CN106342731B - A kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed - Google Patents
A kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed Download PDFInfo
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- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of acclimation methods of silvery pomfret fish wild seed, comprising: feeds stage by stage.Method of the invention converts wild butterfish eating habits and digestive system gradually by way of feeding live bait and combining with mixed feed, avoid changing bait cause indigestion and caused by juvenile fish flatulence is dead in batch；Effectively improve the survival rate and growth rate that silvery pomfret fish wild seed is converted into artificial breeding silvery pomfret.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the acclimation method field that fish fish wild seed is converted into artificial breeding, in particular to a kind of silvery pomfret is wild
The acclimation method of raw seed.
Background technique
Silvery pomfret is one of main marine products economic fish in China, is that the current country has potential cultivation new object very much.
Due to environmental degradation and overfishing, has there is the sign that significantly fails in the germ plasm resource of wild pomfret.In recent years, by not
A series of disconnected theory and practice basic research explored and silvery pomfrets cultivate, breed, has realized the full artificial breeding of silvery pomfret.But still
The artificial breeding and cultivation promotional technique of its stabilization and scale is not implemented.The breeding of restricting current silvery pomfret large-scale artificial and cultivation
The key technology bottleneck of popularization is to be difficult to maintain quantity sufficient under artificial condition and good silvery pomfret parent, leads to artificial breeding
Smart ovum quality defect is grown, hatching rate and larva and juvenile survival rate are relatively low, and parent's death rate of artificial breeding is also higher.Therefore, it is necessary to
Supplement fish wild seed is to maintain artificial breeding Population and genetic diversity.There are mainly two types of the methods for supplementing fish wild seed:
One is by fishing wild type, fertilized eggs are obtained by artificial insemination and hatch acquisition larva and juvenile again, due to wild female silver
Silvery pomfret ovary is in batches mature, and male and female gonad development synchronism is poor, and fishing of going to sea is difficult to obtain sufficient fertilized eggs, in addition by
Smart rate, hatching rate and larva and juvenile survival rate be not high, acts on limited.Another kind catches wild juvenile fish to be become by domestication
Cultivate seed.But it is sensitive to environmental stimuli since wild pomfret irritability is strong, if without inducing and acclimating, meeting food refusal man-made feeds,
Cause mortality.
Chinese patent literature CN101167442A discloses a kind of pomfret fingerlings artificial culturing method, outlines artificial breeding
Newly hatched larvae cultivated under the environmental condition of artificial settings to the cultural method for pitching long 2cm earlier applicatiou.Chinese document " silvery pomfret
The discussion of domestication techniques " discloses a kind of domesticating method of pomfret parr, is that earlier trials are groped as a result, wherein largely using
Bait is freezed, there are bait ingredient and quality are uncontrollable, feed scatters and disappears serious in water, and cultivation water easily deteriorates, and juvenile fish feeds not
The defects such as positive physique is thin, domestication survival rate is low.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed, this method is effectively mentioned
High silvery pomfret fish wild seed is converted into the survival rate and growth rate of artificial breeding silvery pomfret.
A kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed of the invention, comprising:
Using feeding method stage by stage:
I stage: wild pomfret juvenile fish is launched, the bait of preparation is applied to bait table, is then launched around bait table
With the jellyfish seedling of the weight such as bait, feed 3 times daily, day feeding volume: initial bait dry weight is the 7~8% of juvenile fish weight, according to
Situation is tamed, is stepped up the abundance of food to the 13~14% of juvenile fish weight；Wherein, according to meal situation and water quality during domestication
It carries out changing water, the injected volume of pomfret parr is 150~200 tails/m3；Bait composition are as follows: 340-360 parts of mixed feed, prawn slice
440-460 parts, 80-100 parts of alphalise starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, more mine 10-30 parts of aquatic products compound vitamin, preferably bait forms are as follows:
350 parts of mixed feed, 450 parts of prawn slice, 90 parts of alphalise starch, 90 parts of fish oil, 20 parts of the more mines of aquatic products compound vitamin；
II stage: identical as I stages operating process；Wherein, the injected volume of jellyfish seedling gradually reduces to I stage and launches weight
45~55%；The amount of mixed feed increases in the bait in the stage, and the amount of prawn slice is reduced；Bait composition are as follows: mixed feed
390-410 parts, 390-410 parts of prawn slice, 80-100 parts of alphalise starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, more mine 10-30 parts of aquatic products compound vitamin；
It is preferred that bait forms are as follows: 400 parts of mixed feed, 400 parts of prawn slice, 90 parts of alphalise starch, 90 parts of fish oil, the more mines 20 of aquatic products compound vitamin
Part；
III stage: identical as II stages operating process；Wherein, the impressions of jellyfish are gradually reduced to feeding weekly 1 time,
Bait day feeding volume is reduced to the 7~8% of juvenile fish weight；Bait composition are as follows: 490-510 parts of mixed feed, prawn slice 290-310
Part, 80-100 parts of alphalise starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, more mine 10-30 parts of aquatic products compound vitamin；It is preferred that bait forms are as follows: cooperation is raised
500 parts of material, 300 parts of prawn slice, 90 parts of alphalise starch, 90 parts of fish oil, 20 parts of the more mines of aquatic products compound vitamin；
IV stage: identical as III stages operating process；Wherein, feeding volume is reduced to twice daily；Bait composition are as follows: cooperation
590-610 parts of feed, 190-210 parts of prawn slice, 80-100 parts of alphalise starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, the more mine 10-30 of aquatic products compound vitamin
Part；It is preferred that bait forms are as follows: 600 parts of mixed feed, 200 parts of prawn slice, 90 parts of alphalise starch, 90 parts of fish oil, aquatic products compound vitamin is more
20 parts of mine；
Above-mentioned number is mass parts, and each stage carries out dirty processing.
Domestication pool is diameter 5-6m, the round cement pit of depth of water 1-1.8m or is equipped with diameter 5-6m, deep 2m circle net cage
1-2 mu Tu Tang.
Domestication is 24-29 with salinity water, and water body pH is 7.8-8.4, and dissolved oxygen > 7mg/L, water temperature is 24~28 DEG C, cement pit
Interior setting delivering aerated water stream guide plate maintains fine bourn, and small water pump is arranged in Tu Tang outside net cage, and water velocity is 0.1~0.3m/s；
Precipitating, filter device, illumination 700-2500Lx are equipped with when domestication pool is intake.
The filter device is filter bag；Wherein, Tu Tang is intake 50~100 mesh filter bags, and preferably 50 mesh, cement pit are with 150
~300 mesh filter bags, preferably 200 mesh；It filters silt and prevents harmful organisms from entering.
The formula of bait includes: 350~600g/kg of mixed feed, 200~450g/kg of prawn slice, alphalise starch 90g/kg, fish
80~90g/kg of oil, the more mine 20g/kg of aquatic products compound vitamin.
The mixed feed is commercially available larva and juvenile material, and raw material includes fish meal, squid powder and euphausia superba powder；Wherein, slightly
The mass content of albumen is higher than 52%, and fat mass content is higher than 8%, and coarse-fibred mass content is the quality of 5%, coarse ash
Content is 17%.
The prawn slice are commercially available prawn slice, and raw material includes marine zooplankton, fairy shrimp, fish meal and algae powder；Wherein, crude protein
Mass content be higher than 55%, fatty mass content be higher than 8%.
The ingredient of the more mines of aquatic products compound vitamin includes: inositol, niacin, calcium pantothenate, VB2, VB6, VK3, VB1, VA, leaf
Acid, biotin, VD3, VB12, VC, VE (multidimensional)；KH2PO4, FeSO4·7H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, MnSO4·4H2O, CuSO4·
5H2O, CoSO4·7H2O and KI (more mines).
Domestication time about 8~14d, the preferably 10d in I stage, when feeding, the shoal of fish starts around material platform travelling
Food is robbed, flatulence and the fish for playing drift gradually decrease, and weight obviously increases, and can enter next stage；The domestication time in II stage is about
13~18d, preferably 15d, because flatulence, playing drift etc. and being not suitable with man-made feeds, dead fish quantity sharp fall, individual increase；
The domestication time about 18~24d in III stage, preferably 20d, daily mortality are all stable at 0.5% or less.
According to silvery pomfret Individual Size and travelling ability, the dirty processing mode in I stage is soil pick-up method；II stage it is dirty
Dirty processing mode is that soil pick-up method is combined with bottom method is pushed away；The dirty processing mode in III stage is that soil pick-up method is combined with bottom method is pushed away；IV rank
The dirty processing mode of section is to push away bottom method.
Soil pick-up method: utilizing siphon principle, dirty to bottom of pond poly- with hard tube with company commander's hose after 3-6cm bore long value hard tube
Ji Qu and dead fish are absorbed.
Push away bottom method: in draining, using cement pit central blow-down, using special long handle palm fiber brush, by will be dirty around pond
Heel row is pushed to pond center to remove.
The jellyfish seedling is bait, and umbrella diameter is 0.5~3.0cm, preferably 1cm.
The bait formula in each stage and main nutrient composition are as shown in table 1 in the step (4):
1 bait formula of table and main nutrient composition
A: mixed feed is commercially available larva and juvenile material, and primary raw material includes: fish meal, squid powder, euphausia superba powder etc., crude protein
Content is higher than 52%, and fat content is higher than 8%, crude fibre 5%, coarse ash 17%.Prawn slice are commercially available prawn slice, primary raw material packet
Contain: marine zooplankton, fairy shrimp, fish meal, algae powder etc., crude protein content are higher than 55%, and fat content is higher than 8%.B: contain flesh
Alcohol, niacin, calcium pantothenate, VB2, VB6, VK3, VB1, VA, folic acid, biotin, VD3, VB12, VC, VE；KH2PO4, FeSO4·7H2O,
ZnSO4·7H2O, MnSO4·4H2O, CuSO4·5H2O, CoSO4·7H2O, KI.
It is mainly compound with commercially available prawn slice, mixed feed, fish meal, fish oil, alphalise starch, aquatic products that mixed feed is tamed in the present invention
Multi-vitamin and multi-mineral composition, adds the water of identical weight after mixing.Wild pomfret is fond of the zooplankters such as jellyfish and small-sized shell-fish, especially
It is jellyfish, this method smears bait table using sticky feed is manually stirred for this characteristic, then launches appropriate running water mother Miao Yin
The method for luring material feeding of appearing on the stage can lure most of wild pomfret juvenile fish feed man-made feeds into, then pass through allotment man-made feeds group
At, so that it is gradually adapted to man-made feeds, with improve tame survival rate and growth rate.Bait feeding is roughly divided into 4 stages, according to
Juvenile growth situation and Feeding time, the man-made feeds that change difference feeds the stage, which are matched, when feeds mode.
Beneficial effect
(1) present invention selects bait appropriate for silvery pomfret natural habit, then by hand fit, using shortening and live bait
Guarantee nutrition supply and fresh；By way of feeding live bait and combining with mixed feed, make wild butterfish eating habits and digestion
System is gradually converted, avoid changing bait cause indigestion and caused by juvenile fish flatulence is dead in batch；
(2) artificial breeding environment is carried out to wild pomfret by means of the present invention and mixed feed is tamed, 45d can succeed
Conversion, survival rate is more than 60%, the batch phenomena of mortality does not occur, method of the invention can effectively improve wild pomfret tame at
Motility rate.
Specific embodiment
Present invention will be further explained below with reference to specific examples.It should be understood that these embodiments are merely to illustrate the present invention
Rather than it limits the scope of the invention.In addition, it should also be understood that, after reading the content taught by the present invention, those skilled in the art
Member can make various changes or modifications the present invention, and such equivalent forms equally fall within the application the appended claims and limited
Range.
Embodiment 1
Mr. Yu in May, 2016 to June scientific base utilizes this method, has carried out the domestication of wild pomfret seed:
Domestication is with fish: wild pomfret juvenile fish is caught in sea, specification: average fork length: 3.68 ± 0.36cm, average weight: 2.41 ±
0.74g。
Domestication is 24-29 with salinity water, and water body pH is 7.8-8.4, and dissolved oxygen > 7mg/L, water temperature is 24~28 DEG C, cement pit
Interior setting delivering aerated water stream guide plate maintains fine bourn, and water velocity is 0.1~0.3m/s；Precipitating, mistake are equipped with when domestication pool is intake
Filter device, illumination 700-2500Lx.
Mixed feed is woods and Co., Ltd. produces fish treasured fish special feed, and prawn slice are that Shantou space outstanding person biotechnology is public
For department's production still along prawn slice, the more mines of aquatic products compound vitamin are Jin Lvkang fish multidimensional.
First stage: silvery pomfret fish wild seed each 5000 are launched in 3 diameter 6m depth of water 1.8m circle cement pits, by I rank
Section bait is uniformly applied in bait table, daily 7:00,11:00, and 15:00 feeds that (day feeding volume: initial feed dry weight is fish body
8% is weighed, depending on taming situation, is stepped up if being eaten up in 1h until 13%), each cement pit places two bait tables, extension bait
Afterwards, 1cm or so umbrella diameter jellyfish seedling is launched around bait table, to lure silvery pomfret seedling to concentrate on around bait table, and start into
Eat feed.It removes that bottom of pond is dirty and dead fish this stage by soil pick-up method, according to meal situation, changes 50% daily until 100% water,
Water inlet plus 200 mesh sock filtrations.Wherein, I stage bait forms are as follows: mixed feed 350g/kg, prawn slice 450g/kg, alphalise starch
90g/kg, fish oil 90g/kg, the more mine 20g/kg of aquatic products compound vitamin.
Second stage: after the first stage tames 10d, pomfret parr, which is averagely pitched, grows 4.47 ± 0.46cm, and counterpoise 2.95 ±
1.07g, when launching bait table, the shoal of fish starts to rob food around material platform travelling, and flatulence and the fish for playing drift gradually decrease, open at this time
Beginning gradually reduces jellyfish and feeds, and uses II stage feed formula instead, and Feeding time is identical with I stage, bottom of pond it is dirty with dead fish according to
Soil pick-up method is so mainly used, is assisted in dirty accumulation regions or close to central blowdown pipe etc. to push away bottom method.Wherein, II stage bait
Composition are as follows: mixed feed 400g/kg, prawn slice 400g/kg, alphalise starch 90g/kg, fish oil 90g/kg, the more mines of aquatic products compound vitamin
20g/kg。
Phase III: after second stage tames 15d, pomfret parr, which is averagely pitched, grows 5.66 ± 0.76cm, and counterpoise 4.11 ±
1.19g, juvenile fish are accustomed to the mixed feed on gnawing bait table substantially, use III stage bait formula at this time, and jellyfish feeds secondary
Number continues to reduce to feeding weekly 1 time, and bait table quantity is reduced to 1/pond.Flatulence, beat drift and death fish significantly under
Drop, using bottom method is pushed away, the food-residue around dead fish and bait table is removed the dirty cleaning of bottom of pond using bottom method is inhaled.Wherein, III rank
Section bait composition are as follows: mixed feed 500g/kg, prawn slice 300g/kg, alphalise starch 90g/kg, fish oil 90g/kg, aquatic products compound vitamin
More mine 20g/kg.
Fourth stage: after the phase III tames 20d, pomfret parr, which is averagely pitched, grows 7.11 ± 0.72cm, and counterpoise 7.28 ±
1.72g, domestication are basically completed, and daily mortality is all stable at 0.5% or less.IV stage bait formula can be used to feed, be changed to
Feed (7:00,15:30) twice daily.Bottom of pond, which is removed contamination, can be used the bottom method that pushes away, and the larger available net of dead fish individual is pulled out.Wherein,
IV stage bait composition are as follows: mixed feed 600g/kg, prawn slice 200g/kg, alphalise starch 90g/kg, fish oil 90g/kg, aquatic products are compound
Multi-vitamin and multi-mineral 20g/kg.
Each stage wild pomfret seed domestication quantity and growing state are as shown in table 2 in the present embodiment.
2 wild pomfret seed of table tames quantity and growing state
| Volume residual | Survival rate | Weight g | Pitch long cm | |
| Ith stage | 4166.3±106.2 | 83.3 ± 2.1% | 2.41±0.74 | 3.68±0.36 |
| IIth stage | 3657.6±92.1 | 73.1 ± 1.8% | 2.95±1.07 | 4.47±0.46 |
| IIIth stage | 3326.7±88.5 | 66.5 ± 1.8% | 4.11±1.19 | 5.66±0.76 |
| IVth stage | 3033.7±59.5 | 60.7 ± 1.2% | 7.28±1.72 | 7.11±0.72 |
Conclusion: show to carry out artificial breeding environment to wild pomfret by means of the present invention from this example and cooperation is raised
Material domestication, 45d can successful conversion, survival rate is more than 60%, the batch phenomena of mortality does not occur, this method can effectively improve wild
Silvery pomfret tames survival rate.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed, comprising:
Using feeding method stage by stage:
I stage: launching wild pomfret juvenile fish, the bait of preparation be applied to bait table, then dispensing and bait around bait table
The jellyfish seedling of the weight such as material, feeds 3 times, day feeding volume daily: initial bait dry weight is the 7~8% of juvenile fish weight, according to domestication
Situation is stepped up the abundance of food to the 13~14% of juvenile fish weight；Wherein, it is carried out during domestication according to meal situation and water quality
Water is changed, the injected volume of pomfret parr is 150~200 tails/m3；Bait composition are as follows: 340-360 parts of mixed feed, prawn slice 440-460
Part, 80-100 parts of alphalise starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, more mine 10-30 parts of aquatic products compound vitamin；
II stage: identical as I stages operating process；Wherein, the injected volume of jellyfish seedling gradually reduces to I stage and launches the 45 of weight
~55%；The amount of mixed feed increases in the bait in the stage, and the amount of prawn slice is reduced；Bait composition are as follows: mixed feed 390-410
Part, 390-410 parts of prawn slice, 80-100 parts of alphalise starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, more mine 10-30 parts of aquatic products compound vitamin；
III stage: identical as II stages operating process；Wherein, the impressions of jellyfish are gradually reduced to feeding 1 time weekly, bait
Day feeding volume is reduced to the 7~8% of juvenile fish weight；Bait composition are as follows: 490-510 parts of mixed feed, 290-310 parts of prawn slice, α-
80-100 parts of starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, more mine 10-30 parts of aquatic products compound vitamin；
IV stage: identical as III stages operating process；Wherein, feeding volume is reduced to twice daily；Bait composition are as follows: mixed feed
590-610 parts, 190-210 parts of prawn slice, 80-100 parts of alphalise starch, 80-100 parts of fish oil, more mine 10-30 parts of aquatic products compound vitamin；
Above-mentioned number is mass parts, and each stage carries out dirty processing；
Wherein, the specification of the wild pomfret juvenile fish: averagely pitching a length of 3.68 ± 0.36cm, and average weight is 2.41 ± 0.74g；
The mixed feed is larva and juvenile material, and raw material includes fish meal, squid powder and euphausia superba powder；Wherein, the quality of crude protein contains
Amount is higher than 52%, and fat mass content is higher than 8%, and coarse-fibred mass content is 5%, the mass content of coarse ash is 17%；
The raw material of the prawn slice includes marine zooplankton, fairy shrimp, fish meal and algae powder；Wherein, the mass content of crude protein is higher than
55%, fatty mass content is higher than 8%；The ingredient of the more mines of aquatic products compound vitamin includes: inositol, niacin, calcium pantothenate,
VB2, VB6, VK3, VB1, VA, folic acid, biotin, VD3, VB12, VC, VE；KH2PO4, FeSO4·7H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O,
MnSO4·4H2O, CuSO4·5H2O, CoSO4·7H2O and KI；The domestication time in I stage is 8~14d, and II stage tamed and dociled
The change time is 13~18d, and the domestication time in III stage is 18~24d.
2. a kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed according to claim 1, which is characterized in that during the domestication
Domestication pool be diameter 5-6m, the round cement pit of depth of water 1-1.8m or be equipped with diameter 5-6m, the 1-2 mu of deep 2m circle net cage
Tu Tang.
3. a kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed according to claim 1, which is characterized in that during the domestication
Domestication is 24-29 with salinity water, and water body pH is 7.8-8.4, and dissolved oxygen > 7mg/L, water temperature is 24~28 DEG C, there is lasting fine bourn, water
Flow velocity degree is 0.1~0.3m/s；Precipitating, filter device, illumination 700-2500Lx are equipped with when domestication pool is intake.
4. a kind of acclimation method of silvery pomfret fish wild seed according to claim 1, which is characterized in that I stage it is dirty
Dirty processing mode is soil pick-up method；The dirty processing mode in II stage is that soil pick-up method is combined with bottom method is pushed away；The dirty processing in III stage
Mode is that soil pick-up method is combined with bottom method is pushed away；The dirty processing mode in IV stage is to push away bottom method.
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| CN106973827B (en) * | 2017-04-20 | 2020-04-07 | 宁波大学 | Breeding method of pomfret fry |
| CN107232091A (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2017-10-10 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | Method from a kind of silvery pomfret larva and juvenile biological feed to pellet transition |
| CN107318714A (en) * | 2017-08-04 | 2017-11-07 | 安徽省泾县丰瑞水产科技有限公司 | A kind of sturgeon seed domestication turns food method |
| CN107646760A (en) * | 2017-11-03 | 2018-02-02 | 宁波大学 | A kind of cultural method of pomfret parr |
| CN108077122A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-05-29 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | A kind of artificial acclimation method of wild lead point Fugu |
| CN108739549A (en) * | 2018-06-27 | 2018-11-06 | 武汉中科瑞华生态科技股份有限公司 | Method for domesticating wild loaches to mature gonads under artificial culture condition |
| CN110720409A (en) * | 2018-07-16 | 2020-01-24 | 镇江金山湖农业发展有限公司 | Culture method of copper fishes |
| CN110100771B (en) * | 2019-06-13 | 2021-07-20 | 宁波大学 | Rapid domestication method for young cultured pomfret |
| CN113940295B (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2022-11-22 | 江苏省海洋水产研究所 | Indoor rapid domestication method and domestication device for wild pomfret |
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