CN106441208A - Flatness measurement instrument and method for loose laying layer of bituminous pavement - Google Patents
Flatness measurement instrument and method for loose laying layer of bituminous pavement Download PDFInfo
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- CN106441208A CN106441208A CN201610981877.2A CN201610981877A CN106441208A CN 106441208 A CN106441208 A CN 106441208A CN 201610981877 A CN201610981877 A CN 201610981877A CN 106441208 A CN106441208 A CN 106441208A
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- measurement instrument
- laying
- folded beam
- bituminous paving
- boots
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B21/00—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant
- G01B21/30—Measuring arrangements or details thereof, where the measuring technique is not covered by the other groups of this subclass, unspecified or not relevant for measuring roughness or irregularity of surfaces
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
- E01C23/00—Auxiliary devices or arrangements for constructing, repairing, reconditioning, or taking-up road or like surfaces
- E01C23/01—Devices or auxiliary means for setting-out or checking the configuration of new surfacing, e.g. templates, screed or reference line supports; Applications of apparatus for measuring, indicating, or recording the surface configuration of existing surfacing, e.g. profilographs
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
- Road Repair (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a flatness measurement instrument and method for a loose laying layer of a bituminous pavement. The flatness measurement instrument comprises a foldable folding beam, wherein a plurality of piston shoes used for supporting the folding beam are arranged at the bottom of the folding beam, a steel wire rope is arranged in the folding beam, the folding beam is arranged horizontally, parallel supporting rods are arranged on the folding beam, the supporting rods are arranged horizontally, a first vertical rod and a second vertical rod are arranged on the supporting rods, a measurement shoe capable of moving up and down is arranged at the bottom end of the first vertical rod, and a distance measurement sensor connected with the measurement shoe is arranged on the second vertical rod. The flatness measurement instrument for the loose laying layer is of a foldable structure, the distance measurement sensor installed on the folding beam can continuously measure flatness changes of the loose laying layer laid through a paver, warping caused by high temperature is avoided, and measurement precision is improved compared with a measurement method through a 3-m ruler. The flatness measurement instrument for the loose laying layer is mainly composed of the folding beam, the piston shoes and the distance measurement sensor and is simple in structure, low in manufacturing price and convenient to use.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to highway construction construction field is and in particular to a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument and survey
Amount method.
Background technology
《Standard for terms used in road engineering》(GBJ124-88) surface evenness is defined as：Road surfaces longitudinal direction concavo-convex amount inclined
Difference.At present, the common survey tool of China's surface evenness has：Continuous way smoothness measuring equipment, jolt accumulating instrument and 3m ruler etc.
Several method.
The construction featuress of common survey tool and application：
1. continuous way smoothness measuring equipment is eight wheel instrument：This measuring instrument by a 3m length frame, respectively have 4 road wheels in front and back
(being commonly called as " eight wheel instrument "), centre one measure wheel data collection, process and store display system composition.Frame can shorten or roll over
Folded, frame interassay wheel can be packed up and put down, and measure on wheel equipped with the detection such as displacement transducer, range sensor eight wheel instrument row
Walk distance and measurement surface evenness, represent measurement result with standard deviation sigma, in units of mm.Eight wheel instrument have volume and weight
Greatly, need the feature of manpower or vehicle traction it is adaptable to measure the flatness on molding road surface, evaluate the construction quality on road surface and make
Use quality；
2. the accumulating instrument that jolts is vehicle-mounted roughness measurement instrument：On detection car bottom plate, displacement transducer is installed, uses steel wire rope
It is connected with rear axle, the other end is connected with the quantitative displacement wheel of sensor, when the vehicle is running, test road table is uneven to make rear axle
The relative displacement producing and between compartment, steel wire rope drives quantitative displacement wheel to rotate output pulse signal, and this signal is through computer number
It is converted into displacement according to acquisition process and record.By measuring vehicle on road surface current when unidirectional position between rear axle and compartment
Move accumulated value reflection surface evenness, accumulation VBI represents measurement result to jolt, in units of cm/km.The accumulating instrument that jolts has
Measuring speed is fast, the feature of efficiency high, but needs to be arranged on automobile chassis it is adaptable to measure the flatness on molding road surface, comments
Determine the construction quality on road surface and the comfortableness of validity period.
3. 3m ruler is one three meters long of aluminium alloy meter ruler, by measuring the maximal clearance evaluation road of ruler and road surfaces
Surface evenness, in units of mm.3m ruler has small volume, lightweight, portable feature.It is applied to mensure hot asphalt
The flatness of the flatness in mixture pavement work progress, seam and structure junction, to evaluate the construction quality on road surface；
Can also be used for other standard highway pavement engineering quality examinations in addition to highway to check and accept or carry out evaluating pavement condition.
It can be seen from the above descriptions that after the completion of continuous way smoothness measuring equipment, the accumulating instrument that jolts are only applicable to measure decking and rolling
Molding surface evenness, is not suitable for measuring the loose laying flatness that paver paves.
3m ruler can be used for measuring the loose laying flatness that paver paves, but there are some problems：
1. 3m ruler method is slow by artificial operation, data acquisition, and it is low to record low volume data, testing efficiency, uncomfortable
Continuously measure for distance.
2. because hot-mixed bitumen pavement temperature is higher, 3m ruler in use for some time, is also easy to produce bottom surface and sticks up
Song, has a strong impact on flatness and measures accuracy.
Content of the invention
The present invention is directed to problem present in 3m ruler measurement process it is therefore intended that providing a kind of bituminous paving pine laying
Roughness measurement instrument and measuring method, measure surface evenness by the folded beam equipped with piston shoes and distance measuring sensor, and automatically
Collection, computing and display roughness measurement value.
For achieving the above object, the technical scheme that the present invention takes is：
A kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument, including the folded beam that can fold, the bottom setting of folded beam
There are some piston shoes for supporting folded beam, be provided with steel wire rope in folded beam, folded beam is horizontally disposed with, and folded beam is provided with
Some parallel support bars, some support bars are horizontally disposed with, and support bar is provided with the first montant and the second montant, and first erects
Bar bottom is provided with the measurement boots moving up and down, and the second montant is provided with and measures the distance measuring sensor that boots are connected.
The present invention is further improved by, and described first montant is additionally provided with display screen, display screen and range finding sensing
Device is connected.
The present invention is further improved by, and described second montant bottom is matrix bayonet socket, and matrix bayonet socket is stuck in steel wire rope
On.
The present invention is further improved by, and the bottom front of described folded beam arranges piston shoes, and rear end arranges 2 cunnings
Boots, the distance between front-end and back-end piston shoes are 3m.
The present invention is further improved by, and rear end cap is installed in described folded beam one end, and the other end installs drive end bearing bracket, front end
Cover and be provided with draw bar, rear end cap and drive end bearing bracket all offer centre bore, the center in the hole of rear end cap is provided with tensioning bullet
Spring, the center in the hole of drive end bearing bracket is provided with bolt, bolt is set with nut, steel wire rope one end is connected with tensioning spring, another
End is connected with bolt.
The present invention is further improved by, and described bolt is provided with hook, and one end of tensioning spring is connected with hook.
The present invention is further improved by, and described folded beam is formed by hinged by three aluminum alloy square tubes, aluminium alloy
Square tube hinged place offers the pin-and-hole for inserting steady pin.
The present invention is further improved by, and described gripper shoe is provided with second spring, second spring and measurement boots phase
Even, folded beam is provided with the first spring, the first spring is connected with measurement boots.
A kind of measuring method of bituminous paving pine laying flatness, comprises the following steps：
1) select section to be measured, bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument is placed on the loose laying after paver
On, and using draw bar traction, rely on piston shoes to pave in pine and slide；
2) the measurement boots being arranged on folded beam are placed into and loose Paved surfaces contact position, and can freely on move down
Dynamic, measure the displacement data in vertical direction for the boots, i.e. road surface length travel value using range sensor automatic data collection；By installing
Displacement transducer on paver road wheel measures coasting distance, and a segment distance of often walking measures a road surface length travel
Value, after measuring n time, is calculated as follows the flatness standard deviation sigma of section to be measured measurementi(mm), complete the survey of loose laying flatness
Amount；
In formula：diThe road surface length travel value that range sensor records, mm；
N sampling number；
The meansigma methodss of n road surface length travel value, mm.
Compared with prior art, beneficial effects of the present invention：
(1) present invention pine laying smoothness measuring equipment be can foldable structure, the distance measuring sensor being arranged on folded beam can
The loose laying flatness that continuous measurement paver paves changes, it is to avoid the warpage that high temperature causes, compared to 3m ruler measurement side
Method improves certainty of measurement.
(2) present invention pine laying smoothness measuring equipment is mainly made up of folded beam, piston shoes, distance measuring sensor, and structure is simple, cost
Cheap, easy to use, the loose laying flatness that paver paves can be measured, compensate for continuous way smoothness measuring equipment, accumulation of jolting
Instrument can not measure the defect of loose laying flatness.
Further, present invention pine laying smoothness measuring equipment slides in loose laying with paver under the support of three piston shoes
On, the purpose that piston shoes are installed at folded beam two ends is：1. avoid causing folded beam to deform because loose laying temperature is high；2. loose laying
Before not rolling, its bearing capacity is not enough, and installing piston shoes makes smoothness measuring equipment be easy to move in loose laying, and does not cause sedimentation.
The present invention, in measurement, the measurement boots being arranged on folded beam is placed into and loose Paved surfaces contact position, and
Can freely move up and down, measure the displacement data in vertical direction for the boots using range sensor automatic data collection, be i.e. road surface longitudinal direction position
Shifting value；Coasting distance is measured by the displacement transducer being installed on paver road wheel, a segment distance of often walking measures once
Road surface length travel value, after measuring n time, exports a road surface length travel value；After being measured, calculate necessarily interval smooth
Degree standard deviation sigmai(mm), complete the measurement of loose laying flatness；Due to not adopting artificial operation, so it is inaccurate to overcome measurement
And the low problem of efficiency is it is adaptable to distance is continuous, measurement.
Brief description
Fig. 1 is roughness measurement instrument front view；
Fig. 2 is roughness measurement instrument folded beam top view；
Fig. 3 is the sketch after the folding of roughness measurement instrument；
Fig. 4 is the position view of the first montant, the second montant and distance measuring sensor；
Fig. 5 is hook and bolt overall structure figure；
In figure, 1 is piston shoes；2 is rear end cap；3 is tensioning spring；4 is folded beam；5 is steel wire rope；6 is the dress that is screwed
Put；7 is the first montant；8 is steady pin；9 is draw bar；10 is bolt；11 is drive end bearing bracket；12 is hook；13 is the first spring；
14 is measurement boots；15 is second spring；16 is gripper shoe；17 is matrix bayonet socket；18 is distance measuring sensor；19 is display screen, 20
For the second montant, 21 is crossbeam.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings：
Referring to Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, the present invention provides a kind of pine laying roughness measurement instrument to include folded beam 4, referring to Fig. 2, folds
The bottom two ends of beam 4 are provided with three piston shoes 1 for supporting folded beam 4, specifically, anterior 1,2, rear portion, piston shoes in front and back
The distance between be 3m.Folded beam 4 two ends install piston shoes 1 purpose be：1. avoid because loose laying temperature is high and cause folding
Beam deforms；2. before loose laying does not roll, its bearing capacity is not enough, and installing piston shoes makes smoothness measuring equipment be easy to move in loose laying, and
Do not cause sedimentation.
Referring to Fig. 1, rear end cap 2 is installed in folded beam 4 one end, and the other end installs drive end bearing bracket 11, drive end bearing bracket 11 is provided with and leads
Draw bar 9, rear end cap 2 and drive end bearing bracket 11 all offer centre bore, the center in the hole of drive end bearing bracket 11 is provided with bolt 10, referring to figure
5, bolt 10 is set with nut, the end of bolt is provided with hook 12, the center in the hole of rear end cap 2 is provided with tensioning spring
3, steel wire rope 5 front end is connected with hook 12, and rear end is connected with tensioning spring 3, by torque nut so that bolt moves,
So that the appropriate tensioning of steel wire rope 5 reaches certain glacing flatness.
Referring to Fig. 3, folded beam 4 can be folded.Folded beam 4 is formed by hinged by three aluminum alloy square tubes, and aluminum closes
Installation site is provided for steel wire rope 5 and tensioning spring 3 etc. inside golden square tube.Two aluminium alloys being connected in three aluminum alloy square tubes
Square tube junction offers some pin-and-holes, and when deployed, in pin-and-hole, insertion steady pin 8 makes folded beam have certain rigidity, prevents
Deformation when only measuring.
Folded beam 4 is horizontally disposed with, and folded beam 4 is provided with parallel some gripper shoes 16, specially two pieces, two pieces are propped up
Fagging 16 is horizontally disposed with, and gripper shoe 16 arranges through hole, and the first montant 7 is arranged in through hole.First montant 7 bottom is provided with survey
Amount boots 14, specifically, measurement boots 14 pass through the first spring 13 and second spring 15 is arranged, and second spring 15 one end is arranged on support
On plate 16, the other end with measurement boots 14 be connected, the first spring 13 one end is arranged on folded beam 4, the other end and measure boots 14 phase
Even；Measurement boots 14 can overcome its own gravity oscilaltion in the presence of the first spring 13 and second spring 15.
Second montant 20 is additionally provided with gripper shoe 16, the second montant 20 is provided with distance measuring sensor 18, range finding sensing
Device 18 is connected with measurement boots 14, and the second montant 20 bottom is matrix bayonet socket 17, and matrix bayonet socket 17 is stuck in steel wire rope 5 and compresses steel
Cord 5.First montant 7 and the second montant 20 are all threadably secured device 6 and are fixed in gripper shoe 16, and referring to Fig. 4, first erects
Bar 7 is be arranged in parallel with the second montant 20, and is connected by crossbeam 21.
Housing is provided with the first montant 7, display screen 19 and distance measuring sensor 18 are arranged on housing, and on housing
It is additionally provided with power supply and shift knob, distance measuring sensor 18 is connected with display screen 19, power supply and distance measuring sensor 18 and display
Screen 19 is connected, for powering to distance measuring sensor 18 and display screen 19.
Distance measuring sensor 18 adopts differential type range sensor, installs displacement transducer on paver road wheel simultaneously,
For the distance of measurement walking, the vialog of the present invention measures after paver simultaneously.Steel wire rope 5 is used
Make the datum line of distance measuring sensor, for ensureing its rectilinearity, steel wire rope 5 should have enough tensile forces.
The measuring method of above-mentioned bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument, comprises the following steps：
1. the folded beam 4 being in folded state is opened and stretch, steady pin 8 is inserted fixing in pin-and-hole, make folded beam become 4
It is integrated, and there is enough rigidity, then torque nut makes steel wire rope 5 tensioning reach code requirement by strainer 3
Glacing flatness.
2. select section to be measured, measuring instrument be placed in the loose laying after paver, and drawn using draw bar 9,
Rely on piston shoes 1 to pave in pine to slide.
3. the measurement boots 14 being arranged in the middle of folded beam 4 are placed into and loose Paved surfaces contact position, and can freely on
Lower slider, measurement boots 14 are connected with distance measuring sensor 18, measure the position of boots 14 vertical direction using range sensor automatic data collection
Move data, coasting distance is measured by the displacement transducer being installed on paver road wheel, a segment distance measurement one of often walking
Secondary shift value, after measuring n time, is calculated as follows the flatness standard deviation sigma of section to be measured measurementi(mm), complete loose laying smooth
The measurement of degree.
In formula：diThe road surface length travel value that smoothness measuring equipment sensor records, mm；
N sampling number；
The meansigma methodss of the n road surface length travel value that smoothness measuring equipment sensor records, mm.
The present invention is in measurement process it is ensured that the matrix bayonet socket 17 of roughness measurement instrument 7 is pressed on steel wire rope 5 all the time.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument, it is characterised in that including the folded beam (4) that can fold, folds
The bottom of beam (4) is provided with some piston shoes (1) for supporting folded beam (4), is provided with steel wire rope (5) in folded beam (4), folding
Stoplog (4) is horizontally disposed with, and folded beam (4) is provided with parallel some support bars (16), and some support bar (16) levels set
Put, support bar (16) is provided with the first montant (7) and the second montant (20), the first montant (7) bottom is provided with up and down
The measurement boots (14) of movement, the second montant (20) are provided with and measure the distance measuring sensor (18) that boots (14) are connected.
2. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described first is perpendicular
Display screen (19) is additionally provided with bar (7), display screen (19) is connected with distance measuring sensor (18).
3. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described second is perpendicular
Bar (20) bottom is matrix bayonet socket, and matrix bayonet socket is stuck on steel wire rope (5).
4. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described folded beam
(4) bottom front arranges a piston shoes (1), and rear end arranges 2 piston shoes (1), and the distance between front-end and back-end piston shoes are 3m.
5. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described folded beam
(4) rear end cap (2) is installed in one end, and the other end installs drive end bearing bracket (11), and drive end bearing bracket (11) is provided with draw bar (9), rear end cap
(2) centre bore and is all offered on drive end bearing bracket (11), the center in the hole of rear end cap (2) is provided with tensioning spring (3), drive end bearing bracket
(11) center in the hole is provided with bolt (10), and bolt (10) is set with nut, steel wire rope (5) one end and tensioning spring (3)
It is connected, the other end is connected with bolt (10).
6. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument according to claim 5 is it is characterised in that described bolt
(10) it is provided with hook (12) on, one end of tensioning spring (3) is connected with hook (12).
7. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described folded beam
(4) formed by hinged by three aluminum alloy square tubes, aluminum alloy square tube hinged place offers the pin for inserting steady pin (8)
Hole.
8. a kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument according to claim 1 is it is characterised in that described gripper shoe
(16) it is provided with second spring (15) on, second spring (15) is connected with measurement boots (14), and folded beam is provided with the first bullet on (4)
Spring (13), the first spring (13) is connected with measurement boots (14).
9. a kind of based on described in claim 1 bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument measuring method it is characterised in that
1) select section to be measured, bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument is placed in the loose laying after paver, and
Using draw bar (9) traction, rely on piston shoes (1) to pave in pine and slide；
2) the measurement boots (14) being arranged on folded beam (4) are placed into and loose Paved surfaces contact position, and can be freely upper and lower
Mobile, measure the displacement data in vertical direction for the boots (14), i.e. road surface length travel using range sensor (18) automatic data collection
Value；Coasting distance is measured by the displacement transducer being installed on paver road wheel, a segment distance of often walking measures a road
Face length travel value, after measuring n time, is calculated as follows the flatness standard deviation sigma of section to be measured surveying rangei(mm), complete pine
The measurement of laying flatness；
In formula：diThe road surface length travel value that range sensor records, mm；
N sampling number；
The meansigma methodss of n road surface length travel value, mm.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201610981877.2A CN106441208B (en) | 2016-11-08 | 2016-11-08 | A kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument and measuring method |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201610981877.2A CN106441208B (en) | 2016-11-08 | 2016-11-08 | A kind of bituminous paving pine laying roughness measurement instrument and measuring method |
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| CN106441208A true CN106441208A (en) | 2017-02-22 |
| CN106441208B CN106441208B (en) | 2018-04-06 |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107217578A (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2017-09-29 | 贵州路桥集团有限公司 | Control the benchmark line apparatus of road surface elevation and coordinate |
| CN107761527A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2018-03-06 | 上海二十冶建设有限公司 | Road evenness supervising device and its application method |
| CN108151682A (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2018-06-12 | 长安大学 | A kind of portable loose laying planeness measuring apparatus and measuring method |
| CN108595879A (en) * | 2018-05-09 | 2018-09-28 | 长安大学 | A method of improving pavement construction flatness |
| CN109387169A (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2019-02-26 | 长安大学 | A kind of paver spreading evenness measuring device and measuring method |
| CN110243291A (en) * | 2019-01-10 | 2019-09-17 | 武汉滨湖电子有限责任公司 | A kind of laser pavement construction depth detection system anti-interference method |
| CN110608704A (en) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-12-24 | 广州珠江黄埔大桥建设有限公司 | Rut contour detection device and method |
| CN112376375A (en) * | 2021-01-04 | 2021-02-19 | 中交国通公路工程技术有限公司 | Portable road flatness measuring device |
| CN112539717A (en) * | 2019-09-20 | 2021-03-23 | 广东博智林机器人有限公司 | Flatness measuring device and measuring method |
| CN117265970A (en) * | 2023-11-20 | 2023-12-22 | 山西振兴公路监理有限公司 | Road surface roughness detection device |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN107217578A (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2017-09-29 | 贵州路桥集团有限公司 | Control the benchmark line apparatus of road surface elevation and coordinate |
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| CN108595879B (en) * | 2018-05-09 | 2021-10-22 | 长安大学 | Method for improving pavement construction flatness |
| CN109387169A (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2019-02-26 | 长安大学 | A kind of paver spreading evenness measuring device and measuring method |
| CN109387169B (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2024-05-31 | 长安大学 | Paving flatness measuring device and measuring method of paver |
| CN110243291A (en) * | 2019-01-10 | 2019-09-17 | 武汉滨湖电子有限责任公司 | A kind of laser pavement construction depth detection system anti-interference method |
| CN110608704A (en) * | 2019-09-10 | 2019-12-24 | 广州珠江黄埔大桥建设有限公司 | Rut contour detection device and method |
| CN112539717A (en) * | 2019-09-20 | 2021-03-23 | 广东博智林机器人有限公司 | Flatness measuring device and measuring method |
| CN112376375A (en) * | 2021-01-04 | 2021-02-19 | 中交国通公路工程技术有限公司 | Portable road flatness measuring device |
| CN117265970A (en) * | 2023-11-20 | 2023-12-22 | 山西振兴公路监理有限公司 | Road surface roughness detection device |
| CN117265970B (en) * | 2023-11-20 | 2024-02-27 | 山西振兴公路监理有限公司 | Road surface roughness detection device |
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Effective date of registration: 20190819 Address after: No. 6 Gaoyuan Road, Xinxiang High-tech Zone, Henan Province, 453003 Patentee after: Henan Gaoyuan Maintenance Technology of Highway Co., Ltd. Address before: 710064 Shaanxi province Xi'an Beilin District South Second Ring Road No. 33 in the middle Patentee before: Changan Univ. |