CN106969826A - The calibrating installation and calibration method of a kind of vibrating sensor - Google Patents
The calibrating installation and calibration method of a kind of vibrating sensor Download PDFInfo
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- CN106969826A CN106969826A CN201710228709.0A CN201710228709A CN106969826A CN 106969826 A CN106969826 A CN 106969826A CN 201710228709 A CN201710228709 A CN 201710228709A CN 106969826 A CN106969826 A CN 106969826A
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- calibration
- isolation table
- vibration isolation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01H—MEASUREMENT OF MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OR ULTRASONIC, SONIC OR INFRASONIC WAVES
- G01H17/00—Measuring mechanical vibrations or ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves, not provided for in the preceding groups
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- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
- Measurement Of Mechanical Vibrations Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to measurement and calibration fixture fields, it is related to the calibrating installation and calibration method of a kind of vibrating sensor, it is intended to improve the calibration accuracy to vibrating sensor.Wherein calibrating installation includes standard vibration sensor, exciting source, data acquisition module, data processing module, calibration cavity, heater box, vibration isolation table, the vacuum acquiring system for being connected with heater box and connecting positioned at the external temperature control device of calibration chamber, with calibration chamber body phase；Calibration cavity is fixed in vibration isolation table is collectively forming airtight cavity with vibration isolation table；Exciting source and heater box are arranged in airtight cavity, and exciting source is arranged on vibration isolation table upper surface, and heater box is fixedly mounted on exciting source by thermal insulating connectors；Standard vibration sensor is fixedly installed in heater box.The change that the present invention is capable of environmental test is calibrated to vibrating sensor, effectively increases the calibration accuracy of vibrating sensor.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to measurement and calibration fixture fields, it is related to the calibrating installation and calibration method of a kind of vibrating sensor.
Background technology
The today developed rapidly in machinery manufacturing industry, high speed, efficient, high accuracy and maximization have become Administration ＆ Mechanical Development
Key, because mechanical oscillation can have a strong impact on machine performance and life-span, so examination and assessment mechanical oscillation effect turn into design
With an important index for assessing mechanical device equipment performance.
The kinetic parameter of plant equipment and structure can be obtained using vibration-testing, science is provided to solve vibration problem
Foundation.Vibration-testing is that the vibratory output of machinery is converted into electric signal parameter by sensor, the then electric signal to being converted into
Measure and analyze, finally provide the conclusion of vibration performance index.In vibration-testing link, during sensor is measurement process
Visual plant, its measurement performance will directly influence the accuracy for the numerical value measured, so before sensor measurement, needing
Sensor is calibrated, and the accuracy calibrated will directly influence the performance of sensor, so how by the standard of calibration
Exactness is improved, and reduces influence of the external environment (especially environment temperature and vacuum) to calibration accuracy, and this, which is one, is worth solution
Certainly the problem of.
The calibration of existing country and international standard to vibrating sensor, is all built upon 160Hz normal temperature (25 DEG C) condition
Lower foundation, corresponding calibrating installation is also to set up on this condition, right currently without the change for being capable of environmental test
The device that vibrating sensor is calibrated, and vibrating sensor is all the condition in environment temperature acute variation under many circumstances
Under measure, this can bring about larger measurement error.
The content of the invention
In order to improve the calibration accuracy to vibrating sensor, vibrated the invention provides relative method under the conditions of a kind of thermal vacuum
Calibrating installation and calibration method, the change for being capable of environmental test are calibrated to vibrating sensor.
The present invention technical solution be：
A kind of calibrating installation of vibrating sensor, including standard vibration sensor, exciting source, data acquisition module and data
Processing module；
It is characterized in that：
Also include calibration cavity, heater box, vibration isolation table, be connected with heater box and be located at the external temperature control device of calibration chamber,
With the vacuum acquiring system of calibration chamber body phase even；
The calibration cavity is fixed in the vibration isolation table, and airtight cavity is collectively forming with vibration isolation table；
The exciting source and heater box are arranged in the airtight cavity, wherein, exciting source is arranged on vibration isolation table upper table
Face, heater box is fixedly mounted on the exciting source by thermal insulating connectors；
The standard vibration sensor is fixedly installed in the heater box；
The data acquisition module is used to gather standard vibration sensor and the output signal by school vibrating sensor；
The data processing module is used to be compared by standard vibration sensor and by the output signal of school vibrating sensor
Relatively correct, obtain sensitivity and the frequency characteristic of corrected sensor.
Based on above-mentioned basic technical scheme, the present invention also makes following optimization and/or restriction：
To reduce influence of the extraneous vibration to exciting source service behaviour, the present invention is in vibration isolation table and for disposing vibration isolation table
Five pieces of cushion blockings are provided between ground, wherein four pieces of cushion blockings are arranged at four drift angles of vibration isolation table, for ground vibration damping simultaneously
Balancing gravity makes basic steady；Remaining one piece of cushion blocking is circular damping block, is arranged on vibration isolation table bottom centre, for keep every
Shake the stabilization and vibration damping of platform.
To prevent from being arranged with insulating sleeve, the mark outside influence of the thermal environment to exciting source service behaviour, above-mentioned exciting source
Quasi- vibrating sensor is fixed on insulating sleeve by thermal insulating connectors.
Specifically, above-mentioned temperature control device includes heat sink, electric heating unit, refrigeration unit and temperature conditioning unit；It is described heat sink to adopt
It is made of copper or stainless steel, heat sink surface painting space flight is special pitch-dark, and absorptivity and hemispherical reflectance are above 0.9, heat sink temperature
Scope is at 0 DEG C~100 DEG C；The refrigeration unit is external refrigeration machine, heat sink is cooled down to described by outer circulation；It is described
Temperature conditioning unit includes high-precision platinum resistor.
Further, for convenience of dismounting, above-mentioned calibration cavity bottom is first flange dish structure, the vibration isolation table upper surface
With the second flange dish structure matched with the first flange dish structure；The calibration cavity and vibration isolation table pass through the first method
Blue dish structure is fixedly connected with second flange dish structure；It is provided between the first flange dish structure and second flange dish structure
Rubber seal.
Further, it is provided with watch window at the top of above-mentioned calibration cavity；Signal is additionally provided with the calibration cavity to connect
Mouthful, using the sealing of vacuum mud at signaling interface.
Further, it is increase portability, above-mentioned calibrating installation also includes moving cart；It is provided with moving cart described
Ground for disposing vibration isolation table.
Vibrating sensor is calibrated invention also provides a kind of calibrating installation using above-mentioned vibrating sensor
Method, it is characterized in that, comprises the following steps：
1) corrected sensor is fixed in heater box, and the corrected sensor and standard transducer is back-to-back puts
Put；
2) calibration cavity is fixedly connected and vacuumized with vibration isolation table, the vacuum in calibration chamber body is reached that calibration is required
The vacuum wanted；
3) heater box and temperature control device are opened, makes the temperature value that environment temperature is risen to required for calibration in heater box；
4) real-time, synchronization is to by the x excited by impact of school vibrating sensor and standard vibration sensor application formed objects；
5) gather in real time by school vibrating sensor and standard transducer by the rear signal y1 exported respectively excited by impact
And y2；
6) signal y1 is compared with signal y2, obtains sensitivity and the frequency characteristic of corrected sensor.
The advantage of the invention is that：
1st, the present invention controls the vacuum in calibration chamber body by vacuum acquiring system, and heater box is controlled by temperature control system
Interior environment temperature, corrected sensor and standard transducer is arranged in controllable vacuum environment and heating environment, Neng Goumo
The change for intending external environment is calibrated to corrected sensor, improves the calibration accuracy of vibrating sensor.
2nd, the present invention using five pieces of cushion blockings make vibration isolation table keep it is stable and and to its vibration damping, reduction is shaken in a calibration process
The dynamic influence for calibration result.
3rd, the present invention is arranged insulating sleeve outside exciting source, can effectively prevent thermal environment to the shadow of exciting source service behaviour
Ring, it is ensured that the service life of exciting source, while further increasing calibration accuracy.
4th, the present invention makes calibrating installation more portable using moving cart.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structure composition schematic diagram of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is the form and distribution schematic diagram of the cushion blocking of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the principle schematic of vacuum acquiring system；
1- heater boxes；2- thermal insulating connectors；3- moving carts；4- cushion blockings.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the invention will be further described.
As shown in figure 1, the calibrating installation of vibrating sensor provided by the present invention mainly includes calibration cavity, by absolute
Method calibrates (i.e. laboratory investment) good standard vibration sensor, for being added by school vibrating sensor and standard vibration sensor
Carry exciting source, rigid vibration isolation table, the heater box 1 for simulating thermal environment and the temperature control device of pattern field acceleration magnitude, be used for
Simulate the vacuum acquiring system of vacuum environment, for gathering standard vibration sensor and the output signal number by school vibrating sensor
According to acquisition module and for obtaining the sensitivity of corrected sensor and the data processing module of frequency characteristic.Calibrate cavity
Overall using the columnar structured of one end closing, bottom is made up of a circular flange disk, is fixed with vibration isolation table top one big
Small another circular flange disk corresponding with the circular flange disk, the two ring flanges are bolted and add rubber therebetween
Glue sealing ring is so that calibration cavity to be fixedly connected with vibration isolation table and form annular seal space.Signaling interface (example is provided with calibration cavity
Such as cable and the jack interface of sensor) it is used to be controlled heater box and exciting source and signal output, these signaling interfaces
Place is sealed using vacuum mud.When in use, corrected sensor and standard transducer are placed back to back and are fixed on heating
In case, heater box is fixedly mounted on exciting source by thermal insulating connectors, then temperature control device and heater box are connected；Then
Calibration cavity is buckled in outside heater and exciting source, and is fastened on by flange in vibration isolation table；Finally by vacuum acquirement
System connects with calibration cavity.
The material selection 1Cr18Ni9 of cavity is calibrated, when calibration cavity is solely subjected to external pressure, can be calculated by stable condition, its wall
Thickness can be calculated according to equation below and obtained：
Wherein S0To calibrate the calculated wall thickness of cavity, DBFor footpath in calibration chamber body, P is external pressure design pressure, vacuum tank choosing
0.1MPa is selected, L is calibration cavity computational length, EtModulus of elasticity when for material temperature being temperature t, when taking 20 DEG C of stainless steel
Modulus of elasticity.The etching extent of mismachining tolerance and sheet material in view of sheet material, the actual wall thickness of calibration cavity need to add a surplus C
C=C1+C2+C3 (2)
C is additional value of wall thickness；(estimated to take 1.5mm)；C1 is the maximum negative common difference additional amount of steel plate, is generally taken
0.5mm；C2 is corrosion allowance, and single-sided corrosion (including atmospheric corrosion) takes C2=1mm, and two-sided corrosion typically takes 2mm；C3 is end socket
Stretching Reducing thickness during punching press, in general C3 take the 10% of calculated thickness, and no more than 4mm.For cylinder not
Stamped element, takes C3=0；Calibrate the actual wall thickness S=S of cavity0+C。
Rigid vibration isolation table should have higher rigid, good flatness；To enable exciting source to facilitate firm be fixed on
In vibration isolation table, when avoiding the extraneous vibration from working exciting source using basic vibration protection between the basis of vibration isolation table and calibrating installation
Influence.Because vibration isolation table directly bears load, its deformation under static load should meet the actual use needs of engineering.In addition, every
Structural response of the platform under dynamic loading that shake is also one of the performance parameter for needing to consider, representation parameter is exactly that table top will have and to the greatest extent may be used
The high structural modal frequency of energy.
Basic vibration protection is in the present embodiment：Five pieces of rubber dampers 4 are set below vibration isolation table, wherein four pieces of vibration dampings
Padding is used for ground vibration damping and balancing gravity for square cushion blocking and being individually positioned at four drift angles of vibration isolation table and makes basic steady, remains
One piece of cushion blocking of remaininging is circular cushion blocking and is placed on the bottom centre position of vibration isolation table for keeping the stabilization of vibration isolation table and subtracting
Shake, as shown in Figure 2.Such design is to can be convenient for changing when rubber damper is due to ageing failure after long-term use
Rubber damper.
The effect of thermal insulating connectors is that the heat for preventing heater box conducts to exciting source and influences its normal work.In order to
Further prevent influence of the thermal environment to exciting source service behaviour, the outer insulating sleeve of surface cover system one of exciting source, for protecting exciting
Source.
Temperature control device is used for the temperature for measuring and controlling heater box, and temperature control device includes heat sink, temperature detecting unit, heating
Unit, refrigeration unit, temperature conditioning unit and temperature display unit.Heat sink use copper or stainless steel are made, and it is special that heat sink surface applies space flight
With pitch-dark, absorptivity and hemispherical reflectance are above 0.9,0 DEG C to 100 DEG C of heat sink temperature scope；Heating unit uses electrical heating
Pattern；The external refrigeration machine of refrigeration unit, using special silicone oil (or fluorocarbon oil) as working medium, is made by outer circulation to heat sink
It is cold；Temperature conditioning unit carries out temperature control using high-precision platinum resistor.
The schematic diagram of vacuum acquiring system as shown in figure 3, including vavuum pump, standard vacuum gauge and vacuum pressure controller,
Its intermediate pump connects with calibration chamber body phase, for being vacuumized to calibration cavity；Standard vacuum gauge is used to measure in calibration chamber body
Vacuum, vacuum pressure controller is according to the pumpdown time of measured vacuum degree control vavuum pump.The pumpdown time of vavuum pump
It is made up of two of low vacuum lower pumping time and high vacuum lower pumping time.Low vacuum lower pumping Time Calculation, be actually
It is divided into 5 pressure segments equivalent to the pumpdown time for air being pressed onto 1Pa, each pressure segment of correspondence is according to formula (3)
Calculate the pumpdown time of each pressure section respectively with the K values given by table 1, be then added the pumpdown time of five pressure sections
Produce total pumpdown time that target pressure value is pressed onto from air.
Wherein tiFor time, KiFor correction factor, V is the volume for calibrating cavity, SpIt is the nominal displacement of vavuum pump, PuFor
Limiting pressure in calibration chamber body, PiTo start pressure during pumping in calibration chamber body, Pi+1To calibrate cavity after the t times
Interior pressure.
The adjusted coefficient K of table 1i
It is of course also possible to pumpdown time is divided into more or less pressure segments, it is distinguished the segment being point and got over
Close, the requirement to segment control algolithm precision is higher, and the pumpdown time of cost is longer；The segment divided is fewer, to segment
Control algolithm precision is low, and the pumpdown time of cost is shorter.
Data acquisition module includes parallel arrangement of two submodules, and one of submodule, which is used to gather to be vibrated by school, to be passed
The output of sensor, another submodule is used for the output for gathering standard vibration sensor.Each submodule includes series winding
The input of charge amplifier and logging modle, wherein charge amplifier is connected with the output of vibrating sensor, charge amplifier
Output end is connected with the input of logging modle, and the output end of logging modle is connected with the input of data processing module.
Data processing module is used to be compared amendment to standard vibration sensor and by the output valve of school vibrating sensor,
Obtain sensitivity and the frequency characteristic of corrected sensor.
Data acquisition module and data processing module can use existing unit.
The present invention operation principle be：
Frequency meter inputs the signal source of certain frequency to signal generator, and signal generator exports sinusoidal current signal through work(
Exciting source is input to after rate amplifier amplification, exciting source is produced the sinusoidal vibration in horizontal or vertical direction, due to being vibrated by school
Sensor and standard vibration sensor are connected with exciting source, so also doing the sinusoidal vibration in horizontal or vertical direction therewith.Cause
This, the quantity of electric charge that changes by sinusoidal rule can be all being produced by the output end of school vibrating sensor and standard vibration sensor, should
The quantity of electric charge is recorded after amplifying respectively respectively through corresponding charge amplifier in data acquisition module by corresponding logging modle
Parameter.Data processing unit will be corresponding by the output valve and standard vibration sensor of the corresponding logging modle of school vibrating sensor
The output valve of logging modle is compared after amendment, sensitivity and frequency characteristic with regard to that can obtain corrected sensor.
It is to the specific method of Vibrating Sensor Calibration using the calibrating installation of above-mentioned vibrating sensor：
1st, corrected sensor is fixed in heater box, and the corrected sensor and standard transducer is back-to-back puts
Put；
2nd, calibration cavity is fixedly connected and vacuumized with vibration isolation table, the vacuum in calibration chamber body is reached that calibration is required
The vacuum wanted；
3rd, heater box and temperature control device are opened, makes the temperature value that environment temperature is risen to required for calibration in heater box；
4th, real-time, synchronization is to by the x excited by impact of school vibrating sensor and standard vibration sensor application formed objects；One
As when calibrating x generally take the integral multiple of gravity acceleration value.
5th, data acquisition module collection in real time is distinguished by school vibrating sensor and standard transducer by after excited by impact
The signal y1 and y2 (true value) of output；
6th, signal y1 and signal y2 are compared by data processing module, and corrected sensor is entered according to y1 and y2 difference
Row amendment, obtains sensitivity and the frequency characteristic of corrected sensor.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of calibrating installation of vibrating sensor, including at standard vibration sensor, exciting source, data acquisition module and data
Manage module；
It is characterized in that：
Also include calibration cavity, heater box, vibration isolation table, be connected with heater box and be located at the external temperature control device of calibration chamber and school
The connected vacuum acquiring system of quasi- cavity；
The calibration cavity is fixed in the vibration isolation table, and airtight cavity is collectively forming with vibration isolation table；
The exciting source and heater box are arranged in the airtight cavity, wherein, exciting source is arranged on vibration isolation table upper surface, plus
Hot tank is fixedly mounted on the exciting source by thermal insulating connectors；
The standard vibration sensor is fixedly installed in the heater box；
The data acquisition module is used to gather standard vibration sensor and the output signal by school vibrating sensor；
The data processing module is used to repair standard vibration sensor and being compared by the output signal of school vibrating sensor
Just, sensitivity and the frequency characteristic of corrected sensor are obtained.
2. the calibrating installation of vibrating sensor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The vibration isolation table and for disposing
Five pieces of cushion blockings are provided between the ground of vibration isolation table, wherein four pieces of cushion blockings are arranged at four drift angles of vibration isolation table, for ground
Simultaneously balancing gravity makes basis steady to base vibration damping；Remaining one piece of cushion blocking is circular damping block, is arranged on vibration isolation table bottom centre, is used
In the stabilization and vibration damping that keep vibration isolation table.
3. the calibrating installation of vibrating sensor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Be arranged with outside the exciting source every
Hot jacket cylinder, the standard vibration sensor is fixed on insulating sleeve by thermal insulating connectors.
4. the calibrating installation of vibrating sensor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The temperature control device includes heat
Heavy, electric heating unit, refrigeration unit and temperature conditioning unit；The heat sink use copper or stainless steel are made, and it is special that heat sink surface applies space flight
With pitch-dark, absorptivity and hemispherical reflectance are above 0.9, and heat sink temperature scope is at 0 DEG C~100 DEG C；The refrigeration unit is outer
The refrigeration machine put, heat sink is cooled down by outer circulation to described；The temperature conditioning unit includes high-precision platinum resistor.
5. the calibrating installation of vibrating sensor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The calibration cavity bottom is the
One flange plate structure, the vibration isolation table upper surface has the second flange dish structure matched with the first flange dish structure；
The calibration cavity is fixedly connected with vibration isolation table by first flange dish structure with second flange dish structure；The first flange disk
Rubber seal is provided between structure and second flange dish structure.
6. the calibrating installation of vibrating sensor according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Set at the top of the calibration cavity
There is watch window；It is additionally provided with signaling interface, signaling interface and is sealed using vacuum mud on the calibration cavity.
7. the calibrating installation of vibrating sensor according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Also include moving cart；It is mobile
The ground for being used to dispose vibration isolation table is provided with dolly.
8. the side calibrated using the calibrating installation of any described vibrating sensor of claim 1 to 7 to vibrating sensor
Method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
1) corrected sensor is fixed in heater box, and corrected sensor and the standard transducer are placed back to back；
2) will calibration cavity be fixedly connected and vacuumize with vibration isolation table, make the vacuum in calibration chamber body reach calibration required for
Vacuum；
3) heater box and temperature control device are opened, makes the temperature value that environment temperature is risen to required for calibration in heater box；
4) real-time, synchronization is to by the x excited by impact of school vibrating sensor and standard vibration sensor application formed objects；
5) gather in real time by school vibrating sensor and standard transducer by rear the signal y1 and y2 exported respectively excited by impact；
6) signal y1 is compared with signal y2, obtains sensitivity and the frequency characteristic of corrected sensor.
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| CN107830927A (en) * | 2017-12-10 | 2018-03-23 | 内蒙航天动力机械测试所 | A kind of vibrating sensor is examined and calibrating installation and application method |
| CN108007559A (en) * | 2017-11-10 | 2018-05-08 | 西安航天动力试验技术研究所 | Vibrating sensor laser calibrating equipment and method under the conditions of a kind of thermal vacuum |
| CN108180987A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-06-19 | 浙江大学 | The calibrating installation of vibrating sensor |
| CN108180988A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-06-19 | 浙江大学 | Positive step acceleration exciting bank |
| CN108195462A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-06-22 | 浙江大学 | A kind of calibrating installation of vibrating sensor |
| CN108344883A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-07-31 | 浙江大学 | A kind of positive step acceleration exciting bank |
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| CN108007559A (en) * | 2017-11-10 | 2018-05-08 | 西安航天动力试验技术研究所 | Vibrating sensor laser calibrating equipment and method under the conditions of a kind of thermal vacuum |
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| CN108195462A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-06-22 | 浙江大学 | A kind of calibrating installation of vibrating sensor |
| CN108344883A (en) * | 2018-02-05 | 2018-07-31 | 浙江大学 | A kind of positive step acceleration exciting bank |
| CN108709624B (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2020-05-15 | 南昌航空大学 | High-precision natural frequency measuring method and device |
| CN108709624A (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2018-10-26 | 南昌航空大学 | A kind of high-precision intrinsic frequency measurement method and device |
| CN110455404A (en) * | 2019-08-13 | 2019-11-15 | 中国长江电力股份有限公司 | A kind of Hydropower Unit vibration throw sensor integrated correction instrument |
| CN112526210A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-03-19 | 北京机电工程研究所 | Thermal-vibration combined insulation real-time monitoring test system and method for aircraft cable assembly |
| CN112526210B (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2023-11-03 | 北京机电工程研究所 | Real-time monitoring test system and method for thermal vibration combined insulativity of aircraft cable assembly |
| CN112378512A (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2021-02-19 | 西安航天动力试验技术研究所 | Method for checking and using multi-measuring-point piezoelectric vibration sensor |
| CN112378512B (en) * | 2020-11-26 | 2022-10-28 | 西安航天动力试验技术研究所 | Method for checking and using multi-measuring-point piezoelectric vibration sensor |
| CN113640546A (en) * | 2021-08-18 | 2021-11-12 | 中国工程物理研究院总体工程研究所 | Accelerometer temperature response calibration device and method |
| CN114295097A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-04-08 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 | High-temperature dynamic strain calibration device based on resonant beam |
| CN114370845A (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2022-04-19 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 | Resonance type high-temperature dynamic strain calibration method |
| CN114370845B (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2023-11-24 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 | Resonant high-temperature dynamic strain calibration method |
| CN114295097B (en) * | 2021-12-08 | 2024-01-19 | 中国航空工业集团公司北京长城计量测试技术研究所 | High-temperature dynamic strain calibration device based on resonance beam |
| CN114966888A (en) * | 2022-05-24 | 2022-08-30 | 中国矿业大学 | Method and device for detecting mine earthquake sensor for mine microseismic monitoring system |
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