
Embodiment:
The main structure of stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter with high-frequency rectification control described in the present embodiment includes reversed cuts
Only diode D, capacitor Ci, resonant capacitance Cr, first switch tube Q1, sustained diodeQ1, high frequency transformer 1, the first high-frequency rectification
Control circuit 2, the second high-frequency rectification control circuit 3, the 4th switching tube Q4, the 5th switching tube Q5, filter capacitor Cf, filter inductance
Lf, it is first voltage sample circuit 4, the first current sampling circuit 5, second voltage sample circuit 6, the second current sampling circuit 7, defeated
Voltage sampling circuit 8, flyback sourse 9, control single chip computer 15, the first driving circuit 20, the second driving circuit 21, third driving out
Circuit 22, the 4th driving circuit 23 and the 5th driving circuit 24；Input voltage UiBy reversed hold-off diode D and by capacitor Ci
Input after filtering as circuit below, wherein input voltage UiIt is reversed to cut for the output voltage of solar cell panel assembly
Only diode D is for preventing reverse current from flowing to solar cell panel assembly, capacitor CiFor absorbing high frequency transformer 1 primary side electricity
Feel LPThe energy of feedback, while playing filter action；The primary inductor L of high frequency transformer 1P, resonant capacitance Cr, first switch tube
Q1, sustained diodeQ1Electrical connection composition single tube resonance circuit, is used for filtered DC inverter into high-frequency alternating current；It is high
Frequency power transformer 1 is by primary inductor LP, magnetic core T, the first secondary inductance LS1, the second secondary inductance LS2, third secondary inductance LS3,
Four secondary inductance LS4Connection composition, wherein magnetic core T is the magnetic core with air gap, primary inductor LPWith the first secondary inductance LS1, it is former
Side inductance LPWith the second secondary inductance LS2, primary inductor LPWith third secondary inductance LS3, primary inductor LPWith the 4th secondary inductance
LS4The coefficient of coup be 0.5-0.9, the first secondary inductance LS1With third secondary inductance LS3Coiling it is identical, second is secondary
Side inductance LS2With the 4th secondary inductance LS4Coiling it is identical, high-frequency alternating current is applied to 1 primary inductor L of high frequency transformerP
Both ends induce the asymmetric high-frequency ac voltage of positive and negative amplitude on the secondary side of high frequency transformer 1；Single tube resonance circuit and high frequency become
Depressor 1 is used to energy being transmitted to secondary side from primary side；First high-frequency rectification control circuit 2 is by the first secondary inductance LS1, it is second secondary
Side inductance LS2, the first high-frequency rectification diode D1, second switch Q2, the second high-frequency rectification diode D2Electrical connection composition, is used for
Rectification control is carried out to the high-frequency alternating current of transformer secondary；Second high-frequency rectification control circuit 3 is by third secondary inductance LS3,
Four secondary inductance LS4, third high-frequency rectification diode D3, third switching tube Q3, the 4th high-frequency rectification diode D4Electrical connection composition,
Rectification control is carried out for the high-frequency alternating current to transformer secondary；4th switching tube Q4With the 5th switching tube Q5Power frequency is alternately led
It is logical, for realizing power frequency inversion, wherein the 4th switching tube Q4It is connected in power frequency positive half period, the 5th switching tube Q5It is negative in power frequency
Conducting in half period；Filter capacitor CfWith filter inductance LfElectrical connection composition filter circuit, for the 4th switching tube Q4With the 5th
Switching tube Q5High-frequency alternating current after power frequency inversion is filtered, and is filtered out high-frequency harmonic and is obtained power frequency 220V alternating current；First electricity
Pressure sample circuit 4 acquires the output voltage signal of solar cell panel assembly and send to control single chip computer 15, the first current sample
The output current signal that circuit 5 acquires solar cell panel assembly is sent to control single chip computer 15, and control single chip computer 15, which receives, to be adopted
The output voltage and output current signal for the solar cell panel assembly that collection comes carry out MPPT control；Second voltage sample circuit 6
Acquire first switch tube Q1The voltage signal of drain-source interpolar is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer 15, in first switch tube Q1Current driving letter
Before number rising edge arrives, first switch tube Q is detected1Whether the voltage of drain-source interpolar is zero to judge current first switch tube Q1
Whether realize that no-voltage is open-minded；The output current signal of second current sampling circuit 7 acquisition inverter is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer
15, output voltage sampling circuit 8 acquires inverter output voltage and send to control single chip computer 15, and control single chip computer 15, which receives, to be adopted
The second electric current and output voltage signal that collection comes carry out feedback of voltage and current control；Flyback sourse 9 is by solar cell panel assembly
Output voltage be down to five tunnels it is mutually isolated+12V output and all the way+5V export, the first via+12V output 10 cathode GND1
It is electrically connected with the cathode of solar cell panel assembly, powers for 20 driving side of the first driving circuit；Second tunnel+12V output 11
Cathode GND2 and second switch Q2Source electrode electrical connection, powers for 21 driving side of the second driving circuit；Third road+12V output 12
Cathode GND3 and third switching tube Q3Source electrode electrical connection, powers for 22 driving side of third driving circuit；4th tunnel+12V output
13 cathode GND4 and the 4th switching tube Q4Source electrode electrical connection, powers for 23 driving side of the 4th driving circuit；5th tunnel+12V is defeated
14 cathode GND5 and the 5th switching tube Q out5Source electrode electrical connection, powers for 24 driving side of the 5th driving circuit；+ 5V output is born
Pole GND1 is electrically connected with the cathode of solar cell panel assembly, be control single chip computer 15,8 outlet side of output voltage sampling circuit,
8 direct current biasing of output voltage sampling circuit, the first driving circuit 20 control data side, the second driving circuit 21 controls data side,
Third driving circuit 22 controls data side, the 4th driving circuit 23 control data side, the 5th driving circuit 24 control data side and supplies
Electricity；Control single chip computer 15 receives first voltage sample circuit 4, the first current sampling circuit 5, second voltage sample circuit 6,
The voltage and current signal that two current sampling circuits 7, output voltage sampling circuit 8 acquire controls program 16, Sofe Switch via MPPT
Determining program 17, feedback of voltage and current control program 18 and PWM+PFM control program 19 generate first switch tube Q jointly1, second
Switching tube Q2, third switching tube Q3, the 4th switching tube Q4, the 5th switching tube Q5Control signal, control signal sent respectively to first
Driving circuit 20, the second driving circuit 21, third driving circuit 22, the 4th driving circuit 23, the 5th driving circuit 24；First drives
Dynamic circuit 20 receives the first switch tube Q that control single chip computer 15 is sent1Amplified driving first switch tube Q after controlling signal1；
Second driving circuit 21 receives the second switch Q that control single chip computer 15 is sent2It is opened after control signal through amplification driving second
Close pipe Q2；Third driving circuit 22 receives the third switching tube Q that control single chip computer 15 is sent3It is driven after controlling signal through amplification
Third switching tube Q3；4th driving circuit 23 receives the 4th switching tube Q that control single chip computer 15 is sent4Through putting after control signal
The 4th switching tube Q of big driving4；5th driving circuit 24 receives the 5th switching tube Q that control single chip computer 15 is sent5Control signal
The 5th switching tube Q is driven by amplification5。
The present embodiment realize the stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter control process controlled with high-frequency rectification the following steps are included:
(1) circuit powers on, SCM program initialization, first switch tube Q1, second switch Q2, third switching tube Q3It adopts
Mode soft start, the i.e. given first switch tube Q combined with PWM with PFM1, second switch Q2, third switching tube Q3Just
Beginning switching frequency and initial turn-on time, allow the 4th switching tube Q4With the 5th switching tube Q5By power frequency alternate conduction, keep inverter defeated
Voltage peak reaches 311V out；
(2) after the completion of soft start, inverter output voltage and current signal are detected, control single chip computer 15 is according to output voltage
Sample circuit 8 and the collected inverter output voltage of the second current sampling circuit 7 and current signal adjust first switch tube
Q1, second switch Q2, third switching tube Q3Modulated signal, allow the 4th switching tube Q4With the 5th switching tube Q5It is handed over by power frequency half-wave
For conducting, then inverter output voltage changes according to the rule of power frequency 220V AC voltage；The frequency of inverter output voltage by
The sine wave modulation of program setting, inverter output voltage is carried out according to the area principle of equal effects, when inverter exports power-frequency voltage
Equal a period of time T before and after zero crossing0(in the case where inverter circuit parameter is certain, T0Value by first switch
Pipe Q1, second switch Q2And third switching tube Q3Switching frequency and driving signal duty ratio determine) it is interior when, fix first
Switching tube Q1The frequency and duty ratio of each switch periods driving signal, while corresponding adjustment second switch Q2, third switch
Pipe Q3The frequency and duty ratio for controlling signal adjust inverter by changing connection cycle and disconnecting the ratio of cycle
Output, to reduce voltage distortion rate；When inverter output power-frequency voltage is in other times section, combined by PFM, PWM
Mode control first switch tube Q1The frequency and duty ratio of driving signal, while corresponding adjustment second switch Q2, third switch
Pipe Q3The frequency and duty ratio for controlling signal make inverter output voltage meet the variation of power frequency sinusoidal rule；
(3) when inverter output voltage is unstable, first switch tube Q is controlled by PFM control1, second switch
Pipe Q2, third switching tube Q3Driving signal, stablize inverter output voltage.Output voltage sampling circuit 8, the second electric current are adopted
Sample circuit 7 acquires the output voltage of inverter, output current signal respectively and send to control single chip computer 15, anti-by voltage and current
Feedback control program 18 is compared with given value, after digital PID compensation, to first switch tube Q1, second switch Q2, third switching tube
Q3Driving signal carry out PFM control and if inverter output voltage amplitude is constant keep first switch tube Q1, second switch
Q2, third switching tube Q3Set modulated signal issues if inverter output voltage amplitude becomes larger and increases first switch tube Q1、
Second switch Q2, third switching tube Q3The signal of switching frequency issues reduction if inverter output voltage amplitude becomes smaller
One switching tube Q1, second switch Q2, third switching tube Q3The signal of switching frequency, to follow inverter output voltage amplitude；
(4) pass through detection first switch tube Q1Whether the voltage of its drain-source interpolar is zero to judge first switch tube before opening
Q1Whether realize that no-voltage is open-minded, its driving pulse width is controlled with the method for PWM control to realize first by the first interruption I
Switching tube Q1No-voltage it is open-minded, first interrupt I priority better than other interrupt；In first switch tube Q1Current driving signal
Before rising edge arrives, second voltage sample circuit 6 acquires first switch tube Q1The voltage signal of drain-source interpolar is simultaneously sent to control
Single-chip microcontroller 15, if Sofe Switch determining program 17 judges first switch tube Q1The voltage of drain-source interpolar is not zero, then first switch tube Q1
It is open-minded to be not carried out no-voltage, interrupts I into first, reduces first switch tube Q1, second switch Q2, third switching tube Q3Control
The pulse width a reference value of signal processed keeps the 4th switching tube Q4, the 5th switching tube Q5Driving signal it is constant, first interrupts and I returns
It returns, waiting detects next time；
(5) when the maximum power point of solar cell panel assembly shifts, II control second is interrupted by second and is opened
Close pipe Q2, third switching tube Q3The duty ratio of signal is controlled, to adjust the equivalent impedance and solar panel of inverter and load
The equivalent internal resistance of component is equal, and to realize MPPT, the second priority for interrupting II interrupts I inferior to first；First voltage sampling electricity
Road 4, the first current sampling circuit 5 collect the output voltage of solar cell panel assembly, output current signal and send to control
Single-chip microcontroller 15, the value of one time second II, n of interruption was entered every n seconds by program setting, MPPT control program 16 it is upper once into
Continue MPPT control on the basis of the characteristic information that row MPPT is recorded when controlling, until inverter works in maximum power
Point, second, which interrupts II, returns；
(6) judge whether inverter needs to stop working, if inverter needs stop working, block output first switch
Pipe Q1, second switch Q2, third switching tube Q3, the 4th switching tube Q4, the 5th switching tube Q5Driving signal；If inverter is not required to
It stops working, then detects inverter output voltage again, repeat the above steps, realize the control of inverter.
The course of work of stage photovoltaic single off-network inverter with high-frequency rectification control described in the present embodiment includes following rank
Section:
In every power frequency half period, output voltage waveforms, positive and negative half-wave symmetry are modulated with the control method that PFM, PWM are combined
And be staggered 180 °, power frequency 220V AC voltage waveform is obtained after filtering, the following are the courses of work of each switch periods:
t0-t1Period: in t0Moment, first switch tube Q1Driving voltage Ugs1Become high level, at this time primary inductor LP's
Electric current is negative, first switch tube Q1It is not turned on, primary inductor LPPass through sustained diodeQ1With capacitor CiAfterflow, first switch tube
Q1The voltage of drain-source interpolar is 0, arrives t1Moment, primary inductor LPElectric current become 0, first switch tube Q1Conducting, first switch tube
Q1Realize that no-voltage is open-minded, this period the first secondary inductance LS1, the first high-frequency rectification diode D1With second switch Q2Work or
Person is third secondary inductance LS3, third high-frequency rectification diode D3With third switching tube Q3Work；
t1-t2Period: input voltage UiFor primary inductor LPCharging, primary inductor LPElectric current gradually increase, arrive t2Moment,
First switch tube Q1Driving voltage Ugs1Become low level, first switch tube Q1Shutdown, this period the first secondary inductance LS1,
One high-frequency rectification diode D1With second switch Q2Work either third secondary inductance LS3, third high-frequency rectification diode D3
With third switching tube Q3Work；
t2-t3Period: resonant capacitance CrFor primary inductor LPCharging, primary inductor LPElectric current continue growing, arrive t3Moment,
Resonant capacitance CrVoltage be reduced to 0, primary inductor LPElectric current increase to maximum, this period the first secondary inductance LS1, it is first high
Frequency rectifier diode D1With second switch Q2Work either third secondary inductance LS3, third high-frequency rectification diode D3With
Three switching tube Q3Work, the first secondary inductance LS1Or third secondary inductance LS3Both end voltage amplitude reduces；
t3-t4Period: primary inductor LPIt is reversed resonant capacitance CrCharging, resonant capacitance CrVoltage reversal increase, arrive t4
Moment, primary inductor LPElectric current fall to 0, resonant capacitance CrVoltage reversal increase to maximum, this second secondary inductance of period
LS2With the second high-frequency rectification diode D2Work either the 4th secondary inductance LS4With the 4th high-frequency rectification diode D4Work, the
Two secondary inductance LS2Or the 4th secondary inductance LS4Both end voltage amplitude increases；
t4-t5Period: resonant capacitance CrFor primary inductor LPT is arrived in reverse charging5Moment, resonant capacitance CrVoltage become
0, primary inductor LPElectric current reversely increase to maximum, this period the second secondary inductance LS2With the second high-frequency rectification diode D2Work
Make either the 4th secondary inductance LS4With the 4th high-frequency rectification diode D4Work, the second secondary inductance LS2Or the 4th secondary inductance
LS4Both end voltage amplitude reduces；
t5-t6Period: primary inductor LPFor resonant capacitance CrReverse charging, resonant capacitance CrVoltage gradually increase, arrive t6
Moment, resonant capacitance CrVoltage increase to and capacitor CiVoltage it is equal, first switch tube Q1The voltage of drain-source interpolar is 0, this
Period the first secondary inductance LS1, the first high-frequency rectification diode D1With second switch Q2Work either third secondary inductance
LS3, third high-frequency rectification diode D3With third switching tube Q3Work, the first secondary inductance LS1Or third secondary inductance LS3Both ends
Voltage magnitude increases；
t6-t7Period: primary inductor LPPass through sustained diodeQ1With capacitor CiAfterflow, first switch tube Q1Drain-source interpolar
Voltage be 0, arrive t7Moment, first switch tube Q1Driving voltage Ugs1Become high level, at this time primary inductor LPElectric current be
It is negative, first switch tube Q1It is not turned on, this period the first secondary inductance LS1, the first high-frequency rectification diode D1With second switch Q2
Work either third secondary inductance LS3, third high-frequency rectification diode D3With third switching tube Q3Work.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of control method of the single stage type off-network inverter with high-frequency rectification control, it is characterised in that specific control process packet
Include following steps:
(1) circuit powers on, and SCM program initialization, first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube use PWM and PFM
The mode soft start that combines, i.e., given first switch tube, second switch, the original switching frequency of third switching tube and initial
Turn-on time allows the 4th switching tube and the 5th switching tube by power frequency alternate conduction, inverter output voltage peak value is made to reach 311V；
(2) after the completion of soft start, inverter output voltage and current signal are detected, control single chip computer samples electricity according to output voltage
Road and the collected inverter output voltage of the second current sampling circuit and current signal adjust first switch tube, second switch
The modulated signal of pipe, third switching tube, allows the 4th switching tube and the 5th switching tube by power frequency half-wave alternate conduction, then inverter is defeated
Voltage changes according to the rule of power frequency 220V AC voltage out；For the frequency of inverter output voltage by program setting, inverter is defeated
The sine wave modulation of voltage is carried out according to the area principle of equal effects out, equal before and after inverter output power-frequency voltage is in zero crossing
Time in when, the frequency and duty ratio of fixed each switch periods driving signal of first switch tube, while corresponding adjustment the
The frequency and duty ratio of two switching tubes, third switch controlled signal, by changing the ratio connected cycle and disconnect cycle
Value adjusts the output of inverter, to reduce voltage distortion rate；When inverter output power-frequency voltage is in other times section, lead to
Frequency and duty ratio that the mode that PFM, PWM are combined controls first switch tube driving signal are crossed, while corresponding adjustment second is opened
The frequency and duty ratio of Guan Guan, third switch controlled signal make inverter output voltage meet the variation of power frequency sinusoidal rule；
(3) when inverter output voltage is unstable, first switch tube, second switch, third are controlled by PFM control
The driving signal of switching tube stablizes the output voltage of inverter；Output voltage sampling circuit, the second current sampling circuit are adopted respectively
Collect the output voltage of inverter, output current signal and send to control single chip computer, control program by feedback of voltage and current and gives
Definite value compares, after digital PID compensation, carries out PFM control to the driving signal of first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube
System, if inverter output voltage amplitude is constant, the modulation that keeps first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube set
Signal issues if inverter output voltage amplitude becomes larger and increases first switch tube, second switch, third switching tube switch
The signal of frequency issues if inverter output voltage amplitude becomes smaller and reduces first switch tube, second switch, third switch
The signal of pipe switching frequency, to stablize the output voltage amplitude of inverter；
(4) open whether the voltage of its preceding drain-source interpolar is zero to judge whether first switch tube is real by detecting first switch tube
Existing no-voltage is open-minded, interrupts by first and controls its driving pulse width with the method that PWM is controlled to realize first switch tube
No-voltage is open-minded, and the first priority interrupted is better than other interruptions；It is arrived in the current driving signal rising edge of first switch tube
Before, the voltage signal of second voltage sample circuit acquisition first switch tube drain-source interpolar is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer, if Sofe Switch
Determining program judges that the voltage of first switch tube drain-source interpolar is not zero, then it is open-minded to be not carried out no-voltage for first switch tube, into
Enter the first interruption, reduce first switch tube, second switch, the pulse width a reference value of third switch controlled signal, keeps
4th switching tube, the driving signal of the 5th switching tube are constant, and first interrupts return, and waiting detects next time；
(5) when the maximum power point of solar cell panel assembly shifts, control second switch, the are interrupted by second
The duty ratio of three switch controlled signals, come adjust inverter and load equivalent impedance and solar cell panel assembly it is equivalent
Internal resistance is equal, and to realize MPPT, the second priority interrupted is interrupted inferior to first；First voltage sample circuit, the first electric current are adopted
Sample circuit collects the output voltage of solar cell panel assembly, output current signal and send to control single chip computer, every n seconds into
Enter one time second interruption, for the value of n by program setting, MPPT controls program in the upper primary feature record when MPPT control
Continue MPPT control on the basis of information, until inverter work interrupts return in maximum power point, second；
(6) judge whether inverter needs to stop working, if inverter needs stop working, block output first switch tube,
The driving signal of second switch, third switching tube, the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube；If inverter does not need to stop working,
Inverter output voltage is then detected again, is repeated the above steps, and realizes the control of inverter；
The main structure of the single stage type off-network inverter with high-frequency rectification control includes reversed hold-off diode, capacitor, humorous
Vibration capacitor, first switch tube, freewheeling diode, high frequency transformer, the first high-frequency rectification control circuit, the control of the second high-frequency rectification
Circuit, the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube, filter capacitor, filter inductance, first voltage sample circuit, the first current sample electricity
Road, second voltage sample circuit, the second current sampling circuit, output voltage sampling circuit, flyback sourse, control single chip computer,
One drive circuit, the second driving circuit, third driving circuit, the 4th driving circuit and the 5th driving circuit；Input voltage passes through
Reversed hold-off diode and the input as circuit below later by capacitor filtering, wherein input voltage is solar panel
The output voltage of component, reversed hold-off diode is for preventing reverse current from flowing to solar cell panel assembly, and capacitor is for inhaling
The energy of high frequency transformer primary side inductance feedback is received, while playing filter action；Primary side inductance, the resonance electricity of high frequency transformer
Appearance, first switch tube, freewheeling diode electrical connection composition single tube resonance circuit, are used for filtered DC inverter into high frequency
Alternating current；High frequency transformer is by primary side inductance, magnetic core, the first secondary inductance, the second secondary inductance, third secondary inductance, the 4th
Secondary inductance connection composition, wherein magnetic core is the magnetic core with air gap, primary side inductance and the first secondary inductance, primary side inductance and
The coefficient of coup between second secondary inductance, primary side inductance and third secondary inductance, primary side inductance and the 4th secondary inductance is
0.5-0.9, the first secondary inductance is identical with the coiling of third secondary inductance, the second secondary inductance and the 4th secondary inductance
Coiling is identical, and high-frequency alternating current is applied to high frequency transformer primary side inductance both ends, induces just on high frequency transformer pair side
The negative asymmetric high-frequency ac voltage of amplitude；Single tube resonance circuit and high frequency transformer are used to energy being transmitted to pair from primary side
Side；First high-frequency rectification control circuit is opened by the first secondary inductance, the second secondary inductance, the first high-frequency rectification diode, second
Guan Guan, the second high-frequency rectification diode electrical connection composition, carry out rectification control for the high-frequency alternating current to transformer secondary；The
Two high-frequency rectification control circuits by third secondary inductance, the 4th secondary inductance, third high-frequency rectification diode, third switching tube,
4th high-frequency rectification diode electrical connection composition, carries out rectification control for the high-frequency alternating current to transformer secondary；4th opens
Pipe and the 5th switching tube power frequency alternate conduction are closed, for realizing power frequency inversion, wherein the 4th switching tube is in power frequency positive half period
Conducting, the 5th switching tube are connected in power frequency negative half-cycle；Filter capacitor and filter inductance electrical connection composition filter circuit, are used for
High-frequency alternating current after 4th switching tube and the 5th switching tube power frequency inversion is filtered, high-frequency harmonic is filtered out and obtains power frequency
220V alternating current；The output voltage signal of first voltage sample circuit acquisition solar cell panel assembly is simultaneously sent to control monolithic
The output current signal of machine, the first current sampling circuit acquisition solar cell panel assembly is sent to control single chip computer, controls monolithic
Machine receives the output voltage for the solar cell panel assembly that acquisition comes and output current signal carries out MPPT control；Second voltage
The voltage signal of sample circuit acquisition first switch tube drain-source interpolar is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer, is currently driven in first switch tube
Before signal rising edge arrives, whether the voltage for detecting first switch tube drain-source interpolar is zero to judge that current first switch tube is
No realization no-voltage is open-minded；The output current signal of second current sampling circuit acquisition inverter is simultaneously sent to control single chip computer, defeated
Voltage sampling circuit acquires inverter output voltage signal and send to control single chip computer out, and control single chip computer receives what acquisition came
The output electric current and output voltage signal of inverter carry out feedback of voltage and current control；Flyback sourse is by solar cell panel assembly
Output voltage be down to five tunnels it is mutually isolated+12V output and all the way+5V export, the first via+12V output cathode and the sun
The cathode electrical connection of energy battery panel components, powers for the first driving circuit driving side；The cathode and second of second tunnel+12V output
The electrical connection of switching tube source electrode, powers for the second driving circuit driving side；The cathode of third road+12V output and third switching tube source
Pole electrical connection, powers for third driving circuit driving side；The cathode of 4th tunnel+12V output is electrically connected with the 4th switching tube source electrode,
For the 4th driving circuit drives side power supply；The cathode of 5th tunnel+12V output is electrically connected with the 5th switching tube source electrode, is driven for the 5th
Dynamic circuit drives side power supply；The cathode of+5V output is electrically connected with the cathode of solar cell panel assembly, is control single chip computer, defeated
Voltage sampling circuit outlet side, output voltage sampling circuit direct current biasing, the first driving circuit control data side, the second driving out
Circuit control signal side, third driving circuit control data side, the 4th driving circuit control signal side, the control of the 5th driving circuit
Data side power supply；Control single chip computer receives first voltage sample circuit, the first current sampling circuit, second voltage sampling electricity
Road, the second current sampling circuit, output voltage sampling circuit acquisition voltage and current signal, via MPPT control program, soft open
It closes determining program, feedback of voltage and current control program and PWM+PFM control program and generates first switch tube, second switch jointly
The control signal of pipe, third switching tube, the 4th switching tube, the 5th switching tube, control signal are sent respectively to the first driving circuit, the
Two driving circuits, third driving circuit, the 4th driving circuit, the 5th driving circuit；First driving circuit receives control monolithic
First switch tube is driven through amplification after the first switch tube control signal that machine is sent；Second driving circuit receives control single chip computer
Second switch is driven through amplification after the second switch control signal sent；Third driving circuit receives control single chip computer hair
Third switching tube is driven through amplification after the third switch controlled signal come；4th driving circuit receives control single chip computer and sends
The 4th switch controlled signal after through amplification drive the 4th switching tube；5th driving circuit receives what control single chip computer was sent
The 5th switching tube is driven through amplification after 5th switch controlled signal.
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| CN114204825B (en) * | 2022-02-17 | 2022-06-10 | 深圳市首航新能源股份有限公司 | Isolated DC-DC converter and magnetic bias suppression method thereof |
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| CN106026749A (en) * | 2016-07-11 | 2016-10-12 | 盐城工学院 | Topology variable micro inverter and digital control device thereof |
| CN106981994A (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2017-07-25 | 青岛大学 | A kind of single tube both-end inversion isolated form DC DC booster converters |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106026749A (en) * | 2016-07-11 | 2016-10-12 | 盐城工学院 | Topology variable micro inverter and digital control device thereof |
| CN106981994A (en) * | 2017-05-31 | 2017-07-25 | 青岛大学 | A kind of single tube both-end inversion isolated form DC DC booster converters |
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| Optimum design of the Current-Source Flyback Inverter for Decentralized Grid-Connected photovoltaic Systems;A.Ch.Kytitsis;《IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION》;20080331;第23卷;281-293 * |
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