Lithium titanate composite electrode material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of battery materials, and particularly relates to a lithium titanate composite electrode material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
The negative electrode material is one of the key materials of the lithium ion battery, at present, most of the negative electrode materials used by the lithium ion battery are lithium-intercalated graphitized carbon materials, but the materials have some problems in practical application, such as low first charge-discharge efficiency, volume change in the charge-discharge process, easy formation of lithium dendrite to cause short circuit, potential safety hazard in electrolyte decomposition and the like. In contrast, the theoretical capacity of the lithium titanate with the spinel structure is 175mAh/g, lithium ion insertion and de-intercalation have almost no influence on the material structure in the charging and discharging process, the lithium titanate is called as a zero-strain material, the charging and discharging platform is good, the platform capacity can reach more than 90% of the discharge capacity, the cycle performance is good, the lithium titanate does not react with electrolyte, the preparation method is simple, and the cost is low. Therefore, the spinel type lithium titanate has become a lithium ion battery cathode material with extremely wide commercial application prospect due to the excellent safety characteristic and long cycle life of the spinel type lithium titanate.
Although lithium titanate has a number of outstanding advantages as a negative electrode material for lithium ion batteries, the chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium ions is 2 x 10 at normal temperature-8cm2S, an order of magnitude greater than the carbon negative electrode, but with a low intrinsic conductivity of only 10-9S/cm, belongs toTypical insulators have poor conductivity, which results in poor performance during high-rate charge and discharge, rapid specific capacity decay, and unsatisfactory high-current discharge performance. The conductivity of the material can be improved by doping, so that good rapid charge and discharge performance and cycle performance can be obtained. The invention discloses a yttrium modified lithium titanate negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof (CN 102780005A), which adopts a solid phase method to prepare the yttrium modified lithium titanate negative electrode material and has good electrochemical performance and higher coulombic efficiency. The invention discloses a lanthanum-doped lithium titanate negative electrode material and a preparation method thereof (CN 102637864A), which adopts a solid-phase method to prepare the lanthanum-doped lithium titanate negative electrode material, and grains are refined by doping trace lanthanum, so that the electrochemical performance of lithium titanate is improved. The two modes of doping single metal ions have beneficial effects, but the problem that the electrochemical performance is influenced because raw materials are not uniformly mixed is easily caused when the preparation is carried out by adopting a solid phase method. The invention discloses a preparation method of a three-dimensional porous graphene doped and coated lithium titanate composite negative electrode material (CN 102646810A), and discloses a preparation method of a three-dimensional porous graphene doped and coated lithium titanate composite material, which effectively improves the high-rate electrochemical performance of the lithium titanate negative electrode material through a doped carbon material. However, the three-dimensional porous graphene material described in the patent is processed by a hydrothermal method, and still cannot effectively inhibit the stacking of graphene sheets and the agglomeration phenomenon in the sintering process, and in practical application, gas is generated, which may result in the decay of cycle performance, which limits the performance of the material to a certain extent.
Therefore, it is a technical problem in the art to develop a lithium titanate composite negative electrode material which has a simple preparation method, excellent conductivity, excellent electrochemical performance at high rate, effective inhibition of gas generation of lithium titanate negative electrode material, and good electrochemical cycling stability.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems and provides a lithium titanate negative electrode material which has good rate capability and can effectively inhibit the material from generating gas; the invention also provides a preparation method of the lithium titanate negative electrode material.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a lithium titanate composite electrode material is characterized in that a coating layer is coated outside a lithium titanate negative electrode material, and the coating layer is a mixture of carbon and iron oxide.
Further, the coating layer accounts for 1-3% of the total weight of the lithium titanate negative electrode material.
Further, the lithium titanate negative electrode material comprises the following components: li4Ti5-xNbxO12-YBrY. Wherein X is more than 0 and less than 1, and Y is more than 0 and less than 1.4.
The preparation method of the electrode material comprises the following steps:
(1) according to the composition of the lithium titanate negative electrode material, calculating and weighing required lithium acetate, tetrabutyl titanate and niobium hydroxide, wherein the molar ratio of the lithium acetate to the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide is 0.3-0.5: dissolving in anhydrous ethanol at a ratio of 0.02-0.2:1, stirring and mixing to obtain mixture A;
(2) heating the mixture A to 70-90 ℃, slowly dripping the niobium hydroxide into the mixture A under the stirring condition, wherein the dripping time is 1-3 h;
(3) tetrabutyl titanate is added according to the molar ratio of 0.2-0.5: dissolving the mixture of step (2) in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the proportion of 1, adding the reaction mixture obtained in step (2) into an absolute ethyl alcohol solution of tetrabutyl titanate under the condition of stirring, and stirring and evaporating the obtained mixed liquid at the temperature of 80-90 ℃ to obtain gel;
(4) adding ferrocene into the gel, performing ball milling and mixing on the raw materials by adopting a three-dimensional high-speed oscillation ball mill for 1-2 hours at a shimmy frequency of 800-1100 r/min, calcining for 24-36 hours at the temperature of 600-800 ℃ under the protection of inert gas, and cooling to obtain the composite lithium titanate electrode material.
Further, in the step (1), lithium acetate and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide are dissolved in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the molar ratio of 0.3:0.1: 1.
Further, the molar ratio of tetrabutyl titanate to absolute ethyl alcohol in the step (3) is 0.3.
Further, in the step (4), a double-temperature-zone rotary furnace is used for calcination, the rotating speed of the furnace tube is set to be less than 3 revolutions per minute, and the intermittent time is set to be 1 minute.
The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
(1) by metal ions Nb5+And non-metallic ion Br-The co-doping mode can effectively improve the conductivity of the lithium titanate body material compared with single ion doping, and has a more remarkable promoting effect on the improvement of the charge-discharge specific capacity and the cycle performance. .
(2) The mode that adopts carbon and metal oxide to wrap up altogether, compromise the advantage that carbon cladding improves electric conductivity on the one hand, on the other hand metal oxide cladding consolidates the effect of coating, can not influence even can improve the electric conductivity of lithium titanate body material the time, can also restrain the decomposition of electrolyte through the contact of firm mixed cladding layer separation electrolyte and lithium titanate body material, reduce gaseous the production. The carbon and metal oxide mixed coating has more obvious advantages on improving the electrochemical performance of the lithium titanate negative electrode material than single carbon coating and single metal oxide coating.
(3) The raw materials are sintered by using the double-temperature-zone rotary furnace, so that the prepared electrode material has better uniformity, the particle size of the material is more uniform, and the agglomeration phenomenon is avoided.
(4) A small amount of hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide is added in the preparation process, so that the cycle performance and the first discharge specific capacity of the lithium titanate negative electrode material can be improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 Electron micrograph of uncoated electrode material (comparative example 1);
FIG. 2 an electron micrograph of the material obtained in example 1;
FIG. 3 an electron micrograph of the material obtained in example 2;
FIG. 4 an electron micrograph of the material obtained in example 3.
Detailed Description
The invention is described and illustrated in detail below by way of examples:
example 1
A lithium titanate composite electrode material is provided, wherein a coating layer is ferrocene, the coating layer accounts for 1% of the total weight of the lithium titanate negative electrode material, and the lithium titanate negative electrode material comprises the following components: li4Ti4.9Nb0.1O11.97Br0.03。
The preparation method of the material comprises the following steps:
(1) according to the composition of the lithium titanate negative electrode material, calculating and weighing required lithium acetate, tetrabutyl titanate and niobium hydroxide, wherein the molar ratio of the lithium acetate to the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide is 0.3: dissolving the mixture in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the proportion of 0.02:1, and stirring and mixing the mixture uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(2) heating the mixture A to 70 ℃, slowly adding the niobium hydroxide into the mixture A in a dropwise manner under the stirring condition, wherein the dropwise adding time is 3 hours;
(3) dissolving tetrabutyl titanate in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the molar ratio of 0.2:1, adding the reaction mixture obtained in the step (2) into an absolute ethyl alcohol solution of tetrabutyl titanate under the condition of stirring, and stirring and evaporating the obtained mixed liquid at the temperature of 90 ℃ to obtain gel;
(4) adding ferrocene into the gel, performing ball milling and mixing on the raw materials by adopting a three-dimensional high-speed oscillation ball mill for 1 hour at a shimmying frequency of 1100 r/min, calcining for 36 hours at 600 ℃ under the protection of inert gas, and cooling to obtain the lithium titanate electrode material.
The lithium titanate material prepared by the embodiment is used as an active material to prepare a lithium ion battery. The lithium titanate material prepared in example 2, a conductive agent acetylene black and a binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are uniformly stirred and mixed according to a mass ratio of 8: 1 by taking N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent to prepare a slurry, and then the slurry is coated on an Al foil, dried, cold-pressed and punched into a small round piece with the diameter of 14 mm. The prepared small round piece is used as a negative electrode, a metal lithium piece is used as a counter electrode, a Celgard 2400 microporous polypropylene membrane is used as a diaphragm, and 1M LiPF6/(EC + DEC) (1: 1, volume ratio) solution is used as electrolyte to assemble a 2032 button half cell.
And then, cyclic volt-ampere test and constant-current charge and discharge test are carried out, so that the first discharge specific capacity reaches 169mAh/g, the electrochemical performance of the material basically has no attenuation after the material is cycled for 500 times under 1C multiplying power, and the stability is good.
Example 2
A lithium titanate composite electrode material is provided, wherein a coating layer is ferrocene, the coating layer accounts for 3% of the total weight of a lithium titanate negative electrode material, and the lithium titanate negative electrode material comprises the following components: li4Ti4.1Nb0.9O10.4Br1.6。
The preparation method of the material comprises the following steps:
(1) according to the composition of the lithium titanate negative electrode material, calculating and weighing required lithium acetate, tetrabutyl titanate and niobium hydroxide, and dissolving the lithium acetate and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide according to the molar ratio of 0.5: dissolving the mixture in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the ratio of 0.2:1, and stirring and mixing the mixture uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(2) heating the mixture A to 90 ℃, slowly adding the niobium hydroxide into the mixture A in a dropwise manner under the stirring condition, wherein the dropwise adding time is 1 h;
(3) dissolving tetrabutyl titanate in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the molar ratio of 0.5:1, adding the reaction mixture obtained in the step (2) into an absolute ethyl alcohol solution of tetrabutyl titanate under the condition of stirring, and stirring and evaporating the obtained mixed liquid at the temperature of 80 ℃ to obtain gel;
(4) adding ferrocene into the gel, performing ball milling and mixing on the raw materials by adopting a three-dimensional high-speed oscillation ball mill for 2 hours at a shimmy frequency of 800 rpm, calcining for 24 hours at 800 ℃ under the protection of inert gas, and cooling to obtain the lithium titanate electrode material.
The lithium titanate material prepared by the embodiment is used as an active material to prepare a lithium ion battery. The preparation method is the same as example 1.
And then, cyclic volt-ampere test and constant-current charge and discharge test are carried out, so that the first discharge specific capacity reaches 168mAh/g, the electrochemical performance of the material basically has no attenuation after the material is cycled for 500 times under the multiplying power of 1C, and the stability is good.
Example 3
A lithium titanate composite electrode material is provided, wherein a coating layer is ferrocene, the coating layer accounts for 2% of the total weight of a lithium titanate negative electrode material, and the lithium titanate negative electrode material comprises the following components: li4Ti4.5Nb0.5O11Br1。
The preparation method of the material comprises the following steps:
(1) calculating and weighing required lithium acetate, tetrabutyl titanate and niobium hydroxide according to the composition of the lithium titanate negative electrode material, dissolving the lithium acetate and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the molar ratio of 0.4:0.1:1, and stirring and mixing uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(2) heating the mixture A to 80 ℃, slowly adding the niobium hydroxide into the mixture A in a dropwise manner under the stirring condition, wherein the dropwise adding time is 2 hours;
(3) dissolving tetrabutyl titanate in absolute ethyl alcohol according to the molar ratio of 0.4:1, adding the reaction mixture obtained in the step (2) into an absolute ethyl alcohol solution of tetrabutyl titanate under the condition of stirring, and stirring and evaporating the obtained mixed liquid at 85 ℃ to obtain gel;
(4) adding ferrocene into the gel, performing ball milling and mixing on the raw materials by adopting a three-dimensional high-speed oscillation ball mill, wherein the ball milling time is 1.5 hours, the shimmying frequency is 1000 r/min, calcining for 32 hours at 750 ℃ under the protection of inert gas, and cooling to obtain the lithium titanate electrode material.
The lithium titanate material prepared by the embodiment is used as an active material to prepare a lithium ion battery. The preparation method is the same as example 1.
And then, cyclic volt-ampere test and constant-current charge and discharge test are carried out, so that the first discharge specific capacity reaches 170mAh/g, the electrochemical performance of the material basically has no attenuation after the material is cycled for 500 times under 1C multiplying power, and the stability is good.
Comparative example 1
Otherwise, the preparation process was carried out without the corresponding steps, and the other steps and the composition were the same as those of example 3.
The lithium titanate material prepared by the embodiment is used as an active material to prepare a lithium ion battery. The preparation method is the same as example 1.
And then, performing cyclic volt-ampere test and constant-current charge and discharge test, wherein the first discharge specific capacity reaches 151mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate of the material is 77% after the material is cycled for 500 times under the 1C multiplying power.
Comparative example 2
Niobium doping is not performed, corresponding steps are removed in the preparation process, and other steps and compositions are the same as those in example 3.
The lithium titanate material prepared by the embodiment is used as an active material to prepare a lithium ion battery. The preparation method is the same as example 1.
And then, performing cyclic volt-ampere test and constant-current charge and discharge test, wherein the first discharge specific capacity reaches 155mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate of the material is 68% after the material is cycled for 500 times under the 1C multiplying power.
Comparative example 3
Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide was not used in the preparation, and the composition and preparation were the same as in example 3.
The lithium titanate material prepared by the embodiment is used as an active material to prepare a lithium ion battery. The preparation method is the same as example 1.
And then, performing cyclic volt-ampere test and constant-current charge and discharge test, wherein the first discharge specific capacity reaches 158mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate of the material is 70% after the material is cycled for 500 times under 1C multiplying power.
As can be seen from FIGS. 1 to 4, the materials prepared in examples 1 to 3 of the present invention had a uniform coating layer on the surface.
And (3) flatulence test: the lithium titanate negative electrode materials prepared in the above examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-3 are used as negative electrode materials, commercial ternary electrode materials are used as positive electrode materials, positive and negative electrode plates of a battery are respectively manufactured, then the positive and negative electrode plates and a diaphragm are wound into a battery cell, and an electrolyte is injected to assemble a soft package battery so as to examine the flatulence behavior and the electrochemical performance of the soft package battery. The results show that after 2000 times of 5C high-rate charge and discharge, the swelling phenomenon of the soft package batteries prepared by adopting the materials of examples 1-3 is obviously inhibited, and the average thickness swelling of the soft package batteries is about 5 percent and is obviously less than 20 percent of that of the soft package batteries assembled by adopting the materials of comparative examples 1-3 as negative electrode materials.