CN106601996B - Multilayer nano composite electrode for lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Multilayer nano composite electrode for lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN106601996B
CN106601996B CN201710036957.5A CN201710036957A CN106601996B CN 106601996 B CN106601996 B CN 106601996B CN 201710036957 A CN201710036957 A CN 201710036957A CN 106601996 B CN106601996 B CN 106601996B
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multilayer
lithium ion
ion battery
temperature
copper
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CN106601996A (en
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袁伟
邱志强
罗健
潘保有
黄诗敏
闫志国
谭振豪
汤勇
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South China University of Technology SCUT
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66—Selection of materials
    • H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention discloses a multilayer nano composite electrode for a lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof. The multilayer nano composite electrode mainly comprises a copper current collector and a multilayer active substance, wherein the copper current collector is provided with a porous structure and a nano needle-shaped structure, and the multilayer active substance mainly comprises a silicon layer and a carbon layer. The preparation method of the multilayer nano composite electrode comprises the following steps: (1) sintering copper powder; (2) the growth and reduction of copper oxide nano needle-like structures; (3) deposition of a silicon nano layer; (4) coating of the carbon nanolayer. The multilayer nano composite electrode can effectively limit the severe change of the volume of the silicon active substance in the charge and discharge process of the battery, thereby prolonging the cycle life of the battery; meanwhile, the porous structure and the nano needle-shaped structure of the current collector are directly and closely contacted with the active substance, so that the use of a binder and a conductive additive is reduced, and the reversible capacity, the coulomb efficiency, the cycling stability and other electrochemical performances of the battery are improved.

Description

Multilayer nano composite electrode for lithium ion battery and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium ion batteries, in particular to a multilayer nano composite electrode for a lithium ion battery and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Lithium ion batteries have been developed for only less than thirty years, and are superior to those of the rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries or nickel-hydrogen batteries, in that they have a high specific energy density, a wide range of applications, excellent high-current discharge, and the like. In the beginning of the new century, along with development and development of new energy power automobiles, energy reform is being advanced to replace old energy structures based on fossil fuels by reducing environmental pollution caused by energy consumption, and energy frameworks with lithium ion batteries as cores are being widely accepted and accepted.
The negative electrode of the lithium ion battery has the following characteristics: the electrode potential is lower, so that a stable platform can be maintained, and the lithium ion battery can obtain stable output voltage; the theoretical specific capacity is as high as possible, namely more lithium ions can be inserted and extracted; when the material is used for inserting lithium and removing lithium, the structure of the material should be kept unchanged or changed very little, so that the battery is ensured to have good cycle performance; the battery has good electron conductivity and high lithium ion transmission speed, so that the polarization of the battery can be reduced, and the battery can still have high specific capacity when being charged and discharged under high-rate current density; the interface performance is excellent, and a stable and good solid electrolyte interface film (SEI film) can be formed with the electrolyte; easy preparation, abundant sources, low cost, no toxicity, safety and environmental protection. The currently used lithium ion battery anode active material is graphite, however, the theoretical specific capacity of the graphite is not high, and the increasing energy requirement cannot be met. Silicon has very high theoretical specific capacity as an active substance, but the volume expansion is more than 300 percent, so that the active substance is pulverized and falls off, the irreversible capacity is increased, and the service life of the battery is short. Many researchers use carbon-silicon core-shell nano-structures as active substances, so that the expansion of the silicon volume can be well limited, but the resistance of the active substances is larger, and the battery performance is low. Electrodes containing copper-silicon core-shell nanostructures have also been studied, but the expansion and contraction of silicon results in the shedding of silicon nanomaterial. The traditional active material coating contains materials such as conductive agent, binder and the like which do not affect the battery capacity, so that the effective utilization volume of the battery is reduced, and the resistance of the active material is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to improve the capacity of the lithium ion battery, effectively limit the volume expansion of silicon, improve the conductivity of the electrode and reduce the use of binders and conductive additives, thereby being beneficial to improving the reversible capacity, coulombic efficiency, cycling stability and other electrochemical properties of the battery.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the multilayer nano composite electrode for the lithium ion battery.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme.
A multilayer nanometer composite electrode for lithium ion battery is mainly composed of copper current collector and multilayer active material; the copper current collector is composed of copper powder particles;
the copper current collector has a porous structure and a nano needle-like structure; the porous structure exists between copper powder particles; the nano needle-like structures are on the surfaces of the copper powder particles;
the multilayer active material is coated on the outer surface of the copper powder particles with the nanometer needle-shaped structures; the multi-layer active substance comprises a silicon nano layer and a carbon nano layer, and the carbon nano layer is coated on the outer surface of the silicon nano layer.
The preparation method of the multilayer nano composite electrode for the lithium ion battery comprises the following steps:
(1) Sintering copper powder: weighing copper powder, placing the copper powder into a graphite mold, placing the graphite mold into a vacuum resistance furnace, and sintering the copper powder at a high temperature to obtain a sintered sample;
(2) Growth and reduction of copper oxide nanoneedle structures: placing the sintered sample in a muffle furnace, heating at high temperature, then placing in a vacuum resistance furnace, and heating and reducing under hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the copper current collector;
(3) Deposition of a silicon nanolayer: placing a copper current collector in a chemical vapor deposition reactor (CVD), and introducing pure silane (SiH 4) to finish the deposition of a silicon nano layer;
(4) Coating of a carbon nano layer: and (3) soaking the copper current collector deposited with the silicon nano layer in a polyvinyl alcohol solution, drying in vacuum, and then placing in a vacuum resistance furnace, and heating and preserving heat under a protective atmosphere to obtain the multilayer nano composite electrode for the lithium ion battery.
Further, in the step (1), the high-temperature sintering temperature is 800-900 ℃ and the time is 1-2 hours.
Further, in the step (1), the high-temperature sintering is performed under a hydrogen atmosphere.
Further, in the step (2), the high-temperature heating temperature is 400-700 ℃ and the time is 5-7 h.
Further, in the step (2), the high-temperature heating is performed under an air atmosphere.
Further, in the step (2), the temperature of the heating reduction is 250-300 ℃ and the time is 2-2.5 h.
Further, in the step (3), the introducing amount of the pure silane is 4-7 ml/min.
Further, in the step (3), deposition process parameters in the chemical vapor deposition reactor are as follows: the pressure is 75-80 Pa, the temperature is 200-250 ℃, the time is 30-40 min, and the radio frequency power is 74-76 mW/cm 2 。
Further, in the step (4), the mass concentration of the polyvinyl alcohol solution is 4-5 wt%.
Further, in the step (4), the soaking time is 2-3 hours.
Further, in the step (4), the vacuum drying is performed at 60-70 ℃ for 6-7 hours.
Further, in the step (4), the protective atmosphere is an argon atmosphere.
Further, in the step (4), the temperature of heating and heat preservation is 200-250 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 2-3 hours.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
(1) In the multilayer nano composite electrode, the copper nanoneedle on the copper current collector is combined with the active material, so that the conductivity of the active material is effectively improved, and the charge and discharge performance of the battery is improved;
(2) In the multilayer nano composite electrode, the silicon nano layer is deposited on the copper nano needle, has a dispersing effect on a silicon nano structure, and is also used as a supporting framework of a silicon nano material, so that the strength of the silicon nano material is enhanced, and the service life of a lithium ion battery is prolonged;
(3) In the multilayer nano composite electrode, the carbon nano material is coated on the silicon nano material, so that the volume expansion of the silicon material is effectively limited, the falling of silicon active substances is reduced, the irreversible capacity of the lithium ion battery is reduced, and the service life of the lithium ion battery is prolonged;
(4) The multilayer nano composite electrode adopts active substances without components such as binder, conductive agent and the like, so that the energy density of the lithium ion battery is increased, the resistance of the active substances is reduced, and the performance of the lithium ion battery is improved;
(5) The multilayer nano composite electrode adopts the active substance as the one-dimensional nano material, shortens the path of lithium ions entering the active substance, and increases the charge and discharge rate of the lithium ion battery.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a multilayer nanocomposite electrode prepared in example 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the microstructure of the monomer particles of the multilayer nanocomposite electrode prepared in example 1;
fig. 3 is an assembly schematic of a lithium ion half-cell equipped with a multilayer nanocomposite electrode according to example 2.
Detailed Description
For a further understanding of the invention, the invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and examples, but it is to be understood that the scope of the invention claimed is not limited to the examples described and that other non-enumerated examples of parameters within the scope of the claims are equally valid.
Example 1
A method for preparing a novel multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery, comprising the steps of:
(1) Sintering copper powder: weighing copper powder, placing the copper powder in a customized graphite mold, then placing the graphite mold in a vacuum resistance furnace, sintering at a high temperature in a hydrogen environment, wherein the sintering temperature is 900 ℃, and the heat preservation time is 2 hours;
(2) Growth of copper oxide nanoneedle: placing the sintered and molded sample in a muffle furnace, and heating at a high temperature in air at 500 ℃ for 7 hours to obtain copper oxide growing with a nano needle;
(3) Reduction of copper oxide nanoneedles: placing the copper oxide growing with the nanoneedle into a vacuum resistance furnace, reducing the copper oxide nanoneedle in a hydrogen environment, heating at 250 ℃, and keeping the temperature for 2 hours to obtain a copper current collector;
(4) Deposition of a silicon nanolayer: placing copper current collector into CVD reactor, charging 5ml of pure silane (SiH 4) per minute, reacting at 75Pa, 200 deg.C for 30min, and RF power of 75mW/cm 2 Completing the deposition of the silicon nano layer;
(5) Coating of a carbon nano layer: soaking the obtained sample in a polyvinyl alcohol solution with the mass fraction of 5% for 3 hours, and then drying in vacuum for 7 hours at the drying temperature of 60 ℃; and (3) placing the dried sample into a vacuum resistance furnace, heating and preserving heat in an argon environment, wherein the heating temperature is 250 ℃, and the preserving heat time is 3 hours.
The structure schematic diagram of the prepared multilayer nano composite electrode and the microstructure schematic diagram of the monomer particles are respectively shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, and the multilayer nano composite electrode mainly comprises a copper current collector and a multilayer active substance; comprises a copper nano needle-shaped structure 9, copper powder particles 10, a silicon nano layer 11 and a carbon nano layer 12;
the copper current collector is composed of copper powder particles 10; the copper current collector has a porous structure and a nano needle-like structure 9; the porous structure is present between copper powder particles 10; the nano needle-like structures 9 are on the surface of the copper powder particles 10; the multilayer active substance is coated on the outer surface of the copper powder particles 10 with the nanometer needle-shaped structures; the multi-layer active substance comprises a silicon nano layer 11 and a carbon nano layer 12, wherein the carbon nano layer 12 is coated on the outer surface of the silicon nano layer 11.
Example 2
The multilayer nano-composite electrode prepared in example 1 is used for assembling a lithium ion half-cell, and an assembly schematic diagram is shown in fig. 3, and comprises an upper cell shell 1, a spring piece 2, a gasket 3, a lithium piece 4, a diaphragm 5, an electrolyte 6, a lower cell shell 7 and a novel multilayer nano-composite electrode 8;
the multilayer nano composite electrode 8 is arranged on the lower battery case 7, the electrolyte 6 directly infiltrates the active material of the needle-shaped nano composite layer on the multilayer nano composite electrode 8, and the electrolyte 6 fills the whole cavity formed by the multilayer nano composite electrode 8, the lower battery case 7 and the diaphragm 5; the lithium sheet 4 is tightly attached to the diaphragm 5, and the gasket 3 and the elastic sheet 2 are sequentially arranged on the upper surface of the lithium sheet 4 from bottom to top, and the gasket 3 and the elastic sheet 2 play a role in adjusting pressure; the elastic sheet 2 is closely contacted with the upper battery case 1 to reduce contact resistance and ensure good conductivity inside the battery.
After the assembly of the lithium ion half-cell is completed, when the lithium ion half-cell discharges, the lithium sheet 4 starts to remove lithium, lithium ions enter the electrolyte 6 through the diaphragm 5 and then contact with the active material of the needle-shaped nano composite layer on the multilayer nano composite electrode 8 to perform lithium intercalation reaction; meanwhile, electrons enter the lower battery case 7 through the gasket 3, the elastic sheet 2 and the upper battery case 1 in sequence, and as the lower battery case 7 is in close contact with the novel multilayer nanocomposite electrode 8, the electrons enter the active material of the needle-shaped nanocomposite layer of the novel multilayer nanocomposite electrode 8 to be subjected to charge neutralization with lithium ions, so that the discharging process of the lithium ion half battery is completed.
When the lithium ion half battery is charged, lithium ions are firstly deintercalated from the active material of the needle-shaped nano composite layer on the novel multilayer nano composite electrode 8, enter the electrolyte 6, and then contact the lithium sheet 4 through the diaphragm 5; the electrons are transferred from the active substances on the novel multilayer nano composite electrode 8, and charge balance is carried out on the lithium ions on the lithium sheet 4 through the lower battery shell 7, the upper battery shell 1, the elastic sheet 2 and the gasket 3 in sequence, so that the charging process is completed.
In the charge and discharge process of the lithium ion half battery, the copper current collector is provided with the copper nanoneedle and is combined with the active substance of the nano material, so that the conductivity of the active substance is enhanced; the active material on the multilayer nano composite electrode is a silicon-carbon composite nano layer, so that the active material pulverization phenomenon caused when lithium ions are intercalated into and separated from the active material in the charging and discharging process of the battery is reduced to a great extent, the distance of the lithium ions entering the active material is shortened, and the service life and the charging and discharging rate of the lithium ion battery are prolonged; meanwhile, the active substance of the novel multilayer nano composite electrode does not contain materials such as a binder, so that the resistance of the active substance is reduced, and the energy density of the lithium ion battery is improved.
The above examples of the present invention are merely illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention. Other variations or modifications of the above teachings will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is not necessary here nor is it exhaustive of all embodiments. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. which come within the spirit and principles of the invention are desired to be protected by the following claims.

Claims (7)

1. A method for preparing a multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery, characterized in that the electrode is composed of a copper current collector and a multilayer active material; the copper current collector is composed of copper powder particles;
the copper current collector has a porous structure and a nano needle-like structure; the porous structure is formed by copper powder particles; the nano needle-like structures are on the surfaces of the copper powder particles;
the multilayer active material is coated on the outer surface of the copper powder particles with the nanometer needle-shaped structures; the multi-layer active substance comprises a silicon nano layer and a carbon nano layer, wherein the carbon nano layer is coated on the outer surface of the silicon nano layer;
the preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) Sintering copper powder: weighing copper powder, placing the copper powder into a graphite die, and placing the graphite die into a vacuum resistance furnace for high-temperature sintering to obtain a sintered sample, wherein the high-temperature sintering temperature is 800-900 ℃, and the high-temperature sintering is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere;
(2) Growth and reduction of copper oxide nanoneedle structures: placing the sintered sample in a muffle furnace, heating at a high temperature, then placing in a vacuum resistance furnace, and heating and reducing under a hydrogen atmosphere to obtain the copper current collector, wherein the high-temperature heating temperature is 400-700 ℃, and the high-temperature heating is performed under an air atmosphere;
(3) Deposition of a silicon nanolayer: placing a copper current collector in a chemical vapor deposition reactor, and introducing pure silane to finish the deposition of a silicon nano layer;
(4) Coating of a carbon nano layer: and (3) soaking the copper current collector deposited with the silicon nano layer in a polyvinyl alcohol solution, drying in vacuum, and then placing in a vacuum resistance furnace, and heating and preserving heat under a protective atmosphere to obtain the multilayer nano composite electrode for the lithium ion battery.
2. The method for preparing a multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the high-temperature sintering time is 1-2 hours.
3. The method for preparing a multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the high-temperature heating time is 5 to 7 hours.
4. The method for preparing a multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the temperature of the heating reduction is 250-300 ℃ and the time is 2-2.5 h.
5. The method for preparing a multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the introducing amount of the pure silane is 4-7 ml/min; the deposition process parameters in the chemical vapor deposition reactor are as follows: the pressure is 75-80 Pa, the temperature is 200-250 ℃, the time is 30-40 min, and the radio frequency power is 74-76 mW/cm 2 。
6. The method for preparing a multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the mass concentration of the polyvinyl alcohol solution is 4wt% to 5wt%; the soaking time is 2-3 hours; and the vacuum drying is carried out at 60-70 ℃ for 6-7 hours.
7. The method for preparing a multilayer nanocomposite electrode for a lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the protective atmosphere is an argon atmosphere; the temperature of heating and heat preservation is 200-250 ℃, and the time of heat preservation is 2-3 h.
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