CN106679523A - Air buffer device used for eliminating underwater near-distance explosion shock waves - Google Patents
Air buffer device used for eliminating underwater near-distance explosion shock waves Download PDFInfo
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- CN106679523A CN106679523A CN201611243544.6A CN201611243544A CN106679523A CN 106679523 A CN106679523 A CN 106679523A CN 201611243544 A CN201611243544 A CN 201611243544A CN 106679523 A CN106679523 A CN 106679523A
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- air
- baffle plate
- type bubble
- buffer device
- shock wave
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D3/00—Particular applications of blasting techniques
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42D—BLASTING
- F42D5/00—Safety arrangements
- F42D5/04—Rendering explosive charges harmless, e.g. destroying ammunition; Rendering detonation of explosive charges harmless
- F42D5/045—Detonation-wave absorbing or damping means
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention provides an air buffer device used for eliminating underwater near-distance explosion shock waves. The air buffer device comprises a counterweight, a gas ejector pipe, a maze type bubble channel and a flexible gasbag, wherein both the lower end and the upper end of the maze type bubble channel are open; the lower end of the maze type bubble channel is fixedly arranged on the gas ejector pipe, and the upper portion of the maze type bubble channel is connected with the flexible gasbag; the gas ejector pipe is connected with the counterweight; a gas ejecting hole of the gas ejector pipe is positioned inside the maze type bubble channel; and floating force, generated in water, of the flexible gasbag is greater than gravity, borne in water, of the maze type bubble channel. According to the air buffer device provided by the invention, air buffers which are staggered front and rear are formed in the vertical direction, and sudden change of wave impedance between an air medium and a surrounding water medium is utilized, so that a pressure peak value of shock waves can be attenuated by 90% or more, and therefore, safety of nearby hydraulic structures and other protected targets is protected, and the air buffer device has the advantages of being good in energy dissipation effect, energy-saving, environmentally friendly, and the like.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to underwater demolition blast protection engineering device technique field, specifically a kind of to be used to eliminate closely
The air buffer device of underwater demolition shock wave, can be used to protect in vicinity waters hydraulic structures and other protected target
Do not endangered by underwater demolition shock wave.
Background technology
In recent years, the underwater demolition engineering quantity such as cofferdam demolition, underwater foundation excavation is continuously increased.Meanwhile, in actual work
Cheng Zhong, particularly expands in machine engineering, and in order to control budget, reduce excavated volume, retained rock step is often apart from newly-built inlet gate
It is nearer.Therefore, closely the protection of underwater demolition shock wave is increasingly subject to pay attention to.
Under water in the protection of shock wave, at present using it is relatively broad be Bubble Heavy Curtain technology.Bubble Heavy Curtain technology
Basic thought is by forming constantly rising, dense Bubble Heavy Curtain to being passed through gases at high pressure under water, using the wave resistance between medium
Mutation, hinders the propagation of shock wave.But Bubble Heavy Curtain is suffered from the drawback that：（1）Due to closely locating shock wave away from the quick-fried heart
Surge pressure rises comparatively fast, and HFS accounting weight is larger, and the low frequency in Bubble Heavy Curtain shock wave and HFS energy
Attenuating it is unsatisfactory, therefore, Bubble Heavy Curtain technology is not suitable for the elimination of closely underwater demolition shock wave with protection；
（2）Bubble in Bubble Heavy Curtain gradually spreads out during rising, and the Bubble Heavy Curtain width of the water surface is bigger than bottom by 6 ~ 9
Times, therefore in order to ensure the density and effect of energy dissipation of Bubble Heavy Curtain, need multiple stage high power air compressor same in work progress
When work, energy consumption is higher.
Air buffer overcomes well the disadvantage mentioned above of Bubble Heavy Curtain, not only can be by shock wave pressure peak atenuation
More than 90%, and shock wave momentum and gross energy also have weakening effect well.But in Practical Project, due to being subject to
Buoyancy effect, direct large area lays air bag in water or the air buffer of other forms is more difficult, particularly exists
In Blasting in deep water engineering protection, protection is laid work and is difficult to complete.Therefore, need badly it is a kind of it is quick, efficiently, low near under water of energy consumption
Apart from Blasting shock wave preventer.
The content of the invention
It is to provide a kind of air buffer device for eliminating closely underwater demolition shock wave that the purpose of the present invention is,
Using the mutation of natural impedance between air dielectric and surrounding water medium, the peak value and momentum of attenuating shock wave, such that it is able to protect
In Its Adjacent Waters hydraulic structures and other protected target not endangered by underwater demolition shock wave.
To solve the above problems, the technical solution used in the present invention is：
A kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water, including counterweight, air jet pipe, labyrinth type bubble
Passage, flexible air-bag, the labyrinth type bubble channel lower end is open with upper end, and the labyrinth type bubble channel lower end is fixed described
Air jet pipe, top connect the flexible air-bag, and with described with reconnecting, the fumarole of air jet pipe is located at the fan to the air jet pipe
Inside the formula bubble channel of palace, the buoyancy that the flexible air-bag is produced in water is suffered in water more than the labyrinth type bubble channel
Gravity.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the labyrinth type bubble channel includes front panel, rear board, transverse panel, some baffle plates,
The baffle plate is located in the passage that the front panel, rear board, transverse panel are surrounded.
Further, described baffle plate one end is connected with front panel, the other end is hanging, two sides are connected with transverse panel.
Further, described baffle plate one end is connected with rear board, the other end is hanging, two sides are connected with transverse panel.
Further, the baffle plate is interlaced is arranged on the front panel, rear board, and baffle plate one end it is hanging, two
Side is connected with transverse panel.
Further, described baffle plate one end be connected with front panel, the other end and rear board connection, two sides and horizontal face
Plate connects, and baffle plate is in tilted layout, and if the baffle plate is provided with dry hole.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the baffle plate is planar structure, and baffle plate and front panel or rear board angle be 20 ° ~
50°。
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the baffle plate is planar structure, or bending structure, or arcuate structure.
The present invention operation principle be：The equal blow-by of labyrinth type bubble channel top surface and bottom surface, it is ensured that Construction Arrangement mistake
Journey is not disturbed by buoyancy, while top flexible air-bag ensure that the vertical appearance of labyrinth type bubble channel before air jet pipe start-up operation
State.Air jet pipe is passed through after compressed air, and on the one hand labyrinth type bubble channel can be led to using internal slanting baffle retentate portion gas
The air buffer that front-back staggered is formed in vertical direction is crossed, on the other hand internal slanting baffle can also slow down the speed of bubble rising
Degree, increases gas and ducks in drink residence time, such that it is able to reduce the operating power of compressor, reaches the purpose of energy-conserving and environment-protective.
By labyrinth type bubble channel vertically to formed front-back staggered air buffer, using between air dielectric and surrounding water medium
The mutation of natural impedance, the underwater demolition that can decay impact crest value more than 90%, so as to protect in vicinity waters hydraulic structures and
Other are protected target not endangered by underwater demolition shock wave.
A kind of advantage for eliminating the closely air buffer device of underwater demolition shock wave of the present invention is：
1st, apparatus of the present invention utilize labyrinth type bubble channel interior panelling retentate portion gas, and in vertical direction front-back staggered is formed
Air buffer, using the mutation of natural impedance between air dielectric and surrounding water medium, can be by underwater demolition shock wave pressure
Peak atenuation more than 90%, while shock wave momentum and gross energy also has weaken well effect.
2nd, due to the air buffer that formed of air that apparatus of the present invention are mainly detained using labyrinth type bubble channel inside
To hinder and eliminate underwater blast wave, therefore under water under shock wave, even if each panel presence is impacted in device
The situation of ripple destruction, within the short period of shock wave, the air buffer formed inside it remains to continue to play right
The attenuation of shock wave.
3rd, labyrinth type bubble channel can slow down the speed of bubble rising, increase gas and duck in drink residence time, therefore,
The less compressor of power, energy-conserving and environment-protective can be used.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of structural representation for eliminating the air buffer device of close-in blasting shock wave under water of the present invention
Figure；
Fig. 2 is a kind of section of structure for eliminating the air buffer device of close-in blasting shock wave under water of the present invention；
Fig. 3 is the part sectioned view of labyrinth type bubble channel embodiment one；
Fig. 4 is the part sectioned view of labyrinth type bubble channel embodiment two；
Fig. 5 is the part sectioned view of labyrinth type bubble channel embodiment three；
Fig. 6 is labyrinth type bubble channel example IV part sectioned view；
Fig. 7 is a kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water of present invention blast protection under water
In structural representation；
In figure：1-counterweight, 2-air jet pipe, 3-labyrinth type bubble channel, 4-flexible air-bag, 5-rope, 6-transverse panel,
7-front panel, 8-rear board, 9-baffle plate, 10-bubble, 11-air body, 12-water body, 13-front layer, 14-below
Layer, 15-internal portioning layer, 16-cofferdam, 17-blasthole, 18-shock wave, 19-apparatus of the present invention, 20-inlet gate.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description the present invention is further detailed explanation.
A kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, including from
Under to counterweight 1, air jet pipe 2, labyrinth type bubble channel 3, the flexible air-bag 4 for above setting gradually；Wherein, air jet pipe 2 is fixed on fan
The bottom of palace formula bubble channel 3, and the top of air jet pipe 2 is provided with fumarole；Labyrinth type bubble channel 3 is by front panel 7, rear board 8, horizontal stroke
Constitute to panel 6 and some interior panellings 9, the bottom surface of labyrinth type bubble channel 3 is not closed with top surface；Flexible air-bag 4 is by flexibility
Air bag front layer 13, back layer 14 and internal portioning layer 15 are constituted, and the bottom of flexible air-bag 4 is by rope 5 and labyrinth type bubble channel 3
Connection.
The gas of compressor sprays from air jet pipe 2, and the top of air jet pipe 2 is opened fumarole and should be located at labyrinth type bubble channel 3
Inside, spills over outside labyrinth type bubble channel 3 so as to ensure that ejection gas is outer, and the bottom of air jet pipe 2 is by rope 5 and counterweight 1
Connection.
Front panel 7, rear board 8, transverse panel 6 form bubble channel and the equal blow-by of bubble channel top surface and bottom surface,
Baffle plate 9 staggeredly is set in passage, by beeline channel be divided into labyrinth type bubble channel 3, i.e. passage have an entrance, one go out
Mouth, internal space are split by baffle plate.Using the retentate portion gas 11 of interior panelling 9, in vertical direction front-back staggered is formed
Air buffer, using the mutation of natural impedance between air dielectric 11 and the medium of surrounding water 12, can decay underwater demolition shock wave
Peak value more than 90%, so as to protect hydraulic structures in vicinity waters and other protected target by underwater demolition shock wave
Harm, another aspect interior panelling 9 can also slow down the speed of the rising of bubble 10, increase the residence time in water of bubble 10,
Such that it is able to reduce the operating power of compressor, the purpose of energy-conserving and environment-protective is reached
For set-up mode of the baffle plate 9 in bubble channel has kinds of schemes, following several enforcements are specifically may include but are not limited to
Mode：
Embodiment one, the one end of baffle plate 9 is connected with front panel 7, the other end hanging, two sides are connected with transverse panel 6, in figure not
Draw.
Embodiment two, the one end of baffle plate 9 is connected with rear board 8, the other end hanging, two sides are connected with transverse panel 6, schemes
In be not drawn into.
Embodiment three, baffle plate 9 is interlaced to be arranged on the front panel 7, rear board 8, and the one end of baffle plate 9 it is hanging, two
Individual side is connected with transverse panel 6, referring to Fig. 3 ~ Fig. 6.
Example IV, the one end of baffle plate 9 is connected with front panel 7, the other end and rear board 8 connect, two sides and horizontal face
Plate 6 connects, and baffle plate 9 is in tilted layout, and if baffle plate 9 is provided with dry hole, make air jet pipe 2 spray gas from labyrinth type bubble channel
3 lower ends reach the upper end of labyrinth type bubble channel 3 by the hole of baffle plate 9, are not drawn in figure.
In above-mentioned several embodiments, baffle plate 9 can be planar structure, or bending structure, or arcuate structure, referring to Fig. 3 ~ Fig. 6.
Preferably, baffle plate 9 be planar structure, it is ensured that the thickness of air buffer, angle can not be too little, it is ensured that air every
The presence of layer, angle can not be too big, therefore baffle plate 9 and front panel 7 or the angle of rear board 8 are 20 ° ~ 50 °, and optimized angle is 35 ° ~
45°。
In above-mentioned several embodiments, the spacing of same panel overhead gage 9 is 120 ~ 400mm.
The each panel of labyrinth type bubble channel 3 and baffle plate adopt plastic material, such as ABS plastic, polystyrene plastics, respectively
Plate thickness is 2mm ~ 10mm, and front panel 7 is 150mm ~ 500mm with the spacing of rear board 8.
The angle of baffle plate mounting means, structure and front and back panel can be adjusted correspondingly according to actual needs, not limit
Go out given in above-described embodiment, as long as wrong before and after vertical direction formation after baffle plate is split in the space of bubble channel
The air buffer of position, the speed to reach decay underwater demolition shock wave, slow down bubble rising.
The present invention it is a kind of for eliminate under water close-in blasting shock wave air buffer device integral thickness be 150mm ~
500mm, 0.5m ~ 5m arranges this preventer before by protection building.As shown in fig. 7, apparatus of the present invention 19 are applied in height
Spend for 17m, plan water-filling depth for 15m, in cofferdam 16 of the newly-built inlet gate 20 for a dismounting to be blasted of 8m,
Its specific implementation process is as follows：
1st, according to practical situation, it is determined that needing to carry out the cofferdam height of demolition blasting, plan water-filling depth, building need to be protected long
Degree and with cofferdam distance etc..The height 17m of cofferdam 16 in the present embodiment, plans water-filling depth 15m, the distance of newly-built inlet gate 20
The minimum distance of cofferdam 16 is only 8m, therefore, the height of preventer 19 is 15m in the present embodiment, and thickness is taken as 160mm.
2nd, preventer position is determined according to by protection building and cofferdam distance, generally before by protection building
0.5m ~ 5m arranges this preventer, and preventer 19 is arranged in before inlet gate 20 at 2m in the present embodiment, herein waters width
It is 12m to spend for the width of preventer in 12m, therefore the present embodiment 19.
3rd, each panel adopts polystyrene plastics, each plate thickness to be 6mm in the present embodiment, and transverse panel 6 is spaced
For 3m, baffle plate 9 is 45 ° with front panel 7, the angle of rear board 8, and front panel 7 is 160mm with the spacing of rear board 8, is kept off in same panel
The spacing of plate 9 is that 160mm, the interlaced arrangement of baffle plate 9 on front panel 7 and rear board 8, and the minimum distance of front and back panels overhead gage 9 are
30mm。
4th, flexible air-bag 4 is made up of front layer 13, back layer 14 and internal portioning layer 15, and flexible air-bag 4 should ensure that it in water
The buoyancy of generation is more than the suffered gravity in water of labyrinth type bubble channel 3, and the thickness of flexible air-bag 4 is 200mm in the present embodiment, high
Spend for 1m.
5th, air jet pipe 2 is fixed on into the bottom of labyrinth type bubble channel 3, is connected counterweight 1 with air jet pipe 2 by rope 5, together
When labyrinth type bubble channel 3 is connected with flexible air-bag 4 by rope 5.
6th, before the bottom of this device 19 being positioned over into inlet gate 20 before water-filling in cofferdam 16 at 2m, top leans against newly
Build in inlet gate 20, this device 19 can slowly be erect automatically in water filling process, it is logical to air jet pipe 2 before bursting work premise
Enter compressed air until the speed that labyrinth type bubble channel 3 is internally formed the excessive bubble of stable air interlayer, the i.e. water surface is substantially permanent
It is fixed constant.
The above is highly preferred embodiment of the present invention, and any pro forma restriction, every foundation are not made to the present invention
Any simple modification, equivalent variations and modification that the technical spirit of the present invention is made to above example, still fall within the present invention's
In protection domain.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water, it is characterised in that：Including counterweight（1）、
Air jet pipe（2）, labyrinth type bubble channel（3）, flexible air-bag（4）, the labyrinth type bubble channel（3）Open with upper end lower end
Mouthful, the labyrinth type bubble channel（3）The air jet pipe is fixed in lower end（2）, top connect the flexible air-bag（4）, the jet
Pipe（2）With the counterweight（1）Connection, air jet pipe（2）Fumarole be located at the labyrinth type bubble channel（3）Inside, it is described soft
Property air bag（4）The buoyancy produced in water is more than the labyrinth type bubble channel（4）The suffered gravity in water.
2. a kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water according to claim 1, it is special
Levy and be：The labyrinth type bubble channel（3）Including front panel（7）, rear board（8）, transverse panel（6）, some baffle plates（9）,
The baffle plate（9）Positioned at the front panel（7）, rear board（8）, transverse panel（6）In the passage for surrounding.
3. a kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water according to claim 2, it is special
Levy and be：The baffle plate（9）One end and front panel（7）Connection, the hanging other end, two sides and transverse panel（6）Connection.
4. a kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water according to claim 2, it is special
Levy and be：The baffle plate（9）One end and rear board（8）Connection, the hanging other end, two sides and transverse panel（6）Connection.
5. a kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water according to claim 2, it is special
Levy and be：The baffle plate（9）It is interlaced to be arranged on the front panel（7）, rear board（8）On, and baffle plate（9）One end is hanging,
Two sides and transverse panel（6）Connection.
6. a kind of air buffer device for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water according to claim 2, it is special
Levy and be：The baffle plate（9）One end and front panel（7）Connection, the other end and rear board（8）Connection, two sides and horizontal face
Plate（6）Connection, the baffle plate（9）It is in tilted layout, and baffle plate（9）If being provided with dry hole.
7. a kind of air for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water according to claim 2-6 any claim
Interlayer device, it is characterised in that：The baffle plate（9）For planar structure, and baffle plate（9）With front panel（7）Or rear board（8）Angle
For 20 ° ~ 50 °.
8. a kind of air for eliminating close-in blasting shock wave under water according to claim 2-6 any claim
Interlayer device, it is characterised in that：The baffle plate（9）For planar structure, or bending structure, or arcuate structure.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611243544.6A CN106679523B (en) | 2016-12-29 | 2016-12-29 | A kind of air buffer device for being used to eliminate underwater close-in blasting shock wave |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611243544.6A CN106679523B (en) | 2016-12-29 | 2016-12-29 | A kind of air buffer device for being used to eliminate underwater close-in blasting shock wave |
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| CN106679523A true CN106679523A (en) | 2017-05-17 |
| CN106679523B CN106679523B (en) | 2017-12-26 |
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Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108265682A (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2018-07-10 | 武汉大学 | The method of dam and the raising dam capability of antidetonance with the high capability of antidetonance |
| CN108827098A (en) * | 2018-05-10 | 2018-11-16 | 中国人民解放军61489部队 | A kind of tunnel wave absorber |
| CN108827097A (en) * | 2018-05-10 | 2018-11-16 | 中国人民解放军61489部队 | A kind of wave absorber preventing Underwater Engineering target by blast impulse wave impact |
| CN109231645A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-01-18 | 江苏大学 | A kind of organic waste-water treating apparatus with high salt |
| CN109443121A (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-03-08 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防工程研究院 | A kind of spoiler and its tunnel for explosion wave in tunnel of decaying |
| CN110274527A (en) * | 2019-06-26 | 2019-09-24 | 湖南省航务工程有限公司 | A kind of delaying blasting device that underwater demolition security performance is high |
| CN110936009A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-03-31 | 湖北玉昊金属复合材料有限公司 | Shock wave protective guard and application thereof in explosive welding |
| CN111504131A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-08-07 | 广东中人岩土工程有限公司 | Carbon dioxide underwater blasting protection device |
| CN111829407A (en) * | 2020-02-24 | 2020-10-27 | 山东科技大学 | Underworkings blasting shield assembly |
| CN111997001A (en) * | 2020-08-24 | 2020-11-27 | 郑州大学 | Device and method for protecting arch end of high arch dam against downstream aerial contact explosion |
| CN113324453A (en) * | 2021-06-21 | 2021-08-31 | 重庆交通大学 | Sea ditch reef blasting shock wave protection device with flexible drainage function |
| CN115326357A (en) * | 2022-10-17 | 2022-11-11 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心空天技术研究所 | Device for measuring impact water-entering characteristic of test body and underwater characteristic of flexible air bag |
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Cited By (16)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108265682A (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2018-07-10 | 武汉大学 | The method of dam and the raising dam capability of antidetonance with the high capability of antidetonance |
| CN108265682B (en) * | 2018-01-11 | 2019-09-10 | 武汉大学 | The method of dam and the raising dam capability of antidetonance with the high capability of antidetonance |
| CN108827098A (en) * | 2018-05-10 | 2018-11-16 | 中国人民解放军61489部队 | A kind of tunnel wave absorber |
| CN108827097A (en) * | 2018-05-10 | 2018-11-16 | 中国人民解放军61489部队 | A kind of wave absorber preventing Underwater Engineering target by blast impulse wave impact |
| CN109231645A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2019-01-18 | 江苏大学 | A kind of organic waste-water treating apparatus with high salt |
| CN109443121A (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2019-03-08 | 中国人民解放军军事科学院国防工程研究院 | A kind of spoiler and its tunnel for explosion wave in tunnel of decaying |
| CN110274527B (en) * | 2019-06-26 | 2022-05-27 | 湖南省航务工程有限公司 | Delay blasting device that underwater blasting security performance is high |
| CN110274527A (en) * | 2019-06-26 | 2019-09-24 | 湖南省航务工程有限公司 | A kind of delaying blasting device that underwater demolition security performance is high |
| CN110936009A (en) * | 2019-12-26 | 2020-03-31 | 湖北玉昊金属复合材料有限公司 | Shock wave protective guard and application thereof in explosive welding |
| CN111829407A (en) * | 2020-02-24 | 2020-10-27 | 山东科技大学 | Underworkings blasting shield assembly |
| CN111504131A (en) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-08-07 | 广东中人岩土工程有限公司 | Carbon dioxide underwater blasting protection device |
| CN111997001A (en) * | 2020-08-24 | 2020-11-27 | 郑州大学 | Device and method for protecting arch end of high arch dam against downstream aerial contact explosion |
| CN113324453A (en) * | 2021-06-21 | 2021-08-31 | 重庆交通大学 | Sea ditch reef blasting shock wave protection device with flexible drainage function |
| CN113324453B (en) * | 2021-06-21 | 2022-12-23 | 重庆交通大学 | Sea ditch reef blasting shock wave protection device with flexible drainage function |
| CN115326357A (en) * | 2022-10-17 | 2022-11-11 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心空天技术研究所 | Device for measuring impact water-entering characteristic of test body and underwater characteristic of flexible air bag |
| CN115326357B (en) * | 2022-10-17 | 2022-12-23 | 中国空气动力研究与发展中心空天技术研究所 | Device for measuring impact water-entering characteristic of test body and underwater characteristic of flexible air bag |
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| CN106679523B (en) | 2017-12-26 |
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