CN106409849B - 应力释放的图像传感器封装结构和方法 - Google Patents

应力释放的图像传感器封装结构和方法 Download PDF

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CN106409849B
CN106409849B CN201610100489.9A CN201610100489A CN106409849B CN 106409849 B CN106409849 B CN 106409849B CN 201610100489 A CN201610100489 A CN 201610100489A CN 106409849 B CN106409849 B CN 106409849B
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V.奥加内相
Z.卢
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Abstract

本发明涉及应力释放的图像传感器封装结构和方法。一种传感器封装体,包括具有相对的第一和第二表面的第一衬底。多个光电检测器形成在第一衬底的第一表面上或之下并且配置成响应于入射在第一衬底的第一表面上的光而生成一个或多个信号。多个接触垫形成在第一衬底的第一表面处并且电气耦合到多个光电检测器。多个孔各自形成到第一衬底的第二表面中并且通过第一衬底延伸到一个接触垫。传导引线各自通过多个孔中的一个且沿着第一衬底的第二表面从一个接触垫延伸。传导引线与第一衬底绝缘。一个或多个沟槽形成到第一衬底的***部分中,每一个沟槽从第二表面延伸到第一表面。绝缘材料覆盖一个或多个沟槽的侧壁。

Description

应力释放的图像传感器封装结构和方法
技术领域
本申请要求2015年2月24日提交的并且通过引用并入本文的美国临时申请号62/120,255的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及图像传感器,并且更具体地涉及以减小所感生的应力的方式封装的图像传感器。
背景技术
硅晶片是坚硬、易碎且稳定的。然而,硅晶片仅在其经处理以在其上形成集成电路之前是稳定的(例如掺杂、处理、薄化、具有添加到它的结构/材料层等等)。在此之后,晶片将变得不稳定,尤其是当晶片非常薄且具有非均衡的结构支撑时可能严重翘曲,从而使得晶片极其脆弱并且易受机械应力损坏的影响。
当晶片直径变得更大以增强生产率/效率并且芯片变得更薄以满足针对热耗散、管芯堆叠、减小的电阻和低轮廓器件的要求时,大晶片上的这样的薄芯片将遭受前所未有的越来越大尺度的应力。这些机械应力问题对于图像传感器晶片(即在其上形成图像传感器的晶片)尤为严重。图像传感器晶片的有源侧具有形成在其上材料层和结构,其可以包括钝化、低k电介质层、微透镜、滤色片、传导电路、光学增强器件、光遮蔽等等。这些层和结构不仅使硅晶片不稳定,而且它们本身甚至更易受相同机械应力的影响并且可能变得受损。
此外,图像传感器晶片的有源侧可以利用保护衬底包封,保护衬底包括托脚(屏障)以使其与晶片间隔。托脚结合到表面层并且向表面层引入机械应力,连同晶片薄化和切分步骤期间大量机械应力的累积,其可能引起表面层和/或硅衬底上的断裂、分层以及许多其它缺陷。
现有技术中已知的是进行预切(部分切分)以转移/释放所累积的机械应力。诸如研磨前切分(DBG)之类的处理包括向硅晶片中进行部分切割,薄化晶片的另一侧,使用等离子体蚀刻来缓解晶片中所累积的应力,并且然后进行最终单分切割。然而,DBG处理或类似处理的限制在于,这样的处理是针对非封装的半导体硅晶片。所需要的是与晶片级封装(WLP)过程(即在晶片单分之前集成电路的封装)相容且是其部分的用于机械应力缓解的方法和结构。
发明内容
前述问题和需求通过传感器封装体解决,传感器封装体包括具有相对的第一和第二表面的第一衬底、形成在第一衬底的第一表面上或之下且配置成响应于入射在第一衬底的第一表面上的光而生成一个或多个信号的多个光电检测器、形成在第一衬底的第一表面处且电气耦合到多个光电检测器的多个接触垫、形成到第一衬底的第二表面中且通过第一衬底延伸到一个接触垫的多个孔、以及各自通过多个孔中的一个且沿着第一衬底的第二表面从一个接触垫延伸的传导引线。传导引线与第一衬底绝缘。一个或多个沟槽形成到第一衬底的***部分中,每一个沟槽从第二表面延伸到第一表面。绝缘材料覆盖一个或多个沟槽的侧壁。
形成传感器封装体的方法包括提供传感器芯片,其包括具有相对的第一和第二表面的第一衬底、形成在第一衬底的第一表面上或之下且配置成响应于入射在第一衬底的第一表面上的光而生成一个或多个信号的多个光电检测器、以及形成在第一衬底的第一表面处且电气耦合到多个光电检测器的多个接触垫。多个孔形成到第一衬底的第二表面中,其中多个孔中的每一个延伸通过第一衬底并且到达一个接触垫。形成多个传导引线,其中每一个通过多个孔中的一个并且延伸第一衬底的第二表面从一个接触垫延伸。一个或多个沟槽形成到第一衬底的***部分中,每一个沟槽从第二表面延伸到第一表面。形成覆盖一个或多个沟槽的侧壁的绝缘材料。
形成多个传感器封装体的方法包括提供传感器芯片,其包括具有相对的第一和第二表面的第一衬底、以及形成在其上的多个传感器,其中每一个传感器包括形成在第一衬底的第一表面上或之下且配置成响应于入射在第一衬底的第一表面上的光而生成一个或多个信号的多个光电检测器、以及形成在第一衬底的第一表面处且电气耦合到多个光电检测器的多个接触垫。多个孔形成到第一衬底的第二表面中,其中多个孔中的每一个延伸通过第一衬底并且到达一个接触垫。形成多个传导引线,其中每一个通过多个孔中的一个并且延伸第一衬底的第二表面从一个接触垫延伸。屏障结构形成在第一衬底的第一表面上并且围绕多个光电检测器而不在多个光电检测器之上。第二衬底形成在屏障结构上,其中第二衬底在多个光电检测器之上延伸,并且其中屏障结构和第二衬底针对每一个传感器在多个光电检测器之上形成密封腔体。一个或多个沟槽在每一个传感器的***部分处形成到第一衬底中,从而从第二表面延伸到第一表面并且延伸到屏障结构中。形成覆盖一个或多个沟槽的侧壁的绝缘材料。第一衬底在沟槽处单分成分离的管芯,其中每一个管芯包括一个传感器。
通过查阅说明书、权利要求书和附图,本发明的其它目标和特征将变得明显。
附图说明
图1-5是图示了形成本发明的图像传感器封装体时的步骤的侧面横截面视图。
图6A-6F是图示了形成到硅衬底中的沟槽的交替配置的侧面横截面视图。
图7A-7B是图示了到硅衬底中的通孔的交替配置的侧面横截面视图。
图8-14是图示了形成本发明的图像传感器封装体的步骤的侧面横截面视图。
具体实施方式
本发明是具有封装体的侧面上的陡峭特征的传感器封装体。陡峭特征是从传感器晶片(例如图像传感器、光传感器、生物计量传感器等)的后侧而不是从前侧(有源侧)进行预切的结果。陡峭特征通过包封剂层来包封使得没有硅和/或钝化层暴露于外部元件。图像传感器的结合垫再路由至其中形成互连凸起的图像传感器的后侧。使用形成传感器有源区域之上的腔体的屏障结构通过永久保护衬底来包封图像传感器的前侧。
图1-14图示了形成图像传感器组装件的过程。过程通过提供图像传感器晶片1而开始,图像传感器晶片1具有半导体衬底10、多个结合垫12和具有光电检测器(即光电二极管)14的有源区域、以及支持光电二极管14的操作的电路层16,如图1中所图示的。光电二极管14响应于入射在传感器有源区域上的光而生成电气信号。那些信号最终耦合到结合垫12以用于芯片外信令。
图像传感器1优选地包括表面层18,其可以包括钝化、低k电介质层、微透镜和滤色片20、传导电路、光学增强器件、光遮蔽等。如图2中所示的包含许多图像传感器22(每一个具有其自身的光电二极管、电路层、结合垫和表面层)的图像传感器晶片在现有技术中是已知的,并且在本文中不进一步描述。
传感器有源区域通过经由屏障结构26安装到衬底的永久保护衬底24来包封。保护衬底24优选地光学透明。屏障26优选地通过聚合物材料的衬底的沉积和聚合物材料的选择性移除而形成在光学透明的材料上。将粘合剂应用到屏障26,其然后结合到图像传感器晶片。屏障26和衬底24在图像传感器22的有源区域之上形成密封腔体28,如图3中所示。图像传感器晶片衬底10的后部上的硅可以通过机械研磨、化学机械抛光(CMP)、湿法蚀刻、常压下游等离子体(ADP)、干法化学蚀刻(DEC)或者任何其它适当的硅薄化方法来薄化,如图4中所示。在薄化过程之后,可以进行可选的等离子体蚀刻步骤以释放晶片中所累积的应力(然而这将不会释放已经累积在表面层18上的所有应力)。
图像传感器晶片衬底10的后侧上的硅的部分在分离图像传感器22的刮划线30处选择性地移除(形成至少部分地延伸通过衬底10的沟槽32和延伸通过衬底10以暴露结合垫12的通孔34),如图5中所示。使用光刻和等离子体蚀刻方法或者现有技术中公知的任何其它硅蚀刻方法来选择性地移除硅。图像传感器结合垫12应当通过通孔34而从图像传感器晶片的后侧暴露,每一个通孔34从晶片后表面一直延伸到一个结合垫12。通孔34可以呈锥状或不呈锥状。沟槽32可以呈或不呈锥状,并且可以具有可选的次级沟槽部分32a,其呈锥状或不呈锥状,并且可以部分地或完全地延伸通过晶片衬底10,如在图6A-6F中的各种配置中所示。具体地,图6A和图6B分别图示了被部分蚀刻通过硅晶片的锥状和非锥状沟槽32,其没有一直延伸到并暴露表面层18。图6C-6F图示了沟槽椎体的不同变形,其中每一个包括部分地通过晶片的沟槽32,以及一直延伸到并暴露表面层18的沟槽32的次级沟槽部分32a。在图6C-6F的所有配置中,沟槽32在其硅侧壁中具有沟槽部分32a开始于其中的台阶(即肩部)。图7A和7B分别示出了锥状和非锥状通孔配置。
使用机械切分器或激光器来使沟槽32/32a延伸通过(多个)表面层18并且部分到达屏障26中(即使沟槽沿着刮划线30部分地延伸通过硅晶片和(多个)表面层并且部分地延伸到屏障中),如图8中所示。这将缓解(多个)表面层上的物理应力并且防止它在处理中之后的管芯单分步骤期间断裂。图9示出了相同配置,除通过衬底10的次级沟槽部分32a呈锥状之外。
一层二氧化硅、氮化硅或者任何其它适当的钝化/隔离层36可以使用诸如物理气相沉积(PVD)之类的方法或者通过旋涂/喷涂***而共形地沉积在硅晶片的后侧之上。钝化/隔离层36形成或选择性地蚀刻使得其与沟槽32和孔34排成一行,除了使结合垫18在通孔34的端部处暴露之外,如图10中所示。
传导材料使用物理气相沉积和电镀或者任何其它适当的传导层沉积方法而沉积在钝化层36之上。传导层可以是钛、铜、镍和金或者任何其它适当的传导材料的堆叠。传导层使用光刻和蚀刻过程而选择性地移除,从而留下各自沿着通孔侧壁并且沿着衬底10的后侧表面从一个结合垫12延伸的传导材料的传导引线38,以便通过通孔34将结合垫12电气再路由至图像传感器的后侧,如图11中所示。
将包封剂40沉积在衬底10的后侧之上,从而覆盖晶片后侧并且填充沟槽32和孔34。包封剂可以是聚合物或者其它电介质材料。包封剂使用光刻过程选择性地移除以暴露传导引线38的选择性部分38a(称为经再路由的接触垫),如图12中所示。尽管包封剂被示为完全填充所有后侧沟槽/孔,但是包封剂可以替代地是没有完全填充沟槽/孔的后侧结构之上的薄共形层。包封剂可以通过喷涂来沉积。
电气互连42形成在经再路由的接触垫38a上。电气互连42可以是球栅阵列(BGA)、电镀凸起、传导粘合凸起、金柱状凸起或者任何其它适当的互连方法。优选地,互连凸起是焊料球栅阵列。通过穿过沟槽32的刮划线对组件的晶片级切分/单分然后使用机械刀片切分仪器或者任何其它适当的过程而完成,其延伸通过包封体40、屏障26的部分以及透明衬底24。这种单分不涉及切穿硅衬底,并且仅部分地切穿屏障26,如图13中所示。
在图14中示出最终单分的管芯传感器封装体。传感器管芯的侧面包封成使得没有衬底10的被暴露的硅(即衬底10的侧部由绝缘层36和包封体40来保护/密封)。另外,一旦屏障26和透明衬底24早期在过程中形成于其上,传感器有源区域就永不暴露。
要理解到,本发明未必限于以上描述和本文图示的(多个)实施例,而是涵盖落入权利要求书的范围内的任何和全部变形。例如,屏障结构可以省略,由此通过衬底材料的蚀刻将腔体形成到保护衬底的底表面中。在本文中对本发明的引用不意图限制任何权利要求或权利要求术语的范围,而是替代地仅仅对可能由一个或多个权利要求覆盖的一个或多个特征做出引用。以上描述的材料、过程和数值示例仅仅是示例性的,并且不应当被认为是限制任何最终权利要求。另外,并非所有方法步骤都需要以所图示的确切次序来执行,而是以允许封装的图像传感器的恰当形成的任何次序来执行。最后,单个材料层可以形成为这样或类似材料的多个层,并且反之亦然。
应当指出的是,如本文中使用的,术语“在...之上”和“在...上”均包含性地包括“直接地在...上”(没有设置在其之间的中间材料、元件或空间)和“非直接地在...上”(在其之间设置中间材料、元件或空间)。类似地,术语“相邻”包括“直接相邻”(没有设置在其之间的中间材料、元件或空间)和“间接相邻”(在其之间设置中间材料、元件或空间)、“安装到”包括“直接安装到”(没有设置在其之间的中间材料、元件或空间)和“间接安装到”(在其之间设置中间材料、元件或空间),并且“电气耦合”包括“直接电气耦合到”(其之间没有将元件电气连接在一起的中间材料或元件)和“间接电气耦合到”(其之间具有将元件电气连接在一起的中间材料或元件)。例如,“在衬底之上”形成元件可以包括在没有其之间的中间材料/元件的情况下将元件直接形成在衬底上,以及在其之间具有一个或多个中间材料/元件的情况下将元件间接形成在衬底上。

Claims (16)

1.一种传感器封装体,包括:
具有相对的第一和第二表面的第一衬底,
形成在所述第一衬底的第一表面上或之下且配置成响应于入射在所述第一衬底的第一表面上的光而生成一个或多个信号的多个光电检测器,
形成在所述第一衬底的第一表面处且电气耦合到所述多个光电检测器的多个接触垫,
各自形成到所述第一衬底的第二表面中且通过所述第一衬底延伸到一个接触垫的多个孔,以及
各自通过所述多个孔中的一个且沿着所述第一衬底的第二表面从一个接触垫延伸的传导引线,其中传导引线与第一衬底绝缘;
形成在所述第一衬底的第一表面上的屏障结构,其中所述屏障结构位于所述多个接触垫上方且围绕所述多个光电检测器但不在所述多个光电检测器之上;
设置在所述屏障结构上且在所述多个光电检测器之上延伸的第二衬底,其中所述屏障结构和所述第二衬底在所述多个光电检测器之上形成密封腔体;
形成到所述第一衬底的***部分中的一个或多个第一沟槽,每一个所述第一沟槽从所述第二表面向所述第一表面延伸但不到达所述第一表面;
一个或多个次级沟槽,每个所述次级沟槽从所述一个或多个第一沟槽中的一个延伸到所述第一表面,并且部分地进入所述屏障结构而不一直延伸穿过所述屏障结构,其中所述一个或多个次级沟槽比所述一个或多个第一沟槽具有更小的侧向尺寸;以及
设置在所述一个或多个第一沟槽和所述一个或多个次级沟槽中的绝缘材料,使得在所述一个或多个第一沟槽和所述一个或多个次级沟槽中没有设置导电材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的传感器封装体,还包括:
各自电气连接到一个传导引线的多个电气连接器。
3.根据权利要求2所述的传感器封装体,还包括:
设置在所述第一衬底的第二表面之上且覆盖除了与所述多个电气连接器电气接触的接触垫部分之外的传导引线的绝缘材料层。
4.根据权利要求1所述的传感器封装体,其中所述多个孔中的每一个具有漏斗形横截面。
5.一种形成传感器封装体的方法,包括:
提供传感器芯片,其包括具有相对的第一和第二表面的第一衬底、形成在所述第一衬底的第一表面上或之下且配置成响应于入射在所述第一衬底的第一表面上的光而生成一个或多个信号的多个光电检测器、以及形成在所述第一衬底的第一表面处且电气耦合到所述多个光电检测器的多个接触垫;
向所述第一衬底的第二表面中形成多个孔,其中所述多个孔中的每一个延伸通过所述第一衬底并且延伸到一个接触垫;
形成多个传导引线,每一个传导引线通过所述多个孔中的一个且沿着所述第一衬底的第二表面从一个接触垫延伸;
在所述第一衬底的第一表面上形成屏障结构,其中所述屏障结构位于所述多个接触垫上方并且围绕所述多个光电检测器但不在所述多个光电检测器之上;
在所述屏障结构上安装第二衬底,其中所述第二衬底在所述多个光电检测器之上延伸,并且其中所述屏障结构和所述第二衬底在所述多个光电检测器之上形成密封腔体;
向所述第一衬底的***部分中形成一个或多个第一沟槽,每一个第一沟槽从所述第二表面向所述第一表面延伸但不到达所述第一表面;
形成一个或多个次级沟槽,每个所述次级沟槽从所述一个或多个第一沟槽中的一个延伸到所述第一表面,并且部分地进入所述屏障结构而不一直延伸穿过所述屏障结构,其中所述一个或多个次级沟槽比所述一个或多个第一沟槽具有更小的侧向尺寸;以及
在所述一个或多个第一沟槽和所述一个或多个次级沟槽中形成绝缘材料,使得在所述一个或多个第一沟槽和所述一个或多个次级沟槽中没有设置导电材料。
6.根据权利要求5的方法,其中:
使用等离子体蚀刻来执行所述一个或多个第一沟槽的形成;以及
使用机械切分器或激光器来执行所述一个或多个次级沟槽的形成。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,还包括:
形成多个电气连接器,每一个电气连接器电气连接到一个传导引线。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,还包括:
形成所述第一衬底的第二表面之上的且覆盖除了与所述多个电气连接器电气接触的接触垫部分之外的传导引线的绝缘材料层。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法,还包括:
形成每一个传导引线与第一衬底之间的绝缘材料层。
10.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中多个孔中的每一个具有漏斗形横截面。
11.一种形成多个传感器封装体的方法,包括:
提供传感器芯片,其包括具有相对的第一和第二表面的第一衬底、以及形成在其上的多个传感器,其中每一个传感器包括形成在所述第一衬底的第一表面上或之下且配置成响应于入射在所述第一衬底的第一表面上的光而生成一个或多个信号的多个光电检测器、以及形成在所述第一衬底的第一表面处且电气耦合到所述多个光电检测器的多个接触垫;
向所述第一衬底的第二表面中形成多个孔,其中所述多个孔中的每一个延伸通过所述第一衬底且延伸到一个接触垫;
形成多个传导引线,每一个传导引线通过所述多个孔中的一个并且沿着所述第一衬底的第二表面从一个接触垫延伸;
形成所述第一衬底的第一表面上的屏障结构,其中所述屏障结构位于所述多个接触垫上方并且围绕所述多个光电检测器但不在所述多个光电检测器之上;
在所述屏障结构上安装第二衬底,其中所述第二衬底在多个光电检测器之上延伸,并且其中所述屏障结构和所述第二衬底针对每一个传感器在所述多个光电检测器之上形成密封腔体;
在每一个传感器的***部分处向所述第一衬底中形成一个或多个第一沟槽,该第一沟槽从所述第二表面向所述第一表面延伸但不到达所述第一表面;
形成一个或多个次级沟槽,每个次级沟槽从所述一个或多个第一沟槽中的一个延伸到第一表面,并且部分地进入所述屏障结构而不一直延伸穿过所述屏障结构,其中所述一个或多个次级沟槽比所述一个或多个第一沟槽具有更小的侧向尺寸;
在所述一个或多个第一沟槽和所述一个或多个次级沟槽中形成绝缘材料,使得在所述一个或多个第一沟槽和所述一个或多个次级沟槽中没有设置导电材料;以及
在所述一个或多个第一沟槽和所述一个或多个次级沟槽处将第一衬底单分成分离的管芯,其中每一个管芯包括一个传感器。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,还包括在单分之前:
形成各自电气连接到一个传导引线的多个电气连接器。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,还包括在单分之前:
形成所述第一衬底的第二表面之上的且覆盖除了与多个电气连接器电气接触的接触垫部分之外的传导引线的绝缘材料层。
14.根据权利要求11所述的方法,还包括在单分之前:
形成每一个传导引线与第一衬底之间的绝缘材料层。
15.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中多个孔中的每一个具有漏斗形横截面。
16.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中:
使用等离子体蚀刻来执行所述一个或多个第一沟槽的形成;以及
使用机械切分器或激光器来执行所述一个或多个次级沟槽的形成。
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