CN106574376A - 滑动元件、特别是活塞环和用于制造滑动元件的方法 - Google Patents

滑动元件、特别是活塞环和用于制造滑动元件的方法 Download PDF

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CN106574376A
CN106574376A CN201580038644.2A CN201580038644A CN106574376A CN 106574376 A CN106574376 A CN 106574376A CN 201580038644 A CN201580038644 A CN 201580038644A CN 106574376 A CN106574376 A CN 106574376A
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克丽丝汀·鲍尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种滑动元件，特别是活塞环，还涉及一种用于制造其的方法其中，在所述滑动元件的工作表面，优选地在所述活塞环的外圆周表面，不具有氮化层,优选不具有表面硬化,工作面具有与所述中间层不同的最外层,其为类金刚石碳层或金属基氮化物层，优选是金属氮化物层，尤其优选是CrN层,至少一个含金属的中间层位于所述滑动元件的基底和所述类金刚石碳层之间，所述中间层优选是金属层，尤其优选是铬层，表面硬化所述滑动元件的至少一个另外的表面，优选地表面硬化所述活塞环的侧面，其优选地具有氮化层。

Description

滑动元件、特别是活塞环和用于制造滑动元件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种滑动元件，特别是活塞环，该滑动元件在工作面的区域中具有良好的总体耐磨性以及良好的摩擦性能，以及涉及一种用于制造滑动元件的方法。
背景技术
当减少内燃机的二氧化碳排放时，燃料消耗起着关键作用。这尤其还受到发动机中的滑动元件的摩擦损失的影响，特别是在活塞区域中受到滑动元件的摩擦损失的影响。滑动元件(例如活塞环)具有工作表面，在该工作表面处，它们与摩擦副滑动接触。该摩擦学***是复杂的，并且显着地由摩擦副的配对材料决定。
因此，需要内燃机中的滑动元件，其在整个使用寿命期间具有最良好的摩擦特性。然而，特别是对于现代发动机，在滑动元件处出现高的热载荷和机械载荷。
在内燃机中的滑动元件在长的使用寿命期间具有低的摩擦系数以及具有高的耐磨性，滑动元件例如为活塞环、活塞或气缸套。
从现有技术中活塞环是已知的，其侧面部分或全部氮化，并且其工作表面至少部分地具有不同的涂层。
DE 102 21 800 A1公开了一种钢活塞环，其具有工作表面、内表面以及设置在其间的上下侧面，在工作表面上至少部分地提供有作为工作表面涂层的热喷涂层和至少在所述侧面上提供由等离子体氮化产生的氮化层。
US 6 508 473 B1描述了一种活塞环，其具有在上侧和下侧上或者在上侧和下侧上以及内周面上的氮化层以及在外周面上通过离子电镀形成的硬质膜。
DE 10 2005 023 627 A1公开了一种钢活塞环，其具有在一侧带有腔室的工作表面，工作表面上涂覆有具有微裂纹的铬-陶瓷基磨损保护层，并且至少在侧面上提供有磨损还原氮化层。
DE 10 2005 011 438 B3公开了一种用于在由钢或铸铁构成的活塞环基体上制造磨损保护层的方法，该方法在工作表面区域首先至少部分地设置有基于氮仿金属元素的至少单层热喷涂层，然后至少将侧面和其上施加有喷涂层的工作表面进行氮化处理。
即使这种滑动元件具有令人满意的耐磨性的层，它们没有具有特别低的摩擦系数的工作表面或在基底和磨损保护层之间没有足够的粘附力。
此外，从现有技术中已知活塞环的工作表面上的DLC涂层。类金刚石碳层(DLC)构成亚稳定形态的无定形碳，无定形碳具有显着部分的sp3杂化碳，其具有特别良好的摩擦学特性。可以在VDI指南2840碳层中找到可能的DLC层***的概述。
DE 10 2011 003 254 A1公开了一种滑动元件，在该滑动元件中，至少一个工作表面从内向外具有带有包含金属的粘合剂层和厚度为至少10μm的ta-C型DLC层的涂层。可以氮化滑动元件的基本材料或者不氮化滑动元件的基本材料。
这种滑动元件在工作表面上具有低的摩擦系数，但是这种滑动元件不足以耐磨损。
由DE 10 2011 014 483 B3已知一种用于制造钢活塞环的方法，在该方法中，制造在工作表面的侧面上设置有腔室的基体，工作表面直接设置有耐磨层，并且氮化基体的周向区域和侧面区域，这些区域不具有耐磨层。尤其耐磨层可以由DLC层或铬层组成，以及铬层也可以施加在DLC层上。
由于DLC层直接施加到工作表面的基底上，然而，滑动元件的耐磨性受到DLC层对工作表面的不充分粘附的限制。
发明内容
本发明是基于提供一种滑动元件的目标，优选地提供一种活塞环，以及一种用于制造滑动元件的方法，该滑动元件在工作表面的区域中具有出良好的总体耐磨性以及良好的摩擦学特性。
该目标通过权利要求1所述的滑动元件以及根据权利要求7所述的用于制造滑动元件的方法来解决。
表面的表面硬化确保了其耐磨性，这些表面并不构成工作表面。然而，作为工作表面的最外层，提供DLC层或金属基氮化物层，这有助于工作表面的特别优越的摩擦学性能和耐磨性能。
具有DLC层或金属基氮化物层而没有氮化层的衬底相比于具有氮化层的衬底更能抵抗模拟爆震燃烧的循环载荷，该氮化层位于DLC层或金属基氮化物层之下，这在各种测试系列中已经变得极其地明显。
由于负载，基底塑性变形，然而，氮化层的脆性导致在氮化区域和DLC层中的引发裂纹。然而，在材料中开始形成裂纹之前，在没有氮化层的基底中通过塑性变形可以降低相当高的张力。由于DLC层或金属基氮化物层与基底相比具有薄的层厚度，DLC层或金属基氮化物层弹性变形。
此外，通过在基底和DLC层或金属基氮化物层之间施加含金属的中间层，含金属的中间层优选为金属层，特别优选为铬层，基板和DLC层或金属基氮化物层之间的粘合性可以得到显著地提高。
根据权利要求1所述的在工作表面上的涂层结构确保具有低摩擦系数的工作表面的磨损保护，而通过表面硬化来确保不构成工作表面的表面耐磨性，该涂层结构即为在非氮化的基底表面上提供至少一个含金属的中间层以及作为最外层的DLC层或金属基氮化物层。
工作表面优选地与环的外周表面相对应，该环具有多边形横截面而没有腔室，该环优选地为中空圆柱体或中空截头圆锥体。
在根据本发明的用于制造滑动元件的方法中，在施加中间层之后不可避免地施加DLC层或金属基氮化物层，而并不构成工作表面的至少一个表面的表面硬化可以在施加中间层之前、在施加中间层之后和/或在施加DLC层或金属基氮化物层之后进行，但施加中间层在施加DLC层或金属基氮化物层之前进行。
在另外的权利要求中描述了根据本发明的滑动元件的优选的进一步的改进。
根据本发明的实施例，没有对滑动元件的工作表面进行表面硬化。在工作表面的涂层下进行表面硬化显着地增加了耐磨性，因为类似于在氮化工作表面中的作用机制，可以显著地减少裂纹开裂。
优选地，根据本发明的含金属中间层构成电镀中间层和/或PVD中间层，因为这些含金属中间层有效地影响粘附。
根据另一优选的实施例，含金属的中间层直接邻近基底表面以使粘附性得到进一步地改善，含金属的中间层优选地为电镀中间层。
在工作表面上的层结构是特别有利的，在工作表面中，含金属的中间层直接位于基底和DLC层或金属基氮化物层之间。已经证明这种结构对于涂层的粘附是特别有利的。
有利地，含金属的中间层具有1μm至小于5μm的层厚度，因为这对涂层的使用寿命产生积极地影响，含金属的中间层优选为电镀中间层。
根据本发明的用于制造滑动元件的方法的优选实施例提供了使用电镀工艺来施加含金属的中间层。由此，可以使用简单的方法以成本合算的方式来沉积含金属中间层。
按照根据本发明用于制造滑动元件的方法，使用PVD工艺可以有利地施加含金属中间层和/或金属基氮化物层和/或DLC层。因此，可以使具有限定的层厚度和化学组成的层可靠地沉积。
根据另一优选实施例，表面硬化的表面不具有涂层，即使可能确实在特定的应用情况下涂覆这些表面。
具有以下元素的氮化物的金属基氮化物层被证明是特别有利的：铝(Al)、钛(Ti)、锆(Zr)、铪(Hf)、钒(V)、铌(Nb)、钽(Ta)、铬(Cr)，钼(Mo)和钨(W)。特别优选的是组合物CrN、CrN(O)、VN和AlN。此外，优选的是三组分体系A-B-N，其中A和B各自是选自Ti、Zr、Hf、V、Nb、Ti，Cr、Mo、W、Al、Si和C的元素，并且N是氮。特别优选的是Ti-Zr-N、Ti-Al-N、Cr-Si-N、Cr-Zr-N、Cr-Ti-N和Cr-V-N体系。这些可以是化学计量相或非化学计量相或二者混合物。此外，金属基氮化物层可以包括所述组合物的任何组合，优选地，金属基氮化物层也可以以分级形式来提供。此外，它们可以包括液滴并形成为多层***或具有超晶格结构。
此外，提供以下文献的金属基氮化物层作为优选的变型：
DE102012200378 A1
DE102008017583 A1
DE102007027245 A1
DE102007035502 A1
DE102006046915 B3
DE102006046917 B3
DE102004032403 B3
具体实施方式
根据优选实施例，提供具有上侧面和下侧面以及内圆周表面和外圆周表面的钢活塞环。上侧面和下侧面以及内周面均具有氮化层，通过例如等离子体氮化、熔池氮化或气体氮化将氮化层引入到活塞环中。在外周表面上施加涂层，该外周表面构成活塞环的工作表面并且未被氮化，该涂层包括第一铬中间层以及ta-C型的第二铬中间层和DLC层，优选地，所述第一铬中间层具有在1μm和5μm之间的层厚度。第一铬中间层优选地通过电沉积施加到工作表面上，并且优选地使用PVD工艺沉积第二铬中间层和DLC层。

Claims (10)

1.滑动元件，特别是活塞环，其中，在所述滑动元件的工作表面的非氮化基底区域中，优选地在所述活塞环的外圆周表面，提供至少一个含金属的中间层和作为与所述中间层不同的最外层的类金刚石碳层或金属基氮化物层，所述中间层优选是金属层，尤其优选是铬层，所述金属基氮化物层优选是金属氮化物层，所述金属氮化物层优选是CrN层，以及表面硬化所述滑动元件的至少一个另外的表面，优选地表面硬化所述活塞环的侧面，其优选地具有氮化层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的滑动元件，其中，没有对所述滑动元件的所述工作表面表面硬化。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的滑动元件，其中，存在至少一个含金属的电镀中间层和/或PVD中间层。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其中，含金属的中间层，其优选地为电镀中间层，直接邻近所述基底表面。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其中，含金属的中间层直接位于所述基底和所述类金刚石碳层之间或含金属的中间层直接位于所述基底和所述金属基氮化物层之间。
6.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其中，所述含金属的中间层中的至少一个，优选电镀中间层，具有1μm至小于5μm的层厚度。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的滑动元件，其中，在所述最外层和所述基底表面之间提供至少一个金属基氮化物层，优选地提供金属氮化物层。
8.一种用于制造根据上述权利要求中任一项所述滑动元件的方法，其中，将含金属的中间层施加到所述滑动元件的所述工作表面上，类金刚石碳层或金属基氮化物层沉积在所述滑动元件的所述工作表面上，并且对所述滑动元件的至少一个另外的表面进行表面硬化，同时避免所述工作表面的氮化。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，使用电镀工艺施加至少一个含金属的中间层。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，使用PVD工艺施加至少一个含金属中间层和/或金属基氮化物层和/或类金刚石碳层。
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