CN1065326A - 空气的低温分离方法 - Google Patents

空气的低温分离方法 Download PDF

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CN1065326A
CN1065326A CN92101960A CN92101960A CN1065326A CN 1065326 A CN1065326 A CN 1065326A CN 92101960 A CN92101960 A CN 92101960A CN 92101960 A CN92101960 A CN 92101960A CN 1065326 A CN1065326 A CN 1065326A
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韦尔海姆·路德
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种空气的低温分离方法，尤其是 用来生产中等纯度氧气的方法。在该方法中，在第一 压缩级(2)压缩所有的原料空气(1)，并通过吸附(4) 对其进行净化。将原料空气的第一支流(101)送进 两级精馏塔(6)的压力段(7)。将第二支流直接送到 低压段(8)。本发明在吸附(4)后将第二支流与其余 原料空气分开，用压缩过的原料空气与其逆流流动面 将其加热(3)，并作功膨胀(13)。其中得到的功至少 部分地用来压缩(2)原料空气。

Description

本发明涉及一种空气的低温分离方法，该方法对原料空气进行压缩、净化、冷却并使其分成多股支流，然后导入双级精馏装置的压力段和低压段，其中，将第一支流送入压力段，将第二支流送入低压段。
EP-A  0342436公开了一种这样的方法。该方法先将原料空气仅压缩到低压段压力，到中等压力时将原料气分为一股第一支流和一股第二支流。仅对第一支流进行进一步压缩，该支流的一部分流入压力塔中。这种流程虽然能大大节约压缩能，但不得不特设一个净化段（一般为分子筛），用以除去第二支流中的二氧化碳、烃和水。由于采用低压，该分子筛需要大量再生气。这些气体不能再用于其它目的，尤其是不能用来很经济地蒸发冷却预冷空气所需用的冷却水。
因此，本发明的任务在于，进一步改进上述那类方法，从而提高其经济性，特别能成本低廉地净化空气。
该任务是这样完成的：使原料空气在第一压缩段压到约为压力段压力，在净化段吸附净化，随后分成第一和第二支流，使第二支流在加进低压段之前先与压缩过的原料空气逆向进行间接热交换而预热，并膨胀作功，用第二支流膨胀时所得到的功来压缩流程中的流体，特别是原料空气。
通过本发明的方法，只在一个净化段中就可以处理所有的原料空气，当然这种处理过程是在压力段压力下进行的，因而省去了一个辅助的低压净化段的投资费用和高运行费用。贮存在第二支流中的剩余压缩能一部分可在一个透平膨胀机中作为机械功被回收，一部分转化为冷量。
在一般情况下，上述机械功直接通过机械连接全部传给一台压缩机，或者也可用来驱动一台发电机。为了在有利的条件下作功膨胀，应预先加热第二支流，这时可从压缩过的原料空气中方便地获取热量。
例如可以使一种产品流或一种中间产品流流过由透平膨胀机驱动的压缩机。通常，用膨胀时得到的功来压缩原料空气是最有利的。
另外，在该方法中还可获得冷量，其办法是在吸附的下游分出一股第三支流，在第二压缩级再对该支流进行压缩，随后将其冷却，作功膨胀并供给低压段，其中，用第三支流作功膨胀时所得到的功在第二压缩级再压缩第三支流。这里，不需要的压力同样可用于制冷。
为了输送功和传递冷量，本发明提供了两种可选择的方案：
一种方案是用在第二支流作功膨胀时获得功作为第一压缩级的动力。由于该功显然不足以驱动空气压缩机，通常必须另外用一台马达来驱动连接透平膨胀机和第一压缩级的轴。
该方案的优点是，使减压膨胀前的第二支流通过与第一压缩级后和净化段前的原料空气之间进行间接热交换而预热。
在这种情况下，原料空气总要预冷。一般情况下，空气以约35℃的温度离开用约25℃的冷却水工作的冷却器，为了在净化段进行吸附，必须将空气降温到大约10℃至15℃。这通常通过一个外加的制冷设备或由冷的冷却水来实现，该冷却水来自一台用干燥的氮气工作的蒸发冷却器。此时，上述预冷至少部分地可由净化后的第二支流来承担，所以，降低了制冷设备的费用，而且氮气也可用于其它的用途。
在第二方案中，将第二支流作功膨胀时得到的功用于在第三压缩级中再压缩第三支流。
最好第三压缩级位于第二压缩级之前，以用于提高第三支流膨胀时的压差。
此外，有利的是，在净化段下游另行或可选择性地分出一个第四支流，该支流经第四压缩级再压缩，随后冷却，减压膨胀并进入压力段，其中，用在第二支流作功膨胀时得到的功在第四压缩级再压缩第四支流。通常用一个节流阀来使第四支流减压膨胀。
这里给压缩级编号是为了清楚地区分它们，并不意味着在第四压缩级存在时上述第二或第三压缩级也必须存在。
然而业已证明，使第三和第四支流在一个共同的第三压缩级中再压缩也是有利的。这样，可使第三和第四压缩级处在一个机器中，这在费用上是比较节省的。
本发明的另一个方面是，将热量传递给处于高压下的第二支流的第二种方式是，使第二支流在其膨胀前通过与经第三或第四压缩级再压缩后的第三和/或第四支流进行间接热交换而被预热。
通过该项措施，可以非常方便地调节各支流到达主换热器入口的温度，在该换热器中一股或多股再压缩后的支流得到冷却。这对于冷却进入透平膨胀机之前的第二支流是极其有效的。
如果在该方法中要求获得高压氧气，则将第四支流再压缩到超过压力塔压力是特别有利的。这样，在本发明构思的一种有利的进一步改进中，可由低压段抽出液氧，将其加压，并与再压缩过的第四支流进行间接热交换而汽化。
处于超过压力塔压力下的可供使用的一定量的空气在此用来节能地制备高压氧气。使氧气在液态下加压（不是利用一台泵就是利用流体静力学位能），接着将其在高压下汽化。用正在汽化的氧逆流冷凝高压空气，放出潜热。最好间接热交换在主换热器组内进行，其它原料流和产品流也流过该换热器组。
然后将部分冷凝的第四支流在第一支流上方送入压力段也是有利的。
通常，在与压力氧气进行热交换时，大部分高压空气冷凝，因此可以利用一定的预分离效果，方式是将冷凝液送入在其余压力塔空气上方的至少一块最好大约四至八块理论塔板上。
用本发明的方法来制取低纯度的氧气特别有利。此处氧气纯度低于99%，最好处于85%和98%之间（体积百分数）。对于空气分离设备（分离空气量大于100，000Nm3/h，优选大于200，000Nm3/h，最好为200，000至400，000Nm3/h之间），本发明的优点特别明显。用于GUD-（联合循环）-设备或炼钢设备（例如COREX工艺）范围内也是有利的。
附图简要说明：
图1为本发明的一个实施例的工艺流程图。
图2为本发明的另一个实施例的工艺流程图。
下面用图1和2所示的两个实施例进一步说明本发明及本发明的其它细节。
按照图1所示的工艺流程，环境空气经管道1由第一压缩级2吸入，并被压缩到压力为5至10巴，最好约为5.65巴，然后冷却到5℃至25℃，最好约为12℃，并在装有分子筛的净化段4中除去如水、二氧化碳和烃之类的杂质。紧接着在净化段4之后，原料空气被分为第一支流101和第二支流102。第一支流101在主换热器5中由逆流的产品流冷却，然后送入一个常规的两级精馏塔6的压力段7。从低压段8（运行压力为为1.2至1.6巴，最好约1.3巴）中抽出气态氧9和气态氮10作为产品，在主换热器中上述产品流被加热到接近环境温度。氮气可用于净化段4的分子筛的再生（经管11）和/或用于其它目的，例如由管道12抽出用于在一个蒸发冷却器中冷却冷却水。
按照本发明，第二支流102在换热器3中与压缩后的原料空气逆流热交换而被加热，再在透平膨胀机13中膨胀，冷却，尔后吹入低压段8中。原料空气流可以在换热器3和净化段4之间另行冷却（图中未示出），例如通过与由于蒸发冷却而变冷的水进行间接热交换而被冷却。
同样在净化段4下游分出第三支流，再在第二台压缩机14中对其进一步压缩，在主换热器5中将其冷却至中等温度，尔后在透平膨胀机15中膨胀制冷。该支流膨胀时得到的功用机械方式传递给第二压缩机14。减压后的第三支流103与经膨胀和冷却的第二支流102一起送入低压段8。
图2表示本发明方法的第二个实施例。该实施例中，在分流点21处由第一支流101分出第二支流，该支流在换热器3′中被加热，并在透平膨胀机13′中减压膨胀。由此得到的功被传递给第三压缩机16。
第三支流在进入与透平膨胀机15相接的第二压缩机14之前在第三压缩机中被压缩到压力至少为15巴，最好是20至50巴，接着在换热器3′中由膨胀前的第二支流102逆流冷却。
在第三压缩级16和换热器3之后，由第三支流分出一股第四支流104（在22处），该支流在主换热器5中被冷却，并被节流减压而进入压力段7。氧气从低压段经管道9抽出，并在泵17中加压到压力至少为4巴，最好为20至100巴，再与第四支流逆流热交换而被汽化。第四支流中的高压空气在热交换过程中几乎全部冷凝，并在第一支流101之上方被送入压力段7中。
业已证明，当要求得到纯度为85%至98%的产品氧（由实施例中的管道9引出）时，按照本发明的方法将原料空气直接加入低压段是很经济的。例如若想得到纯度为96%的氧气，最多可用35%的原料空气通过第二和第三支流102、103直接供给低压段，而不会明显降低氧气产量

Claims (11)

1、一种空气的低温分离方法，其中压缩(2)、净化(4)、冷却(5)原料空气(1)，将其分成多股支流，送入一个两级精馏装置(6)的压力段(7)和低压段(8)，
将第一支流(101)送入压力段(7)和
将第二支流(102)送入低压段(8)，
其特征在于，
--将原料空气(1)在第一压缩级(2)压缩到大约为压力段压力，在净化段(4)吸附净化，接着分为第一支流(101)和第二(102)支流；
--使第二支流(102)在供给低压段(8)之前以与压缩过的原料空气逆流地进行间接热交换(3，3′)方式的加热，并作功膨胀(13，13′)；和
--将第二支流膨胀时得到的功用来压缩(2，16)一种工艺流体，特别是压缩原料空气。
2、按权利要求1所述的方法，其特征是在吸附（4）的下游分出一股第三支流（103），使其在第二压缩级（14）再压缩，随后冷却（5），作功膨胀（15），并供给低压段（8），并将第三支流作功膨胀（15）时得到的功用来在第二压缩级（14）再压缩第三支流。
3、按权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征是将第二支流作功膨胀（13）时得到的功用来驱动第一压缩级（2）。
4、按权利要求3所述的方法，其特征是使减压膨胀前的第二支流与第一压缩级（2）之后和净化段（4）之前的原料空气进行间接热交换（3），从而使其加热。
5、按权利要求2所述的方法，其特征是将第二支流作功膨胀（13′）时得到的功用来在第三压缩级（16）再压缩第三支流。
6、按权利要求1至5中之一所述的方法，其特征是在净化段（4）的下游分出一股第四支流（104），将该支流在第四压缩级（16）再压缩，随后冷却（5），减压膨胀并供入压力段（7）中，并将第二支流作功膨胀（13′）时得到的功用来在第四压缩级（16）再压缩第四支流。
7、按权利要求5和6所述的方法，其特征是在一个共同的第三压缩级（16）再压缩第三和第四支流。
8、按权利要求5至7中之一所述的方法，其特征是使减压膨胀前的第二支流通过与在第三亦即第四压缩级（16）再压缩后的第三和/或第四支流间接热交换（3′）来进行加热。
9、按权利要求5至8中之一所述的方法，其特征是由低压段（8）抽出（9）液氧，将其加压（17）并使其与再压缩过的第四支流（104）间接热交换（5）而汽化。
10、按权利要求9所述的方法，其特征是使第四支流（104）在与正在汽化的氧间接热交换（5）时至少部分地冷凝，随后在第一支流（101）上方供入压力段（7）。
11、用权利要求1至10中之一所述的方法获取低纯氧气。
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