CN106479439B - A kind of ice melting agent and preparation method thereof for substation - Google Patents
A kind of ice melting agent and preparation method thereof for substation Download PDFInfo
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- CN106479439B CN106479439B CN201610896683.2A CN201610896683A CN106479439B CN 106479439 B CN106479439 B CN 106479439B CN 201610896683 A CN201610896683 A CN 201610896683A CN 106479439 B CN106479439 B CN 106479439B
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- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 11
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 8
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Natural products CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- -1 ethyl alcohol Amine Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005660 chlorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005282 brightening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000959 cryoprotective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/18—Materials not provided for elsewhere for application to surfaces to minimize adherence of ice, mist or water thereto; Thawing or antifreeze materials for application to surfaces
- C09K3/185—Thawing materials
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of preparation methods of the ice melting agent for substation, comprise the following steps:1), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, successively by propylene glycol：26%~34%, diethylene glycol：46%~52% is added to the container, and continues to stir, and fully dissolves；2), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, continue to sequentially add triethanolamine：1%~3%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：2%~4%, it stirs and fully dissolves；3), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, by deionized water：In the solution that 13%~18% addition step 2) has been completely dissolved, it is 6.5~7.2 to make the pH value of solution；4) after stirring 30 minutes, 4 hours are stood；5) finally, packing is filtered with 1 micron of filter；The ice melting agent of substation of the present invention uses nanotechnology, and pH value is non-corrosive to power equipment close to 7, to environment without any toxic action.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to substation's ice-melt, anti-icing technical fields, and in particular to a kind of ice melting agent for substation and its
Preparation method.
Background technology
China had made significant headway to the development of ice melting agent in recent years, but it is mainly in road, bridge, building
The removing of equal surfaces ice and snow, therefore a ice melting agent is researched and developed for substation not yet, and ice-melt currently on the market
There is also many defects in actual use for agent, and such as to concrete-bridge and road, periphery green plants have serious
Corrosivity and murder by poisoning, the service life of serious curtailment building cause its upkeep cost high；Ice melting agent action time is short, in product
Repeatedly sprinkling etc. is needed when snowfall is more, is not particularly suited for substation's icing and is removed.So what substation of current China generally used
De-icing method has directly knocks out two methods of ice slush using insulated operating rod and ground connection bar to charge.Although being confirmed in practice
The validity of utensil, but there are still some problems using upper, as ice-melt efficiency is slow, must have a large amount of manpower, to substation's instrument
Equipment has damage, electrical equipment need to be the ice-melt under power failure the defects of, therefore China is clear for substation's icing ice melting agent
Except also in blank stage.
Invention content
In view of this, for overcome the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention provide a kind of ice melting agent for substation and its
Preparation method, can effectively remove substation's icing, and the secondary icing after capable of also preventing substation's icing from removing is reduced because ice and snow is made
At converting station electric power accident.
To achieve the above object, technical scheme is as follows：
A kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation, comprises the following steps：
1), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, successively by propylene glycol：26%~34%, diethylene glycol：
46%~52% is added to the container, and continues to stir, and fully dissolves；
2), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, continue to sequentially add triethanolamine：1%~3%, anhydrous carbon
Sour sodium：2%~4%, it stirs and fully dissolves；
3), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, by deionized water：13%~18% addition step 2) is complete
In the solution of fully dissolved, it is 6.5~7.2 to make the pH value of solution；
4) after stirring 30 minutes, 4 hours are stood；
5) finally, packing is filtered with 1 micron of filter.
Further, including following component by weight percentage：Propylene glycol：32%, diethylene glycol：46%, three ethyl alcohol
Amine：1%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：2%, deionized water：17%, surplus is impurity.
Further, including following component by weight percentage：Propylene glycol：31%, diethylene glycol：50%, three ethyl alcohol
Amine：1%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：2%, deionized water：14%, surplus is impurity.
Further, including following component by weight percentage：Propylene glycol：28%, diethylene glycol：48%, three ethyl alcohol
Amine：2%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：3%, deionized water：16%, surplus is impurity.
Further, the pH value of solution is 6.8.
Further, the pH value of solution is 7.
Further, the pH value of solution is 7.2.
The present invention also provides a kind of ice melting agent for substation, the ice melting agent is prepared using method above-mentioned.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are：The ice melting agent for substation of the present invention uses nanotechnology, according to certain
Proportioning is merged various raw materials, and pH value belongs to neutral, therefore to electric force pole tower, insulator chain, metal wire close to 7
Cable and power equipment are non-corrosive, to plant, microorganism, soil, periphery water system and environment without any toxic action.
1) deionized water in ice melting agent etc. can reduce the conductivity of ice melting agent well, so that in icing reset procedure
Without carrying out power failure processing to substation equipment, electric power netting safe running number of days is greatly improved；
2) reagents such as propylene glycol have good cryoprotective effects, make ice melting agent under -15 DEG C to -33 DEG C of low temperature condition still
Outstanding ice melting capability can be kept, meets the ice melting agent technical indicator of Administration of Quality and Technology Supervision of Beijing formulation, is a kind of Gao An
The ice melting agent of full property.In addition the triethanolamine in ice melting agent, natrium carbonicum calcinatum etc. can be such that ice melting agent is remained to after using 30 minutes
Superpower ice melting capability is kept, secondary icing can be prevented, usually can keep not freezing for 24 hours.
Specific implementation mode
Below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention, technical solution in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely retouched
It states, it is clear that described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the present invention
In embodiment, every other implementation obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without making creative efforts
Example, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Embodiment one
A kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation, comprises the following steps：
1), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, successively by propylene glycol：32%, diethylene glycol：46% is added
In container, continue to stir, fully dissolve；
2), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, continue to sequentially add triethanolamine：1%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：
2%, it stirs and fully dissolves；
3), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, by deionized water：17% addition step 2) has been completely dissolved
Solution in, make solution pH value be 6.8；
4) after stirring 30 minutes, 4 hours are stood；
5) finally, packing is filtered with 1 micron of filter.
Wherein, the freezing point (v that next time freezes:v,1:1 dilution)：≤-33℃.
Embodiment two
A kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation, comprises the following steps：
1), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, successively by propylene glycol：31%, diethylene glycol：50% is added
In container, continue to stir, fully dissolve；
2), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, continue to sequentially add triethanolamine：1%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：
2%, it stirs and fully dissolves；
3), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, by deionized water：14% addition step 2) has been completely dissolved
Solution in, make solution pH value be 7；
4) after stirring 30 minutes, 4 hours are stood；
5) finally, packing is filtered with 1 micron of filter.
Wherein, the freezing point (v that next time freezes:v,1:1 dilution)：≤-33℃.
Embodiment three
A kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation, comprises the following steps：
1), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, successively by propylene glycol：28%, diethylene glycol：48% is added
In container, continue to stir, fully dissolve；
2), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, continue to sequentially add triethanolamine：2%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：
3%, it stirs and fully dissolves；
3), by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, by deionized water：16% addition step 2) has been completely dissolved
Solution in, make solution pH value be 7.2；
4) after stirring 30 minutes, 4 hours are stood；
5) finally, packing is filtered with 1 micron of filter.
Wherein, the freezing point (v that next time freezes:v,1:1 dilution)：≤-33℃.
Implementation result
One, a kind of ice melting agent ice-melt velocity measuring for substation of the present invention is tested
At present there are two ways to more general measurement ice-melt rate：One is the set times, measure in this time
Ice storage, another kind are to measure the ice melting agent of certain mass to have melted time needed for the ice of certain mass completely.In view of simplicity
Property and operability, this experiment use the former, i.e.,：Take the porcelain evaporating dishes of 8 lOOmL, built-in equivalent 50mL water will after freezing reality
The ice melting agent of equivalent is spilt on ice, and 15min, 30min, 45min, the ice storage after 60min are measured with tipping.When comparing different
Between Internal melt accumulation both may compare its ice-melt rate.Water yield is more, illustrates that ice-melt speed is faster.
(1) experimentation
A, 50mL distilled water is injected in porcelain evaporating dishes, is placed in refrigerator-freezer, is freezed 12 hours and be frozen under the conditions of 10 DEG C
Ice.
B, refrigerator doors are opened, temperature, which is respectively adjusted to 10 DEG C, 15 DEG C, 20 DEG C, 25 DEG C, 30 DEG C, -35 DEG C, steams each porcelain
Hair ware arranges neatly in certain sequence.
C, lOg ice melting agents are uniformly scattered onto on ice pan face in 1 minute.Respectively in 15min, 30min, 45min,
The ice melted is collected after 60min, surveys its volume.
(2) experimental result and discussion
When ice melting agent be sprinkling upon in ice face generate ice-melt effect when, can hear, ice crack sound, in the week of ice melting agent
It encloses to form many " pitting ", the ice face in gully in length and breadth is ultimately formed at the position for having ice melting agent.
Table 1：Ice-melt rating results
Table 2：Ice-melt rating results under different temperatures
It can be obtained from Tables 1 and 2：The ice-melt rate of calcium chloride and substation's environment-friendly type ice melting agent is most fast, is sodium chloride 2
Times or so；It is very fast in the ice-melt rate of starting stage calcium chloride and substation's environment-friendly type ice melting agent, it is 4~5 times of sodium chloride, reason
It is that calcium chloride and propylene glycol, diethylene glycol substance all have stronger wettability power；Calcium chloride and substation's ring at -20 DEG C
Guarantor's type ice melting agent ice melting capability has slightly gap, sodium chloride and almost " fails " at this time；At -30 DEG C, substation's environment-friendly type ice-melt
Agent also has preferable ice melting capability；From in ice-melt effect, substation's environment-friendly type ice melting agent is serial under ice-melt rate and low temperature
It is superior to sodium chloride and calcium chloride.
Two, a kind of ice melting agent for substation of the invention is to corrosion of carbon steel rate determination
Currently, common ice melting agent is calcium chloride, first for the ice melting agent by calcium chloride and the present invention for substation for
Bright, the mass percentage concentration of each ice melting agent is still 3%, and each style does two parallel laboratory tests.
Experimental result
After interval is impregnated 7 days, calcium chloride solution and aqueous solution become bronzing, and black precipitate generation is arranged at bottom；This
Ice-melt agent solution clear of the invention for substation, bottom are generated without precipitation.It is immersed in calcium chloride solution and aqueous solution
Carbon steel coupon surface cover one layer of dark brown color substance, after doing processing of rust removing, there is pitting corrosion phenomenon on steel disc surface, and is immersed in chlorination
Steel disc pitting corrosion phenomenon most serious in sodium solution；The steel disc impregnated in water is also corroded；It is immersed in this product solution
Steel disc surface-brightening it is as before.
Table 3：Corrosion inhibition rate of the ice melting agent relative to calcium chloride and water for substation
As can be seen from Table 3：The corrosive nature calcium chloride of ice melting agent>Water>Ice melting agent for substation；Single chlorination
Calcium is the most serious to the corrosion of carbon steel, and corrosion rate is 3 times of water or so, and corrosion depth is 4 times of water or so；Single water pair
Also more serious corrosion rate and corrosion depth are 2 times of substation's ice melting agent or so to steel corrosion；Ice-melt for substation
Agent is smaller to corrosion of carbon steel, also lower than the corrosivity of pure water.
Embodiments of the present invention above described embodiment only expresses, the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but can not
Therefore it is interpreted as the limitation to the scope of the claims of the present invention.It should be pointed out that for those of ordinary skill in the art,
Without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made, these belong to the protection model of the present invention
It encloses.Therefore, the protection domain of patent of the present invention should be determined by the appended claims.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation, which is characterized in that comprise the following steps：
1）, by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, successively by propylene glycol：26%~34%, diethylene glycol：46%~52%
It is added to the container, continues to stir, fully dissolve；
2）, by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, continue to sequentially add triethanolamine：1%~3%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：
2%~4%, it stirs and fully dissolves；
3）, by weight percentage, in the state of stirring, by deionized water：13%~18% is added step 2）It has been completely dissolved
Solution in；
4）After stirring 30 minutes, 4 hours are stood；
5）Finally, packing is filtered with 1 micron of filter；
The pH value of solution is 6.8；
Or the pH value of solution is 7；
Or the pH value of solution is 7.2.
2. a kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Including as follows
Component by weight percentage：Propylene glycol：32%, diethylene glycol：46%, triethanolamine：1%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：2%, deionization
Water：17%, surplus is impurity.
3. a kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Including as follows
Component by weight percentage：Propylene glycol：31%, diethylene glycol：50 %, triethanolamine：1%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：2%, go from
Sub- water：14%, surplus is impurity.
4. a kind of preparation method of ice melting agent for substation according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Including as follows
Component by weight percentage：Propylene glycol：28%, diethylene glycol：48%, triethanolamine：2%, natrium carbonicum calcinatum：3%, deionization
Water：16%, surplus is impurity.
5. a kind of ice melting agent for substation, it is characterised in that：The ice melting agent is using described in any one of claim 1-4
Method prepare.
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| CN201610896683.2A CN106479439B (en) | 2016-10-13 | 2016-10-13 | A kind of ice melting agent and preparation method thereof for substation |
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| CN109021922A (en) * | 2018-08-21 | 2018-12-18 | 国网河南省电力公司西峡县供电公司 | A kind of removing ice of power transmission line ice melting agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN109149491B (en) * | 2018-08-21 | 2020-10-27 | 国网河南省电力公司开封供电公司 | Ice melting device for power transmission line |
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| CN109167319B (en) * | 2018-09-07 | 2020-10-30 | 国家电网有限公司 | Power distribution network line deicing device |
| CN109193538B (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2020-11-10 | 国网河南省电力公司社旗县供电公司 | Overhead line regular cleaning equipment |
| CN109217173B (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2020-08-28 | 国网河南省电力公司西峡县供电公司 | Electrified maintenance robot for shockproof hammer of power transmission line |
| CN109327005B (en) * | 2018-09-30 | 2020-09-01 | 国网河南省电力公司西峡县供电公司 | Deicing and waterproofing agent spraying device for field power transmission line |
| CN109301751B (en) * | 2018-10-27 | 2020-09-01 | 国网河南省电力公司西峡县供电公司 | Electrified maintenance robot for damper |
| CN109103810B (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2020-06-09 | 国家电网有限公司 | Online insulator replacing device |
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| CN1168406A (en) * | 1997-06-25 | 1997-12-24 | 徐宏彪 | Ice and snow melting agent and its use method |
| CN102732217A (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2012-10-17 | 陕西科灵威航空化工有限责任公司 | Deicing and anti-icing liquid for airplane |
| CN103820081A (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2014-05-28 | 呼和浩特铁路局科研所 | Snow-melting agent |
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2016
- 2016-10-13 CN CN201610896683.2A patent/CN106479439B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN87106033A (en) * | 1986-08-28 | 1988-03-23 | 联合碳化加拿大公司 | Aircraft de-icing and anti-icing compositions |
| CN1168406A (en) * | 1997-06-25 | 1997-12-24 | 徐宏彪 | Ice and snow melting agent and its use method |
| CN102732217A (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2012-10-17 | 陕西科灵威航空化工有限责任公司 | Deicing and anti-icing liquid for airplane |
| CN103820081A (en) * | 2014-02-28 | 2014-05-28 | 呼和浩特铁路局科研所 | Snow-melting agent |
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