CN106795611A - 冷加工工具钢 - Google Patents
冷加工工具钢 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 10
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011417 postcuring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000822 Cold-work tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000599 Cr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001182 Mo alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 241000647276 Sparganium natans Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000669 biting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000641 cold extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010960 cold rolled steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005097 cold rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002872 contrast media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 1
- CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylidenemanganese Chemical compound [Mn]=S CADICXFYUNYKGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/02—Hardening by precipitation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
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Abstract
发明涉及冷加工工具钢。该钢包括以下主要组分(以重量％计)：C 0.5‑2，N 1.3‑3，Si 0.05‑1.2，Mn 0.05‑1，Cr 2.5‑5.5，Mo 0.8‑2.2，V 6‑18，余量的任选元素、铁和杂质。
Description
技术领域
发明涉及氮合金化的冷加工工具钢(冷作工具钢，cold work tool steel)。
背景技术
氮和钒合金化的粉末冶金(PM)工具钢由于它们独特的高硬度、高耐磨性和优异的耐擦伤性(耐咬住性，galling resistance)的组合而获得相当大的兴趣。这些钢在其中占主导的疲劳机制为粘附性磨损或擦伤的情况下具有宽范围的应用。典型的应用领域包括冲裁(blanking)和成型、精密冲裁、冷挤压、深拉和粉末压制(powder pressing)。将基础钢组合物雾化、使其经历氮化、并且之后将粉末填充到包囊(capsule)中并使其经历热等静压压制(HIP)以制造各向同性钢。用此方式制造的高性能钢为。其具有高的碳、氮和钒含量，且还与显著量的Cr、Mo和W合金化，这导致包含类型MX(14体积％)和M6C(5体积％)的硬质相的显微结构(mircostructure)。所述钢描述于WO 00/79015 A1中。
尽管具有非常吸引人的性质概况(profile)，但是一直力求改善工具材料以进一步改善所制造的产品的表面品质以及延长工具寿命，特别地在其中擦伤是主要问题的严格的工作条件下。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为先进的冷加工提供具有改善的性质概况的氮合金化的粉末冶金(PM)制造的冷加工工具钢。
本发明的另一目的是提供具有导致所制造的部件的表面品质改善的组成和显微结构的粉末冶金(PM)制造的冷加工工具钢。
通过提供具有如权利要求中所阐明的组成的冷加工工具钢显著地实现前述目的以及另外的优势。
发明定义在权利要求中。
具体实施方式
下面简要地解释所主张的合金的单独元素的重要性和它们彼此的相互作用以及化学成分的限制。所述钢的化学组成的全部百分比在整个说明书中以重量％(wt.％)给出。个体元素的上限和下限可在权利要求1中所阐述的界限内自由地进行组合。
碳(0.5-2.1％)
碳以0.5％的最小含量、优选地至少1.0％存在。碳的上限可被设定为1.8％或2.1％。优选的范围包括0.8-1.6％、1.0-1.4％和1.25-1.35％。碳对于MX的形成和对于淬火(硬化，hardening)是重要的，其中金属M主要为V，但是Mo、Cr和W也可存在。X为C、N和B的一种或多种。优选地，调节碳含量以获得在奥氏体化温度下溶解于基体中的0.4-0.6％C。无论如何，应该控制碳量使得所述钢中的类型M23C6、M7C3和M6C的碳化物的量受到限制，优选地所述钢不含所述碳化物。
氮(1.3-3.5％)
氮在本发明中对于MX型的硬质碳氮化物的形成是必要的。因此，氮应该以至少1.3％的量存在。下限可为1.4％、1.5％、1.6％、1.7％、1.8％、1.9％、2.0％、2.1％或甚至2.2％。上限为3.5％，且其可被设定为3.3％、3.2％、3.0％、2.8％、2.6％、2.4％、2.2％、2.1％、1.9％或1.7％。优选范围包括1.6-2.1％和1.7-1.9％。
铬(2.5-5.5％)
铬以至少2.5％的含量存在以提供足够的淬透性。为了在热处理期间提供在大的横截面中良好的淬透性，Cr优选为较高的。如果铬含量过高，则这可导致不期望的碳化物例如M7C3的形成。另外，这还可增大残余奥氏体在显微结构中的倾向。下限可为2.8％、3.0％、3.2％、3.4％、3.6％、3.8％、4.0％、4.2％、4.35％、4.4％或4.6％。上限可为5.2％、5.0％、4.9％、4.8％或4.65％。铬含量优选为4.2-4.8％。
钼(0.8-2.2％)
Mo已知对淬透性具有非常有利的效果。钼对于获得良好的二次硬化响应是必要的。最小含量为0.8％，且可被设定为1％、1.25％、1,5％、1.6％、1.65％或1.8％。钼是强的碳化物形成元素。然而，钼还是强的铁素体形成物。而且由于限制除MX之外的硬质相的量的原因，也需要约束Mo。具体地，应该将M6C-碳化物的量限制至优选地≤3体积％。更优选地，M6C-碳化物应该不存在于显微结构中。因此钼的最大含量为2.2％。优选地Mo被限制至2.15％、2.1％、2.0％或1.9％。
钨(≤1％)
钨的效果和Mo的效果类似。然而，为了获得相同的效果，必须添加以重量％计和Mo两倍多的W。钨是昂贵的且其还使废金属的处理复杂化。类似于Mo，W也形成M6C碳化物。最大量因此限制至1％、优选0.5％、更优选0.3％，且最优选地根本不故意添加W。通过不添加W和如上所阐明地约束Mo，使完全避免M6C碳化物的形成成为可能。
钒(6-18％)
钒形成均匀分布的一次沉淀的类型MX的碳化物和碳氮化物。该沉淀物可由式M(N,C)表示，且它们因高的氮含量也经常被称为氮碳化物。在本发明的钢中，M主要为钒，但是Cr和Mo也可以一定程度存在。钒应该以6-18％的量存在以得到期望量的MX。上限可被设定为16％、15％、14％、13％、12％、11％、10.25％、10％或9％。下限可为7％、8％、8.5％、9％、9.75％、10％、11％或12％。优选的范围包括8-14％、8.5-11.0％和9.75-10.25％。
铌(≤2％)
铌和钒类似，因为它形成MX或类型M(N，C)的碳氮化物。然而，Nb导致M(N,C)更有角的(angular)形状。因此，Nb的最大添加约束至2.0％，且优选的最大量为0.5％。优选地，不添加铌。
硅(0.05-1.2％)
硅用于脱氧。Si还增加碳活度且对于机械加工性是有益的。因此，Si以0.05-1.2％的量存在。为了良好的脱氧，优选将Si含量调节至至少0.2％。下限可被设定为0.3％、0.35％或0.4％。然而，Si是强的铁素体形成物，且应该被限制至1.2％。上限可被设定为1.1％、1％、0.9％、0.8％、0.75％、0.7％或0.65％。优选的范围为0.3-0.8％。
锰(0.05-1.5％)
锰有助于改善所述钢的淬透性，且锰与硫一起通过形成硫化锰有助于改善机械加工性。因此，锰应该以0.05％的最小含量、优选地至少0.1％和更优选地至少0.2％存在。在较高的硫含量下，锰防止所述钢中的热脆性。所述钢应该包含最大1.5％的Mn。上限可被设定为1.4％、1.3％、1.2％、1.1％、1.0％、0.9％、0.8％、0.7％、0.7％0.6％或0.5％。然而，优选的范围为0.2-0.9％、0.2-0.6和0.3-0.5％。
镍(≤3.0％)
镍是任选的，且可以最高3％的量存在。它给予所述钢良好的淬透性和韧性。由于费用，应该尽可能地限制所述钢的镍含量。相应地，Ni含量被限制至1％、优选地0.3％。最优选地，不进行镍添加。
铜(≤3.0％)
Cu是可有助于提高所述钢的硬度和耐蚀性的任选元素。若使用，优选的范围为0.02-2％，且最优选的范围为0.04-1.6％。然而，一旦已经添加铜，就不可能从所述钢提取出铜。这急剧地使废料处理更困难。由于该原因，正常情况下不故意添加铜
钴(≤12％)
Co是任选的元素。Co在铁(铁素体和奥氏体)中溶解，且使其强化，同时赋予高温强度。Co提高Ms温度。在溶解热处理期间，Co帮助抵抗晶粒生长，使得可使用较高的溶解温度，其保证较高百分比的碳化物被溶解，导致改善的二次硬化响应。Co还推迟碳化物和碳氮化物的聚结，且趋于导致二次硬化在较高的温度下发生。Co有助于增大马氏体的硬度。最大量为12％。上限可被设定为10％、8％、7％、6％、5％或4％。下限可被设定为1％、2％、3％、4％或5％。然而，由于实际原因例如废料处理，不故意添加Co。优选的最大含量为1％。
磷(≤0.05)
P是固溶体强化元素。然而，P趋于偏析到晶界，减少内聚力和由此的韧性。因此，P被限制至≤0.05％。
硫(≤0.5％)
S有助于改善所述钢的机械加工性。在较高的硫含量下，存在热脆性的风险。而且，高的硫含量可对于所述钢的疲劳性质具有负面影响。因此，所述钢应该包含≤0.5％、优选地≤0.03％。
Be、Bi、Se、Ca、Mg、O和REM(稀土金属)
这些元素可以所主张的量添加到所述钢中以进一步改善所主张的钢的机械加工性、热加工性和/或焊接性。
硼(≤0.6％)
可任选地使用显著量的硼以辅助硬质相MX的形成。可使用B以增大所述钢的硬度。所述量进而可被限制至0.01％，优选地≤0.004％。
Ti、Zr、Al和Ta
这些元素是碳化物形成物且可以所主张的范围存在于所述合金中以改***质相的组成。然而，正常情况下这些元素均不添加。
钢制造
具有所主张的化学组成的工具钢可通过常规的气体雾化(gas atomizing)、随后进行氮化处理而制造。所述氮化可通过如下而进行：使雾化的粉末在500-600℃下经历基于氨气的气体混合物，从而氮扩散到所述粉末中、与钒进行反应、且使微小的碳氮化物成核。正常情况下，所述钢在使用之前经历淬火和回火。
奥氏体化可在950-1150℃、典型地1020-1080℃范围内的奥氏体化温度(TA)下进行。典型的处理包括在1050℃下奥氏体化30分钟、气体骤冷(淬火，quenching)和在530℃下以1小时回火三次、随后进行空气冷却。这导致60-66HRC的硬度。
实施例
在该实施例中，将根据本发明的钢与已知的钢进行对比。两种钢均通过粉末冶金法制造。
使基础钢组合物熔融并经历气体雾化、氮化、包封和HIP处理。
由此获得的钢具有以下组成(以重量％计)：
余量的铁和杂质
检查两种钢的显微结构，且发现，本发明的钢包含约20体积％的MX(黑色相)，其粒子是小尺寸的且均匀分布在基体内，如图1中所公开的。
另一方面，对比钢包含约15体积％的MX和约6体积％的M6C(白色相)，如图2中所示的。从该图明晰的是，M6C碳化物比MX粒子大而且M6C碳化物的粒度分布有些发散(分散，spread)。
将所述钢在1050℃奥氏体化30分钟，且通过气体骤冷而淬火并在550℃回火1小时(3x 1h)，随后进行空气冷却。这导致发明钢63HRC和对比材料62 HRC的硬度。使用软件版本S-build-2532和数据库TCFE6在Thermo-Calc模拟中计算奥氏体化温度(1050℃)下的基体的平衡组成以及一次MX和M6C的量。该计算显示，发明钢不含M6C碳化物且包含16.3体积％的MX。另一方面，发现对比钢包含5.2体积％的M6C和14.3体积％的MX。
将所述两种材料用在用于冷轧不锈钢的辊轧机中，且发现发明钢导致冷轧钢改善的表面微粗糙度，其可归因于更均匀的显微结构和不存在大的M6C碳化物。
工业实用性
本发明的冷加工工具钢在要求非常高的耐擦伤性的应用(例如奥氏体不锈钢的冲裁和成型)中是特别有用的。MX碳氮化物的小尺寸和其均匀分布的组合也被预期导致改善的耐擦伤性。
Claims (10)
1.冷加工钢，其由以重量％(wt.％)计的如下组成：
任选的如下的一种或多种：
除杂质之外余量的Fe。
2.根据权利要求1的钢，其满足以下要求的至少一项：
3.根据权利要求1或2的钢，其满足以下要求的至少一项：
4.根据前述权利要求任一项的钢，其满足以下要求的至少一项：
5.根据前述权利要求任一项的钢，其满足以下要求的至少一项：
6.根据权利要求4的钢，其由如下组成：
除杂质之外余量的Fe。
7.根据前述权利要求任一项的钢，其中所述钢中存在的碳化物和碳氮化物的量满足如下以体积％计的要求：
其中M为V、Cr和Mo的一种或多种，且X为C和/或N和任选的B。
8.根据权利要求7的钢，其满足如下要求：
9.根据前述权利要求任一项的钢，其中碳化物和碳氮化物的量满足如下以体积％计的要求：
MX 15-30
M6X ≤0.1
其中显微结构不含M7X3和M23X6，优选地该显微结构不含M6X。
10.根据前述权利要求任一项的钢，其中显微结构中的碳化物和碳氮化物的当量圆直径(ECD)小于1.5μm、优选地小于1.0μm。
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| WO2021092737A1 (zh) * | 2019-11-12 | 2021-05-20 | 常德菲尔美化工技术有限公司 | 一种耐磨金属材料及其制造方法 |
| US20220196070A1 (en) * | 2020-12-17 | 2022-06-23 | Aktiebolaget Skf | Bearing component and method of manufacturing thereof |
| CN114318133A (zh) * | 2021-03-22 | 2022-04-12 | 武汉钜能科技有限责任公司 | 耐磨工具钢 |
| CN114959174B (zh) * | 2022-06-07 | 2024-01-12 | 西峡县丰业冶金材料有限公司 | 利用稀土元素生产的高强度热轧带肋钢筋及其生产方法 |
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| TWI650433B (zh) | 2019-02-11 |
| TW201606095A (zh) | 2016-02-16 |
| PT3169821T (pt) | 2020-03-25 |
| RU2695692C2 (ru) | 2019-07-25 |
| KR102417003B1 (ko) | 2022-07-04 |
| CA2948143C (en) | 2022-08-09 |
| SI3169821T1 (sl) | 2020-08-31 |
| KR20170029008A (ko) | 2017-03-14 |
| BR112017000078B1 (pt) | 2021-05-04 |
| BR112017000078A2 (pt) | 2017-10-31 |
| EP2975146A1 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
| CA2948143A1 (en) | 2016-01-21 |
| SG11201609197SA (en) | 2016-12-29 |
| RU2017102699A3 (zh) | 2018-11-12 |
| JP6615858B2 (ja) | 2019-12-04 |
| DK3169821T3 (da) | 2020-04-14 |
| CN113913679A (zh) | 2022-01-11 |
| US10472705B2 (en) | 2019-11-12 |
| UA118051C2 (uk) | 2018-11-12 |
| US20170233854A1 (en) | 2017-08-17 |
| EP3169821A1 (en) | 2017-05-24 |
| PL3169821T3 (pl) | 2020-09-07 |
| JP2017525848A (ja) | 2017-09-07 |
| RU2017102699A (ru) | 2018-08-16 |
| HRP20200517T1 (hr) | 2020-06-26 |
| ES2784266T3 (es) | 2020-09-23 |
| EP3169821B1 (en) | 2020-01-08 |
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| WO2016010469A1 (en) | 2016-01-21 |
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