CN106982625A - 淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法 - Google Patents
淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106982625A CN106982625A CN201710157974.4A CN201710157974A CN106982625A CN 106982625 A CN106982625 A CN 106982625A CN 201710157974 A CN201710157974 A CN 201710157974A CN 106982625 A CN106982625 A CN 106982625A
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Classifications
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- A01C5/00—Making or covering furrows or holes for sowing, planting or manuring
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，利用旱地、缓坡地等进行淮山药10‑11月播种种植、次年5‑6月收获的冬种夏收种植模式，步骤包括：一、淮山药种薯进行低温等抑眠处理；二、机械化开种植沟及铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料；三、种薯消毒和催芽处理；四、种薯摆放及盖土成畦或垄；五、顺畦或垄搭建简易保温性小拱棚；六、田间管理；七、采收。本发明既提高效率利用了冬闲地，为农民增加收益，又可为夏季市场空档供应大量淮山药，满足人们的消费需求，推动淮山药种植产业的迅速发展。同时，利用纵带定向种植技术，可利用小型机械进行种植槽开沟清土，种植与采收操作方便、节省人工、降低成本、增加收益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种经济作物的栽培方法，特别涉及一种淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法。
背景技术
淮山（Dioscorea opposita Thunb.）别名怀山药 、淮山药 、土薯、山薯、山芋、玉延。为薯蓣科植物薯蓣的干燥根茎。淮山营养丰富，并且具有很好的食疗作用。近年来，人们对营养和健康的重视程度不断加深，淮山也受到了人们的追捧。淮山的需求量开始供不应求，价格逐步上涨。因而，如何进行淮山的科学种植是值得研究的课题。
准山结薯具有向下自然生长的特性，淮山块茎向地底生长，有的可长达一米，所以，传统的淮山种植技术需要深沟种植和深挖采收，费工费时，且极易损伤块茎。而定向结薯技术能很好的解决这一问题。近年来，随着农业技术的发展，淮山的定向结薯栽培越来越受到广大种植者的欢迎。以往的定向结薯大多是采用定向槽或定向筒的方式，相关的报道如下：
1、中国专利号：201410172903.8，发明名称为一种淮山浅生定向栽培方法的发明，包括种薯处理、整地、放入浅生槽及基质、施基肥、种植、田间管理及病虫害防治等步骤。该专利解决了传统淮山种植技术需要深沟种植和深挖采收、费工费时，且极易损伤块茎的难题。
2、中国专利号：201510739612.7，发明名称为淮山免耕生态栽培方法公开了一种淮山免耕生态栽培方法，选择非主粮生产用地进行免耕生态栽培，步骤包括设置种植槽、种植袋料的准备、种子处理、播种方法、田间管理和采收等。所述设置种植槽为：采用人工或小型机械进行开槽，开槽时，用半圆形工具由上而下破土开槽，种植槽上部深度14-16厘米，下部18-20厘米，最后槽底呈光滑的半圆形；整条种植槽与水平面呈10-30°。利用该方法，可以进一步拓宽淮山药非耕地性的种植生产，增加农民收入和食物来源。
3、中国专利号：201610241935.8，发明名称为淮山粉垄定向结薯的生态种植方法，利用旱地或缓坡地进行粉垄耕作并采用粉垄机械上装置的液压带动的半圆形管状槽模制作种植槽，进行淮山粉垄定向结薯高效栽培，步骤包括：粉垄耕作整地及底部半圆形种植槽的创制、种植槽内塑料薄膜的铺设及回土、淮山药种子或淮山药薯种植、田间管理、薯条采收、采收后塑料膜处理。淮山药从整地种植、田间管理到采收的简易轻便，实现粉垄高效种植淮山药，有利于推动淮山药种植产业迅速发展。
从以上专利申请可以看出，上述方法均采用了挖沟、放置或者挖制具有一定倾斜角度定向槽的方法，该方法能使淮山定向生长，并能在一定程度上减轻劳动强度，推广淮山药的定向结薯技术具有较大的发展前景。而目前淮山药在北方的种植习惯大都集中于4-6月份，天气回暖，气温上升时，在10-11月份收获，淮山药的种植具有集中普遍性，造成淮山药的价值降低，而连年种植造成地下害虫及线虫猖獗，而防治成本逐年增加。利用冬季空闲的旱地、缓坡地等推广淮山药冬种夏收栽培技术，既提高效利用了冬闲地，为农民增加收益，又可为夏季市场空档供应大量淮山药，满足人们的消费需求，又有利于推动淮山药种植产业的迅速发展。
如果发明一种种植方法，能利用旱坡地或山地这样的非耕地类型种植山药，对于扩大山药的种植面积，提高年产量，增加城乡居民食物来源意义重大。拓宽淮山药种植利用范围，这不仅能发挥现有旱坡地和山地的生态经济潜力，而且能缓解我国耕地资源紧缺的现状。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有技术的上述不足，提供一种淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，该种植技术可以有效利用冬闲地，为农民增加收益，又可为夏季市场空档供应大量淮山药，满足人们的消费需求，有利于推动淮山药种植产业的迅速发展。
本发明的技术方案是这样实现的：
本发明淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，利用旱地、缓坡地或其他耕地，进行淮山药10-11月播种种植、次年5-6月收获的冬种夏收种植模式，步骤包括：
（1）将适合于冬种夏收的淮山药品种于10月至次年3月从地里收获其种薯，置于低温条件下进行抑眠处理，时间持续至10-11月，然后将其取出，进行冬种夏收用种。
（2）淮山种薯抑眠催芽处理：在10-11月份，对经过低温抑眠处理的淮山种薯进行消毒、催芽处理：将淮山药种薯切块置于8-15 mg/L赤霉素和2 mg/L 50%多菌灵水悬浮剂处理液中，控制温度17℃-25℃，处理30 min，取出种薯晾干。
（3）机械化开种植沟及铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料：利用小型机械在种植区内开设宽35-40cm、深20-25cm的种植沟，并将沟内松土清理到种植沟两边，保持沟底平整、坚硬；铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料，并将细碎的松土回填到铺设好的彩条带或其他硬质材料之上，回填松土厚度约为10cm，待播种。
（4）种薯摆放及盖土成畦或垄：淮山药种薯在彩条带或其他硬质材料回土10 cm区域，按品字型、株距为35-40cm摆放，然后在种薯上覆盖15-20cm的松土，并淋上定根水，覆盖上稻草或麦秆，保温保湿。
（5）顺畦或垄搭建简易保温性小拱棚：于冬寒前的1-2月份，沿着淮山药种植畦或垄，利用竹竿搭建小拱棚，用无色透明薄膜铺盖；3月回暖，地温稳定在10℃以上时，将薄膜全部打开，让其正常生长。
（6）田间管理:冬种夏收的淮山药，能够边长苗边结薯，利用这一优势加紧田间施肥管理；其他田间管理措施按常规淮山药种植管理。
（7）薯条采收：次年5-6月份，淮山药种薯成熟可进行收获，收获时将畦或垄上的土壤扒开，可采收淮山药薯条。
步骤（1）所述低温条件下抑眠处理，低温控制温度为5-7℃。
步骤（4）所述定根水配方为：硫酸铜1.0-10.0g/L+硫酸锌1.0-10.0g/L +钼酸铵1.0-10.0g/L +硫酸亚铁0.5-5g/L +l硫酸锰1.0-10.0g/L +硼酸0.5-5g/L +氨基寡糖素0.01-0.1g/L+萘乙酸钠0.2-0.5g/L+吲哚丁酸0.01-0.1g/L+聚乙二醇（6000）0.2-1g/L+海藻酸10.0-15.0g/L+余量水，使用方法为：稀释100-200倍液喷淋；
步骤（6）所述施肥管理为：针对淮山同时长苗和结薯的特点，要施足底肥、及时追肥，底肥施足充分腐熟农家肥，配合控释氮肥和高磷肥，追肥施用高氮高钾肥，每月追施一次。
步骤（6）所述常规淮山药田间管理，包括对线虫和炭疽、叶斑病的防治：在施底肥时同时使用10%噻唑膦颗粒剂，亩用有效成分250-300g用来防治线虫；在生长期间，病害发生初期喷施25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油，兑水稀释5000-8000倍，间隔7-10天喷雾一次，共防治2-3次即可。
本发明的有益效果为：
淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法可以在冬季空闲的旱地、缓坡地等推广淮山药冬种夏收栽培技术，既提高效利用了冬闲地，为农民增加收益，又可为夏季市场空档供应大量淮山药，满足人们的消费需求，又有利于推动淮山药种植产业的迅速发展。同时，利用纵带定向种植技术，可利用小型机械进行种植槽开沟清土，种植与采收操作方便、节省人工、降低成本、增加收益。
具体实施方式
实施例1
发明人在河北保定定兴县某村进行了淮山纵带定向冬种夏收的示范推广，示范地块长度为95.33m，宽度为65.32m，南北走向，以前也是种植淮山，一直在春夏时种植，具体操作步骤为；
（1）将2013年10月20日收获的双胞山药，置于5-7℃低温条件下进行抑眠处理，时间持续至2014年10月5日，然后将其取出，进行冬种夏收用种。
（2）淮山种薯抑眠催芽处理：在14年10月6日，对经过低温抑眠处理的淮山种薯进行消毒、催芽处理：将淮山药种薯切块置于8-15 mg/L赤霉素和2 mg/L 50%多菌灵水悬浮剂处理液中，控制温度17℃-25℃，处理30 min，取出种薯晾干。
（3）机械化开种植沟及铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料：利用小型机械在种植区内开设宽35-40cm、深20-25cm的种植沟，并将沟内松土清理到种植沟两边，保持沟底平整、坚硬；铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料，并将细碎的松土回填到铺设好的彩条带或其他硬质材料之上，回填松土厚度约为10cm，待播种。
（4）种薯（子）摆放及盖土成畦或垄：淮山药种薯在彩条带或其他硬质材料回土10cm区域，按品字型、株距为35-40cm摆放，然后在种薯上覆盖15-20cm的松土，并淋上定根水，定根水配方为：硫酸铜1.0-10.0g/L+硫酸锌1.0-10.0g/L +钼酸铵1.0-10.0g/L +硫酸亚铁0.5-5g/L +l硫酸锰1.0-10.0g/L +硼酸0.5-5g/L +氨基寡糖素0.01-0.1g/L+萘乙酸钠0.2-0.5g/L+吲哚丁酸0.01-0.1g/L+聚乙二醇（6000）0.2-1g/L+海藻酸10.0-15.0g/L+余量水，使用方法为：稀释100-200倍液喷淋；覆盖上稻草或麦秆，保温保湿。
（5）顺畦或垄搭建简易保温性小拱棚：于2015年1月22日，沿着淮山药种植畦或垄，利用竹竿搭建小拱棚，用无色透明薄膜铺盖；3月回暖，地温稳定在10℃以上时，将薄膜全部打开，让其正常生长。
（6）田间管理:冬种夏收的淮山药，能够边长苗边结薯，利用这一优势加紧田间施肥管理：底肥施足农家肥，亩用腐熟鸡粪1000公斤，配合复合肥（18-17-15）50公斤，生长期间及时追肥，每月追施一次，每次追施复合肥（18-8-18）30公斤。其他田间管理措施按常规淮山药种植管理，包括对线虫和炭疽、叶斑病的防治：在施底肥时同时使用10%噻唑膦颗粒剂，亩用有效成分250-300g用来防治线虫；在生长期间，病害发生初期喷施25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油，兑水稀释5000-8000倍，间隔7-10天喷雾一次，共防治2-3次即可。
（7）薯条采收：15年5月25日采收，淮山药种薯成熟可进行收获，收获时将畦或垄上的土壤扒开，可采收淮山药薯条。经测产后，亩产淮山药3200kg，当时尚未有淮山药上市，市场上的淮山药多为多年冷冻贮存的陈货，价格相对于陈货高出1.5-1.8元/斤。
实施例2
发明人在甘肃张掖市某县农场进行了该发明淮山纵带定向冬种夏收的示范推广，示范地块长度为177.54m，宽度为125.89m，南北走向，以前该地块种植作物为牧草，但多年由于杂草难以防控，改种冬季淮山，具体操作步骤为；
（1）将2012年11月20日收获的双胞山药，置于6℃低温条件下进行抑眠处理，时间持续至2013年10月5日，然后将其取出，进行冬种夏收用种。
（2）淮山种薯抑眠催芽处理：在13年10月31日，对经过低温抑眠处理的淮山种薯进行消毒、催芽处理：将淮山药种薯切块置于8-15 mg/L赤霉素和2 mg/L 50%多菌灵水悬浮剂处理液中，控制温度17℃-25℃，处理30 min，取出种薯晾干。
（3）机械化开种植沟及铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料：利用小型机械在种植区内开设宽35-40cm、深20-25cm的种植沟，并将沟内松土清理到种植沟两边，保持沟底平整、坚硬；铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料，并将细碎的松土回填到铺设好的彩条带或其他硬质材料之上，回填松土厚度约为10cm，待播种。
（4）种薯（子）摆放及盖土成畦或垄：淮山药种薯在彩条带或其他硬质材料回土10cm区域，按品字型、株距为35-40cm摆放，然后在种薯上覆盖15-20cm的松土，并淋上定根水，定根水配方同实施例1，使用方法为：稀释100-200倍液喷淋；覆盖上稻草或麦秆，保温保湿。
（5）顺畦或垄搭建简易保温性小拱棚：于20154年2月10日，沿着淮山药种植畦或垄，利用竹竿搭建小拱棚，用无色透明薄膜铺盖；3月回暖，地温稳定在10℃以上时，将薄膜全部打开，让其正常生长。
（6）田间管理:冬种夏收的淮山药，能够边长苗边结薯，利用这一优势加紧田间施肥管理：底肥施足农家肥，亩用腐熟鸡粪1000公斤，配合复合肥（18-17-15）50公斤，生长期间及时追肥，每月追施一次，每次追施复合肥（18-8-18）30公斤。其他田间管理措施按常规淮山药种植管理，包括对线虫和炭疽、叶斑病的防治：在施底肥时同时使用10%噻唑膦颗粒剂，亩用有效成分250-300g用来防治线虫；在生长期间，病害发生初期喷施25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油，兑水稀释5000-8000倍，间隔7-10天喷雾一次，共防治2-3次即可。
（7）薯条采收：14年5月21日采收，淮山药种薯成熟可进行收获，收获时将畦或垄上的土壤扒开，可采收淮山药薯条。经测产后，亩产淮山药3000kg，价格相对于陈货高出1.6-1.7元/斤。
实施例3
发明人在山东济南济阳县也同时进行了淮山纵带定向冬种夏收的示范推广，示范地块长度为295.33m，宽度为55.72m，东西走向，以前种植小麦和玉米，国家政策调整后，玉米价格下跌严重，示范地农户收入降低，改种淮山，具体操作步骤为：
（1）将2012年11月2日收获的桂淮2号山药，置于5-7℃低温条件下进行抑眠处理，时间持续至2013年11月6日，然后将其取出，进行冬种夏收用种。
（2）淮山种薯抑眠催芽处理：在13年10月31日，对经过低温抑眠处理的淮山种薯进行消毒、催芽处理：将淮山药种薯切块置于8-15 mg/L赤霉素和2 mg/L 50%多菌灵水悬浮剂处理液中，控制温度17℃-25℃，处理30 min，取出种薯晾干。
（3）机械化开种植沟及铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料：利用小型机械在种植区内开设宽35-40cm、深20-25cm的种植沟，并将沟内松土清理到种植沟两边，保持沟底平整、坚硬；铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料，并将细碎的松土回填到铺设好的彩条带或其他硬质材料之上，回填松土厚度约为10cm，待播种。
（4）种薯（子）摆放及盖土成畦或垄：淮山药种薯在彩条带或其他硬质材料回土10cm区域，按品字型、株距为35-40cm摆放，然后在种薯上覆盖15-20cm的松土，并淋上定根水，定根水配方同实施例1，使用方法为：稀释100-200倍液喷淋；覆盖上稻草或麦秆，保温保湿。
（5）顺畦或垄搭建简易保温性小拱棚：于20154年2月10日，沿着淮山药种植畦或垄，利用竹竿搭建小拱棚，用无色透明薄膜铺盖；3月回暖，地温稳定在10℃以上时，将薄膜全部打开，让其正常生长。
（6）田间管理:冬种夏收的淮山药，可边长苗边结薯，加紧田间施肥管理：底肥施足农家肥，亩用腐熟牛粪2000公斤，配合复合肥（18-17-15）40公斤，生长期间及时追肥，每月追施一次，每次追施复合肥（18-8-18）30公斤。其他田间管理措施按常规淮山药种植管理，包括对线虫和炭疽、叶斑病的防治：在施底肥时同时使用10%噻唑膦颗粒剂，亩用有效成分250-300g用来防治线虫；在生长期间，病害发生初期喷施25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油，兑水稀释5000-8000倍，间隔7-10天喷雾一次，共防治2-3次即可。
（7）薯条采收：14年6月11日采收，淮山药种薯成熟可进行收获，收获时将畦或垄上的土壤扒开，可采收淮山药薯条。经测产后，亩产淮山药3400kg，价格相对于陈货高出1.2元/斤。
Claims (5)
1.一种淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，其特征在于：利用旱地、缓坡地或其他耕地，进行淮山药10-11月播种种植、次年5-6月收获的冬种夏收种植模式，步骤包括：
（1）将适合于冬种夏收的淮山药品种，于10月至次年3月从地里收获其种薯，置于低温条件下进行抑眠处理，时间持续至10-11月，然后将其取出，进行冬种夏收用种；
（2）淮山种薯抑眠催芽处理：在10-11月份，对经过低温抑眠处理的淮山种薯进行消毒、催芽处理：将淮山药种薯切块置于8-15mg/L赤霉素和2 mg/L 50%多菌灵水悬浮剂处理液中，控制温度17℃-25℃，处理30 min，取出种薯晾干；
（3）机械化开种植沟及铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料：利用小型机械在种植区内开设宽35-40cm、深20-25cm的种植沟，并将沟内松土清理到种植沟两边，保持沟底平整、坚硬；铺设彩条带或其他硬质材料，并将细碎的松土回填到铺设好的彩条带或其他硬质材料之上，回填松土厚度约为10cm，待播种；
（4）种薯摆放及盖土成畦或垄：淮山药种薯在彩条带或其他硬质材料回土10 cm区域，按品字型、株距为35-40cm摆放，然后在种薯上覆盖15-20cm的松土，并淋上定根水，覆盖上稻草或麦秆，保温保湿；
（5）顺畦或垄搭建简易保温性小拱棚：于冬寒前的1-2月份，沿着淮山药种植畦或垄，利用竹竿搭建小拱棚，用无色透明薄膜铺盖；3月回暖，地温稳定在10℃以上时，将薄膜全部打开，让其正常生长；
（6）田间管理：冬种夏收的淮山药，能够边长苗边结薯，利用这一优势加紧田间施肥管理；其他田间管理措施按常规淮山药种植管理；
（7）薯条采收：次年5-6月份，淮山药种薯成熟可进行收获，收获时将畦或垄上的土壤扒开，可采收淮山药薯条。
2.根据权利要求1所述淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，其特征在于：步骤（1）所述低温条件下抑眠处理，低温控制温度为5-7℃。
3.根据权利要求1所述淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，其特征在于：步骤（4）所述定根水配方为：硫酸铜1.0-10.0g/L+硫酸锌1.0-10.0g/L +钼酸铵1.0-10.0g/L +硫酸亚铁0.5-5g/L +l硫酸锰1.0-10.0g/L +硼酸0.5-5g/L +氨基寡糖素0.01-0.1g/L+萘乙酸钠0.2-0.5g/L+吲哚丁酸0.01-0.1g/L+聚乙二醇（6000）0.2-1g/L+海藻酸10.0-15.0g/L+余量水，使用方法为：稀释100-200倍液喷淋。
4.根据权利要求1所述淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，其特征在于：步骤（6）所述施肥管理为：针对淮山同时长苗和结薯的特点，要施足底肥、及时追肥，底肥施足充分腐熟农家肥，配合控释氮肥和高磷肥，追肥施用高氮高钾肥，每月追施一次。
5.根据权利要求1所述淮山药纵带定向冬种夏收种植方法，其特征在于：步骤（6）所述常规淮山药田间管理包括，对线虫和炭疽、叶斑病的防治：在施底肥时同时使用10%噻唑膦颗粒剂，亩用有效成分250-300g用来防治线虫；在生长期间，病害发生初期喷施25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油，兑水稀释5000-8000倍，间隔7-10天喷雾一次，共防治2-3次。
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